The New examination Paper A single 2.45 hours common paper. A 5 out of 9 question restricted choice paper. Answer 2 of 3 questions in sections A and B,1.

The New examination PaperA single 2.45 hours common paper.A 5 out of 9 question restricted choice paper.Answer 2 of 3 questions in sections A and

B ,1 of 3 questions in section C.30 marks per question ,total 150 mark paper.Structured questions, ‘E-pen’ marked.Expectation that grade

A=80%(24/30marks),C =60%(18/30marks),F=30%(9/30 marks).

IGCSE GEOGRAPHY (4GEO)

THIS IS A SELECTION FROM THE SET OF PRACTICE QUESTIONS ( HANDOUT)

THE HANDOUT IS A SET OF NINE QUESTIONS.

These nine questions have been set by the Chief Examiner according to the official paper profile for the specification.

SECTION A : Natural Environment and People

ANSWER TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION

Question 1 : River environments(a)Study Figure 1 which shows a section of a river flowing through a

rural area. (i)On Figure 1, label : 1. the main channel 2. a source of the river

(2) (ii) On which of the following types of land use do the most

tributaries have have their source ? Arable Pasture Woodland ( Put a cross in the correct box)

(1) (iii) What is the discharge of a river ?

(1) (iv) Suggest why the highest discharge was found at monitoring

point D. (2)

(b)The availability of water helps to attract people to settle on flood plains. (i) Give reasons for the importance of water supply to people (4)(ii) Describe a flood plain (2)(iii) Explain how flood plains are formed. A diagram may help your answer.

(3)

(c) Describe the fieldwork involved in measuring the velocity and discharge of a river. (6)

(d) Explain how a named flood defence scheme protects urban areas againstflooding. (9)

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Question 3 : Hazardous environments

(a) Study Figure 3 which shows the location of a recent earthquake in eastern Turkey. (i)On Figure 3 label : 1.shock waves 2.a conservative plate boundary (2) (ii)Name a plate that is moving northwards (1) (iii)What is the epicentre ? (1) (iv)Suggest why this area suffers from many earthquakes (2) (b)The impact of earthquakes varies. (i)Explain why earthquakes of similar intensity generally : 1.pose a greater threat to urban areas than rural 2.are more damaging in LICs than in HICs (5) (ii)Draw an annotated diagram to show how an earthquake can be caused

(4)(c) Describe how a fieldwork investigation into peoples’ views of the management of a

hazard event could be carried out. (6)(d) Explain how management can reduce the impact of tectonic hazard events.

Reference to named actions will help your answer. (9) 

SECTION B People and their

Environments

ANSWER TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION

Question 4 : Economic activity and energy

Study Figure 4a which shows how the world supply of energy and its sources changed between 2000 and 2010 and is expected to change between 2010 and 2030.

(i) By how much is world energy supply expected to increase between 2000 and 2030 ? 200 exajoules 300 exajoules 400 exajoules

Put a cross in the correct box (1)Which of the following statements is true for 2000 to 2030 ?

Supply from all sources remains constant Supply from some sources decreases but increases from others Supply from all sources increases

Put a cross in the correct box (1)Give evidence to support the forecast that renewable sources will continue

to contribute less than non-renewable sources. (2)Suggest why crude oil production is expected to increase very slowly up to

2030 (2)

Despite increasing energy supply, the gap between energy supply and demand continues to grow.

(i) Why is the energy gap growing ? (4)

(ii)Suggest how greater energy efficiency might help to reduce the growing energy gap.

Question 6: Urban environments

(a) Study Figure 6a which shows Bangalore, the fifth largest city in India with a population in 2005 of 6.5 million.

(i) What is the distance from the Bagular slum to the centre of the CBD ? (1)(ii) In which of the following residential districts would you expect the most rural

newcomers ? Chickpet Indiranagar YelankhaPut a cross in the correct box. (1)(iii) What is a technology (business) park ? (2)(iv) Give two pieces of map evidence that may have encouraged the

technology(business) park to choose this location in Bangalore. 1.2.

(2)(b) Bangalore is a mega-city.(i) What is meant by the term, mega-city ? (2)(ii) Suggest why mega-cities have developed (3)(iii) Describe one problem associated with the development of mega-cities. (2)

SECTION C Global issues

ANSWER ONE QUESTION FROM THIS SECTION

Question 7 : Fragile environments

(a) Study Figure 7a which shows the percentage of land in each of five continents and the extent to which it is at risk from the soil erosion and desertification process.

Continent Some risk (%) Great risk (%) No risk (%)

Africa 39 22 39

Asia 28 10 62

Australia 63 8 29

N. America 13 7 80

S. America 16 1 83

Figure 7a(i) Which two continents are most at risk from soil erosion and

desertification ? 1. 2.

(2)(ii) Which continent is least at risk from soil erosion and

desertification ? (1)(iii) What is meant by soil erosion and desertification ?

(3)(b) Explain how each of the factors below is a cause of soil erosion

and desertification.1. drought2. population pressure3. overgrazing

(6)

(c)Study Figure 7b.Global warming will be one of the greatest threats to the world

during this present century. Global temperatures have risen by 0.7 degrees C. over the past 120 years. Extreme weather events are becoming more common and our climate changing. Further global temperature rises are forecast.

Figure 7b(i) Outline why human activity is thought to be responsible for this

global warming. (3)

(ii) Describe the threats to one named country posed by global warming and climate change. (6)

(d) Explain how some threatened tropical rainforests are now being managed in a more sustainable way. Examples of the role of international agencies and foreign governments will help your answer. (9)

Case StudiesNeed to be thorough and know causes/reasons

for /consequences; actions/working details ;effects /advantages/disadvantages

Only 2 are HIC-LIC comparative i.e. , storm impact(same storm ,different impacts),sector shifts.

River environmentsRising water demand-in Spain ,England or

Wales(the book)Dam or reservoir project e.g.: Three

Gorges(the book)or Hoover Flood defence scheme e.g.: Missisippi or

Bangladesh(the book)

Hazardous environmentsHIC-LIC storm impact e.g.: hurricane Floyd

(the book)Storm management in HIC (e.g. Floyd &

USA) or LICTectonic event management in HIC (e.g. Kobe

Earthquake) or LIC(e.g. Pinatubo)

Economic Activity and Energy HIC e.g. UK and LIC e.g. Ethiopia ( the

Book)sectoral shiftsHigh tech industry e.g. Biotechnology ( the

Book) or car AssemblyHIC area employment changes e.g. M4

corridor ( the Book) or 1. deindustrialization or 2. Cambridge science park

Urban EnvironmentsLand use and social or ethnic groupings e.g.

Nairobi or Zomba, Malawi ( the book)Shanty town management e.g Sao Paulo ( the

book)HIC Urban area Change e.g Sheffield inner

city the old Book) or Southampton RUF ( new book)

Fragile EnvironmentsDesertified area and modified farming

practices e.g. the Sahel ( the Book)Threatened TRF e.g. Amazonia (The book)Country Climate change – Threatened e.g.

Tuvalu and Bangladesh(the Book)Climate change mitigation e.g. Kyoto protocol

(the Book)

Applying case study knowledge and understandingShanty towns – focus on management (issues

problems, benefits, what the city council is doing)

*Self help schemes, Bulldozing ,new changes etc

Maximum marks will require naming of examples/case studies( e.g. a place)

Field Work

Describe the fieldwork involved in measuring the velocity and discharge of a river. (6)

Tips!• *How to measure river discharge, velocity etc• Describe or evaluate the techniques involved in carrying out a FW in

measuring the discharge of a river.• Data collection/Fieldwork methodology ( explain the practicality)

safety,security, permission etc• ( Data presentation and conclusions or analysis will not be asked in section A)

River environments

Introduction

The velocity of a river is the speed at which water flows along it. The velocity will change along the course of any river, and is determined by factors such as the gradient ( how steeply the river is losing height), the volume of water, the shape of the river channel and the amount of friction created by the bed, rocks and plants.

Equipment

Velocity can be measured using very simple equipment. A watch capable of timing in seconds, something to float on the water and a tape measure are all that is required to find the velocity of the water surface. If you wish to find the velocity of the water below the surface, a velocity meter of some kind will also be required.

All about Floats

When measuring the velocity on the surface of the water it is common to time how long a float takes to travel a set distance. If you know how far it travelled and how long it took, you can find it's velocity.

There are certain things to look for in a float, apart from the obvious fact that it has to be able to float!

Firstly , you must be able to see it. Bright colours are much better than dull ones; transparent floats are not a good idea.

Secondly, it must be able to withstand some rough treatment, especially in fast flowing and turbulent water. Thirdly, it must not catch the wind. Only the water should be able to move it. A paper boat or any other float that

sticks well out of the water can be blown by the wind and won't give reliable readings. It is possible to buy special floats that are bright, strong and which float almost submerged, but they are expensive

and you are likely to lose a few every time you do some fieldwork. The good news, however, is that an Orange makes an excellent float, it's a bright colour, quite strong and it floats almost submerged so the wind doesn't blow it along. If you lose it you've only lost an orange; if you don't lose it you can eat it on the way home!

Describe how a fieldwork investigation into peoples’ views of the management of a hazard event could be carried out. (6)

tips!

*Survey on hazard management, people's views, making of questionnaires• Data presentation, analysis• * Conclusions and evaluation, improvements, limitations etc• (Planning and data collection will not be asked in section B)• Q:e.g.describe how youwould collect in the field(windspeed data,

precipitation data,temperature etc/record the data collected

Hazardous environments

area No of banks Factors influencing choice of location

A B C D

Scores of importance

Heart of central shopping area

18 4 4 1 1

Edge of central shopping area

5 2 3 2 2

Suburban shopping district

2 1 2 4 3

Edge-of-city shopping centre

8 3 4 3 1

KeyLocation Factors Scores of importanceA. Convenient for local residents 1 = very importantB. Low rents 2 = of some importanceC. Near other financial and legal services 3 = low importanceD. Accessible for many people 4 = little or no importance

Study Figure 4b which shows some results of a fieldwork investigation into the location of banks in four areas of a UK city.

Fig 4b

Economic activity and energy

(i) Outline how these results might best be presented. A diagram may help your answer. (4)

(ii) Give two conclusions that might be drawn about why locations vary in importance to banks.

Heart

of cen

tral s

hopp

ing

area

Edge

of ce

ntra

l sho

ppin

g ar

ea

Subur

ban

shop

ping

distri

ct

Edge-

of-ci

ty s

hopp

ing

cent

re

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

Chart Title

Scores of importance :covenient for local residentsScores of importance :Low rentsScores of importance :Near other financial and legal servicesScores of importance :Accessible for many people

score

s of

import

ance

(i)

0

10

20

No of banks

No of banks

(ii)Locations vary due to convenience and low rents in the heart of central shopping areas and due to accessibility for many people and nearness to other financial and legal services in Suburban and Edge of city areas

CBD centre

CBD edge

slum suburban

slum

fieldwork Range of shops

New commercial

Old ,inner city

Large mansions

Outer,new

observations

Narrow, crowded streets.

Complexes Shanties Expensive and specialist shops

Shanties(tin shacks)

Traffic congestion

Tower blocks

Crime Rubbish in alleys

Flats or rooms for rent.

Offices and modern apartments

Some re- development(public taps)

No facilities

E.Q scores(max 30) 17 27 10 30 3

Fig 6b

Study Figure 6b which shows the results of a fieldwork investigation along an urban transect in a LIC city. The investigation was into changing environmental quality. facilities.

Urban environments

(i) Outline how these results might best be presented diagrammatically. A diagram may help your answer. (4)

(ii) Give two conclusions that can be drawn about how environmental quality changes along the transect ?

CBD Centre CBD Edge Slum Suburban Slum0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Environmental Quality in an Urban Transect of an LIC

Series1

envir

onm

enta

l Q

uali

ty

Answers(i)

(ii)The suburban area has the highest environment quality The slum at the suburban edge has the lowest environment quality

Notes of GuidanceRiversCandidates should be able to 1. Select safe sites2. Use relevant equipment 3. Measure variables(channel width and depth, water

width and depth,discharge ,velocity,bed gradient etc.

4. Test for(pH,turbidity,odour,colour,coliform,chemical composition TDS, where best and safe to test,and some procedures like extraction,laboratory testing,kit contents,etc.

Notes of GuidanceHazardsCandidates should be able to1. Use or appreciate electronic or basic

meteorological instruments(max-min thermometer in stevenson screen,rain gauge,anemometer,wind vane)

2. Collect data and record readings3. Questionnaire surveys(focus on design and

use e.g.no of questions , question wording , sampling, etc

Notes of GuidanceEconomic activities and energyCandidates should be able to1. Appreciate how attitudes to ,and actions

around the renewables/non-renewables issue can be explored by means of questionnaire design and use.(actual or virtual fieldwork/primary or secondary data)

2. Analysis of given data,interviews,conclusions etc

Notes of GuidanceUrban environmentsCandidates should be able to1. Suggest ,identify and walk urban transect

e.g.inner city to CBD2. Record land-use type and EQ scores using

land use keys and EQ indicators3. Data presentation,analysis,conclusion

overall evaluation

Answering SkillsBe guided by mark allocationAdhere to the command or action word (refer handout)Bring knowledge to the examination room Only answer 5 questions as instructedUse geographical terminology use the figures and data fullyDon’t overwriteDon’t write beyond the given number of lines or on margins Draw and annotate diagrams name places and schemes 2 mark answers need to be better than one -markers e.g. definitionsDevelop your answersRemember factors are not full reasonsKnow your case studies and fieldwork Use a BLACK ink penBe confident ,alert and focused

GOODLUCK!

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