THE NEW DEAL 1933-1940 A257.3.13. GUIDING QUESTIONS How successful was the Roosevelt Administration’s “New Deal” in solving the problems of the Great.

THETHE

NEW NEW DEALDEAL

1933-19401933-1940A25

7.3.137.3.13

GUIDING QUESTIONSGUIDING QUESTIONSHow successful was the Roosevelt Administration’s “New Deal” in solving the problems of the Great Depression? (Consider: relief, Recovery, Reform; e.g. Agricultural Adjustment Act; Securities and Exchange Commission; Wagner National Labor Relations Act; Social Security Act)

How did it change the role of the federal government? How did it fashion a more stable economy and a more equitable society?

1932 1932 ELECTIONELECTIONFranklin D. Roosevelt attitude toward government“New Deal”

Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1920 Vice Presidential nominee for Democratic Party

Roosevelt Campaigning for Office in Kansas 1932

1932 1932 ELECTIONELECTION

Hoover “The Worst is Past" "Prosperity is Just Around the Corner"

1932 ELECTION1932 ELECTIONResults

Electoral Shift, 1928 and 1932

1932 ELECTION1932 ELECTIONLame-duck period (Nov. 1932-March 3, 1933)

banking industry collapseTwentieth Amendment (1933)

Bank Failures, 1929-1933

Franklin D. Roosevelt and Herbert Hoover on the way to FDR's inauguration, March 4, 1933(Library of Congress)

Bank Failures, Bank Failures, 1929-19331929-1933

FDR: A “NEW DEAL”FDR: A “NEW DEAL”“A New Deal for the American People”"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.“

confidence, optimism, public relations“Fireside chats”Eleanor Roosevelt

“Brains Trust”Goals: “Three R’s” - relief, recovery, reform

Roosevelt Delivering a Fireside Roosevelt Delivering a Fireside Chat, 1935Chat, 1935

FDR Holding a Press Conference, FDR Holding a Press Conference, 19391939

Eleanor Roosevelt visiting a West Virginia

Coal Mine, 1933 (c) Bettmann/Corbis

Eleanor Roosevelt visits West Virginia Eleanor Roosevelt visits West Virginia Coal Mine, 1933Coal Mine, 1933

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

FIRST HUNDRED DAYSFIRST HUNDRED DAYS“Bank holiday”

Emergency Banking Relief Act (Mar. 9)

Beer-Wine Revenue Act (Mar. 22)

Twenty-First Amendment (Nov. 1933)

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) (Mar. 31)

Public Works Administration (FERA May 12)Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (May 18) Civilian Conservation Corps workers plant seedlings

to reforest a section of forest destroyed by fire.

Roosevelt visits a Civilian Conservation Roosevelt visits a Civilian Conservation

Corps camp 1933Corps camp 1933

TVATVA

FIRST HUNDRED DAYSFIRST HUNDRED DAYSAgricultural Adjustment Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)Act (AAA) (May 12) National Recovery National Recovery Administration (NRA)Administration (NRA)

The National Industrial Recovery Act (June 16)

Schechter v. U.S. (1935)

Glass-Steagall Act (Banking Act of 1933) (June 16)

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Farm Credit Administration (June 16)

Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (June 13)

ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS OF ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS OF FDR’S “FIRST” NEW DEAL FDR’S “FIRST” NEW DEAL (late (late 1933-1934)1933-1934)

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

Dollar taken off gold standard

““THE NEW DEAL IN THE NEW DEAL IN TRANSITION”: A TRANSITION”: A “SECOND” NEW “SECOND” NEW DEALDEAL

“Second New Deal” (1935

onward) Works Progress Administration (WPA) National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (Wagner Act)

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

Rural Electrification Administration (1935)

Social Security Act (1935)WPA Artist Sketching WPA WPA Artist Sketching WPA Construction WorkersConstruction Workers

CRITICS OF THE NEW CRITICS OF THE NEW DEALDEAL

American Liberty LeagueDr. Francis E. TownsendFather Charles E. CoughlinSenator Huey P. Long

“Share Our Wealth” Plan

Father Charles E. Father Charles E. Coughlin Coughlin (1891-1979)

Senator Huey Senator Huey LongLong19341934

““Old Old Reliable” Reliable” cartooncartoon

““New Deal New Deal RemediesRemedies

””

ELECTION OF 1936 - ELECTION OF 1936 - NATIONAL REFERENDUM ON NATIONAL REFERENDUM ON THE NEW DEALTHE NEW DEAL

Alf Landon “constitutionally and with a balanced budget”

Result: greatest landslide in US history

FDR 61%, Landon 36 % (Maine and VT)

new Democratic coalition:urban working classesNorthern urban blacksTraditional progressivesSouthern rural whites

NEW DEAL IN NEW DEAL IN DISARRAYDISARRAY

“court-packing plan” (1937)

results

“Roosevelt Recession” (1937)

Keynesian economicsJohn Maynard Keynes

(2nd) Agricultural Adjustment Act (1938)

Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)

national minimum wageMandated 40 hour work week

New Deal essentially at end:

FDR blunders continued hard timesCongressional opposition threat of world crisis

Supreme Court, 1943

Unemployment, 1929-1942Unemployment, 1929-1942

NEW NEW DEAL IN DEAL IN DISARRDISARR

AYAY

Gross National Product 1920-1940Gross National Product 1920-1940

NEW DEAL AND NEW DEAL AND LABORLABOR

rise of labor unions in the 30s

Wagner Actdecline of welfare capitalismdeclining status of business leaders

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

industrial unionismworked to include blacks & other minoritiesJohn L. Lewis - United Mine Workers

sit-down strike“Memorial Day Massacre” (1937)

"Little Steel“Revolution in lives of wage workers

higher wages, shorter hours, paid vacations, insurance and unionization that enabled them to settle disputes and have a measure of job security

Labor Union Labor Union Membership, Membership, 1920-19921920-1992

Memorial Day Massacre, Chicago, 1937

LASTING IMPACTLASTING IMPACT OF THE NEW OF THE NEW DEAL: Political and Economic DEAL: Political and Economic ResultsResults

Political: “broker state” increased power of the presidentIncreased role of Federal government in society Party Realignment; Democratic coalition

Economic: created the rudiments of the American welfare stateaided the stabilization of the stock market and banking systemestablished a power base for various disadvantaged groups to challenge the dominance of corporations

LASTING IMPACTLASTING IMPACT OF THE NEW OF THE NEW DEAL: Social ResultsDEAL: Social Results

African Americansbecame strong supporters of Democratic party (but wages, unemployment)

“black cabinet”Women

Francis PerkinsEleanor Roosevelt

American IndiansIndian Reorganization Act of 1934

returned political authority to the tribes; tribal governments like city governmentsEnded Dawes allotment system; allowed collective land ownership (~ 4 million of the 90 million acres of Indian land lost under the allotment system returned to the tribes)

John Collier – new BIA chiefPueblo Indians in the Indian Service School. Taos, New Mexico 1936 (Library of Congress)

Eleanor Roosevelt visiting George Washington Carver Hall, men's dormitory for Negroes in Washington, DC(Library of Congress)

LASTING IMPACTLASTING IMPACT OF THE NEW OF THE NEW DEAL: Limits and LegaciesDEAL: Limits and Legacies

positive interpretations Saved capitalism?reformed capitalism, offering protection to disadvantagedcompleted process of progressive reform, then moved in direction of modern liberalismaccomplished as much as it could against conservative forces

negative interpretations Failed to end Depressionradical departure from progressive traditionlacked a central, guiding philosophymissed many opportunities to help those groups most in need of assistanceHindered economy’s recovery – market forces more efficient

Anti-Third Anti-Third Term Buttons, Term Buttons,

19401940

SOURCESSOURCESBrinkley, Brinkley, American History: A SurveyAmerican History: A Survey 10eWadsworth-Thompson http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/image_bank_US/1929_1939.htmlLibrary of Congress American Memory ProjectRutgers Univ. Teaching Politics Image Bank http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/.html

Kennedy, Kennedy, American PageantAmerican Pageant 13e

Nash, Nash, The American PeopleThe American People 6e; http://wps.ablongman.com/long_nash_ap_6/0,7361,592970-,00.html