The New Imperialism. Intro to Imperialism Why Imperialism? Industrialization gave Europeans and some other powers the technology to take over the rest.

The New Imperialism

Intro to Imperialism

Why Imperialism?

• Industrialization gave Europeans and some other powers the technology to take over the rest of the world more rapidly.

• Gold and religion were still important motivations, – but now factories and societies wanted resources,

new markets, and cheap sources of human labor.• Few places in the world were not taken over

by an imperialist power by 1914.

Imperialism:• When one nation controls the

political, economic, or cultural life and/or territory of another nation or region.• for Example: taking over another

country to increase markets for one’s products…..mercantilism.

Protectorate

• A foreign land whose local rulers appeared to be free and in control

• Was really run by a foreign power– Britain ran Egypt this way– US ran Cuba this way

Sphere of Influence

• A foreign power only takes control of part of a nation.– Usually the profitable or strategic part

• Britain and others would take control of China this way.

Africa at the beginning of Imperialist Takeover

p. 290

Why Africa?

• Africa was the last region taken over by Europeans.• European takeover was swift and frenzied.• It had many resources Europeans needed and wanted.• Though the slave trade was ended, Africans were seen as

a cheap source of agricultural and mineral labor.• European colonists took the best lands, protected by

European/European controlled armies• Europeans did not care about the rights of non-White

colonials (Africans, in this case).

WEST AFRICA

• Usman dan Fodio: • Islamic leader of a religious revival in West Africa. – He spoke out against corrupt leaders in Nigeria, who, he

felt, were not obeying Shari’a Law (Law according to the Koran and teachings of Muhammad).

– He called for uprising against the Hausa leadership and the Europeans.

– He and his followers set up a successful and peaceful Muslim state in northern Nigeria.

SOUTHERN AFRICA

• Most people were farmers or herdsmen and lived in small loosely dependent communities. – That changed in the 1800s.

• Shaka: • in the early 1800s, he united the Zulu people and

made violent wars to subjugate neighboring peoples. – Intermarriage brought the people closer together in

Shaka’s empire, but others fled to other lands.

One major event stimulated great interest in sub-Saharan Africa…..

• David Livingstone: • A well respected explorer, doctor, and missionary

who had “disappeared” in the Congo region. – He had been busy protecting the people there from

slavery. – He worked to make their lives better, but respected their

cultures.

• Europe and America asked, “what happened to Livingstone?” A statue of David Livingstone in

Zambia.

One major event stimulated great interest in sub-Saharan Africa…..

• Henry Stanley: • American journalist sent by his paper to find

Livingstone. – After two years, he found him. • “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”

– He also documented and mapped the places and people he saw.

King Leopold II:

• Belgian king in the mid 1800s. • He personally took control of the Congo area of

central Africa, to grow rubber trees from Asia. • He hired Henry Stanley to explore it and later run it.

• Also found copper and ivory– his administration’s brutal mistreatment of

Africans there earned world criticism.• Arrests, beatings, mutilations, and executions

of those who did not work or pay taxes.

Boer War:• Late 1800s. • Britain pursued the Boer into northern South Africa, – taking control of their lands and – subjecting them to British laws protecting black Africans.

• The Boer rebelled and fought a guerrilla war. – Though they were effective, they lost after three years.

• Britain learned to use camouflage and guerrilla tactics from the Boer. – This would change modern warfare, but not immediately.

Resistance

• Samori Toure: –opposed French in West Africa

• Algeria–Algerians futilely resisted

France.

Resistance

• Yaa Asantewaa: • Asante Queen who continued her husband’s

war against the British.• Nehanda: • Woman leader of the Shona resistance against

the British in Zimbabwe. • She was captured and executed. • She is remembered as a symbol against White

Rule in southern Africa.

Menelik II:• united Ethiopia in the late 1800s. • He used European advisers to

develop his lands, military, and education system. – His European-trained and equipped army was

able to defeat an Italian invasion.

Collaboration or Resistance?• Elite: • upper class; usually powerful leaders of traditional

societies. • African leaders who cooperated (collaborators) were

rewarded by the imperialists with power, land, and honor:– Learned European ways– Rejected traditional ways

– As in all lands around the world conquered by Europeans, those who served the Europeans were given more privileges.

• Others led resistance movements and criticized the Imperialist as immoral invaders.

p. 287 WE

• What does this poster show about the British attitude toward Africa? – New market, place for investment– To be exploited

• EC: Is it pro or anti-imperialism?– Pro

• EC: Are there stereotypes?– Use the word “jungle”– Locales dressed as savages

Standards Check, p. 287

• What factors contributed to European Imperialism in the 1800s?

• Economic motives• Military and political missions• Humanitarian and religious reasons• Social Darwinist reasons

Comparing Viewpoints, p. 288

• Favor• English are superior

race

• Oppose• The lands belong to the

inhabitants, who have an established way of life.

Image, p. 288

• Q Why were European armies often able to defeat African and Asian forces?

• They had superior weapons

Standards Check, p. 289

• How did Western Imperialist spread through Africa and Asia so quickly?

• Westerners had stronger economies, governments, and technology

• Also the necessary manpower.

Standards Check, p. 289

• Britain• Indirect Rule; through a

local ruling class

• France• Direct Rule

Standards Check, p. 291:

• What factors shaped each of the main regions of Africa during the early 1800s?

• In Muslim North Africa: – The Ottoman empire was declining

• In West Africa: – New Muslim leaders and strong kingdoms like the Asante

• In East Africa:– The slave trade continued to the East.

• In South Africa:– Zulus and Boers battled for control.

Image, p. 291

• Why was Cetshwayo considered a threat to British colonial interests?

• Because of his powerful army

Standards Check, p. 292

• How did European contact with Africa increase in the late 1800s?

• Medical advances and steamships allowed explorers and missionaries to push deep into Africa.

Image, p. 292

• Why did missionaries seek to convert people to Christianity?

• They viewed African religions as inferior to Christianity

Map, p. 293

• 2 In which part of Africa were most of France’s colonies located?

• North and West Africa• 3 How did imperialism in Africa in 1850

compare with that in 1914?• By 1914, European colonies had spread across

most of the continent and very few regions remained independent.

Standards Check, p. 295

• How did Leopold II set off a scramble for colonies in Africa?

• By sending explorers to the Congo and trying to establish treaties to dominate trade.

Biography, p. 295

• How did Menelik preserve Ethiopian Independence?

• By obtaining and learning how to use Western weapons.

Standards Check, p. 296

• How did Ethiopians resist Imperialism? • Menelik II modernized and Westernized both

his country and army.• Ethiopia was prepared to fight Western

troops.• They defeated Italy’s invasion and remained

independent.

Image, p. 296

• What do the cloths of the man to the left of king suggest about his social rank?

• That he may be an official or expert who visited or was educated in Europe.

p. 297, thinking critically

• 1. Why did King Lobengula want to avoid fighting the British?

• He appealed to their sense of justice.• He knew he could not win militarily.• 2. How does Samkange show that Lobengula’s

father disagreed with his son’s decision?• His father shows his disagreement by continuing to

question why his son did not allow his troops to fight when they were able and ready.