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The Next Three Weeks:• Today:
– Sanger Sequencing– Central Dogma Overview– Mutation
Discuss: What does it mean to say that DNA is written in one language and Proteins are written in a different language?
DNA Language
3’ – GTGCA – 5’5’ – CACGT – 3’
The language of DNA is written in nucleotides.
Protein Language• A protein is a chain of amino acids.
Connecting the Languages
Transcribing versus Translating- Transcribe means: to rewrite
Transcription Example:3 parts gravel, 2 parts sand, 1 part cement.3 parts gravel, 2 parts sand, 1 part cement.
An Academic Transcript:
A copy of your grades
Connecting the Languages
Transcribing versus Translating- Transcribe means: to rewrite- Translating means: to change languageTranslation Example:3 parts gravel, 2 parts sand, 1 part cement. 3 partes de grava, 2 partes de arena, 1 parte de cemento. 三石 二砂 一水泥
The Language of Genetics
DNA Language vs. Protein Language
• DNA is written in the language of nucleotides.• A message on DNA can be transcribed (copied)
onto a piece of mRNA.• A message on mRNA can be translated into a chain
of amino acids.• Proteins are written in the language of amino acids.
DNA mRNA Amino Acids
• Transcribing:– Replace Thymine with Uracil.– Transcribe from the template strand.
Single Substitution…5’TGCCCACCCAGGGGCCTCAGAAGAGGCTTCTGGGTTCTCTCAACTCCACCTCCACAGCCACCCCTCACCTTGGACTGGCCACAAACCAGACAGGGCCTTGGTGCCTGCAGGTGTCTGTCCCGGATGGCCTCTTCCTCAGCCTGGGGCTGGTGAGTCTGGTGGAGAATGTGCTGGTCGTGATAGCCATCACCAAAAACTGCAACCTGCACTCGCCCATGTATTCCTTCATCTGCTGTCTGGCCCTGTCTGACCTGATGGTGAGTATAAGCTTGGTGCTGGAGACGGCTATCATCCTGCTGCTGGAGGCAGGGGCCCTGGTGACCCGGGCCGCTTTGGTGCAACAGCTGGACAATGTCATTGACGTGCTCATCTGTGGCTCCATGGTGTCCAGTCTTTGCTTCCTTGGTGTCATTGCCATAGACCGCTACATCTCCATCTTCTATGCATTACGTTATCACAGCATTGTGACGCTGCCCCGGGCACGACGGGCCATCGTGGGCATCTGGGTGGCCAGCATCTTCTTCAGCACCCTCTTTATCACCTACTACAACCACACAGCCGTCCTAATCTGCCTTGTCACTTTCTTTCTAGCCATGCTGGCCCTCATGGCAATTCTGTATGTCCACATGCTCACCCGAGCATACCAGCATGCTCAGGGGATTGCCCAGCTCCAGAAGAGGCAGGGCTCCACCCGCCAAGGCTTCTGCCTTAAGGGTGCTGCCACCCTTACTATCATTCTGGGAATTTTCTTCCTGTGCTGGGGCCCCTTCTTCCTGCATCTCACACTCATCGTCCTCTGCCCTCAGCACCCCACCTGCAGCTGCATCTTTAAGAACTTCAACCTCTACCTCGTTCTCATCATCTTCAGCTCCATCGTCGACCCCCTCATCTATGCTTTTCGGAGCCAGGAGCTCCGCATGACACTCAGGGAGGTGCTGCTGTGCTCCTGGTGA 3’
- Substituting 1 of 954 nucleotides- Cytosine to a Thymine
Consequence of Mutation• A single nucleotide mutation from a Cytosine to a
Thymine leads to…• An amino acid change from an Arginine to a Cysteine
Amino Acid Sequence Dark Fur:MPTQGPQKRLLGSLNSTSTATPHLGLATNQTGPWCLQVSIPDGLFLSLGLVSLVENVLVVIAITKNRNLHSPMYSFICCLALSDLMVSISLVLETAIILLLEAGALVTRAALVQQLDNVIDVLICGSMVSSLCFLGVIAIDRYISIFYALRYHSIVTLPRARRAIXGIWVASIFFSTLFITYYNHTAVLICLVTFFLAMLALMAXLYVHMLTRAYQHAQGIAQLQKRQGSTXQGFCLKGAXTLTIILGIFFLCWGPFFLHLTLIVLCPQHPTCSCIFKNFNLYLVLIIFSSIVDPLIYAFRSQELRMTLREVLLCSW