The OECD Input-Output database The OECD Input-Output database and Supply-Use Tables in SNA and Supply-Use Tables in SNA 1993 Rev 1 1993 Rev 1 OECD-NBS Workshop on National OECD-NBS Workshop on National Accounts Accounts September 25-28, 2007, Beijing September 25-28, 2007, Beijing Contact: [email protected]
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The OECD Input-Output database and Supply-Use Tables in SNA 1993 Rev 1 OECD-NBS Workshop on National Accounts September 25-28, 2007, Beijing Contact: [email protected].
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The OECD Input-Output database and The OECD Input-Output database and Supply-Use Tables in SNA 1993 Rev 1 Supply-Use Tables in SNA 1993 Rev 1
OECD-NBS Workshop on National OECD-NBS Workshop on National Accounts Accounts
September 25-28, 2007, BeijingSeptember 25-28, 2007, Beijing
Agriculture produces 20 units of manufacturing – we assume the same structure as in agriculture,
hence zero for agricultural products and (minus)
60/150*20=-8 etc
Note there are no negatives. A strength of the industry technology
assumption.
(CxC) Input-Output Tables
• A third assumption is the hybrid technology which uses parts of the industry and product technology assumptions.
(CxC) Input-Output Tables
• These transformations can be described algebraically as
• Where U is the original SU IC CxI Table; VA is the VA vector (VA by I); q, the vector of domestically produced products and g, the vector of the output of industries
Product Tech Industry Tech
IO IC (C by C) U(Make)-1 diag(q) U(diag(g))-1Make'
IO VA (VA by C) VA(Make)-1 diag(q) VA(diag(g))-1Make'
(IxI) Input-Output Tables
• Like CxC two assumptions prevail in constructing IxI tables
• Fixed Product Sales Structures – Each product has its own specific sales structure, irrespective of the industry where it’s produced.
• Fixed Industry Sales Structures - Each industry has its own specific sales structure, irrespective of its product mix.
Fixed Product Sales Structures USE TABLE SUPPLY TABLE Agricul-
Agriculture produces 20 units of manufacturing – we assume that the shares are split equally between
consumers of agricultural products, so 80/130*20=12.3 goes to manufacturing,
50/130*20=7.7 to final demand etc. This can also result in negatives.
(IxI) Input-Output Tables
• These transformations can be described algebraically as
• Where U is the original SU IC CxI Table; fd is the final demand vector; q, the vector of domestically produced products and g, the vector of the output of industries
FPSS FISS
IO IC (I by I) Make'(diag(q)-1 U diag(g)(Make)-1U
IO FD (FD by I) Make'(diag(q)-1 U diag(g)(Make)-1fd
So why do the OECD choose Industry by Industry?
i. Linkages to other OECD industrial database: – STAN, ANBERD, SDBS, IEA (emissions) etc
ii. Policy focus –– Structure of businesses, Entrepreneurship etc
iii. Statistical Quality – whether CxC or IxI, assumptions are needed:– Information sources, typically, business (industry) based. IxI using
Fixed Product Sales assumption (FPSA) preserves observed VA relationships. CxC does not.
– Equally the CxC assumption of heterogeneity in products is intrinsically linked to empirical facts – classification systems are too aggregate and businesses rarely have the same cost structures.
iv. Simplicity – – IxI tables easily produced using FPSS (no negatives)
• Although the SU tables are not in themselves subject to change in the SNA revision, a number of changes in other areas will have an effect.
Special Issues SNA93 – Rev 1 implications
Ancillary Units• The 1993 SNA specifies that units conducting only a
specified list of activities designated as “ancillary” should not be treated as separate units but their costs should be consolidated with the units they serve. This means that when accounts for a region are compiled, head offices and other ancillary units located there are excluded if the units they serve are located outside the region. This results in a difference between ancillary units located abroad, which are treated as separate units, and those that are resident but distant from their related enterprises.
Special Issues SNA93 – Rev 1 implications
Ancillary Units
• The AEG recommended that ancillary units can be establishments in their own right if they satisfy the normal requirements of an establishment – allocated to the main service classification provided by the unit.
Special Issues SNA93 – Rev 1 implications
Goods sent abroad for processing• The 1993 SNA and BoP treat goods sent abroad for
processing differently. The SNA records gross flows only in the case of substantial processing (reclassification of the good at three-digit CPC). The Balance of Payments Manual, as a practical matter, suggests a convention that all processing be assumed substantial and therefore gross flows are recorded.
• Further, the position is that when goods are sent abroad for processing, no change in ownership takes place and thus there are no actual transactions.
• Does the advent of globalization and the increasing amount of goods processed abroad suggest a change in practice would be appropriate?
Special Issues SNA93 – Rev 1 implications
Goods sent abroad for processing
• The AEG has decided to resolve this issue by never imputing a change of ownership, and, so, not recording gross flows. Further the AEG also recommended that the same approach should be used in dealing with goods processed domestically even if between related enterprises,
Special Issues SNA93 – Rev 1 implications
Merchanting• Merchanting is defined in BoP as the purchase
of a good by a resident of country A from a resident of country B which is then sold to a resident of country C, without the good entering the merchant’s economy. The SNA does not cover this topic.
• There is a need for a clear and precise definition of merchanting; arising out of this there needs to be clear guidance on whether merchanting (when redefined) should be recorded on a net or a gross basis and under goods or services.
Special Issues SNA93 – Rev 1 implications
Merchanting
• The AEG has recommended that, the acquisition of goods by the merchanter should be recorded as an import, identified as a negative export, of the merchanter. The resale of these goods is then shown as an export with the difference in values (exclusive of holding gains/losses) allocated to wholesale/retail exports.