The New Dark Age; the Frankfurt School and ‘Political Correctness

8/19/2019 The New Dark Age; the Frankfurt School and ‘Political Correctness

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a o o Soal So raoar r rror, a prpar or la ar

T opm l a o ol ompo mlk Bo, pa l k Rmra, y rlk lao, a a orl oy o ol,a al 1890amly, a ak, ar , a arly a Y, y

or yar, laal rao o ma l zao a all p aay, a W a omm l o a r o ar o oal ara

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ra Dom o Flor aral ar a T m o ay r r o o aa my ar, a mapp olar yma ro o Worl, pla ra proj o r or o rr or rm omak

o a r yar ao, a a oh a lo kl a r a p , al l o o r lam o Raa mzah o rr par o " mom, a a all, op o ma ol arm y mo oro llal am

pa ory; ar a orly para rom ,a l a ma oj o p p or a ma l y a, a a , l a omly

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l a p T opra y a pa a lop, a ma o oal mapaon, a r r o rao, lo, lm,ror m , ar , p opo pollT pra pyoloal ol o h ma a prpoly or o ra pay a pmm a or popl ao oay

So l a opray, a ha omm or lr; o lor n o a

onpray," or a ak o a l o o ar o aalyo oly r o hrao or lo E omao o a Spror J orm o a ro oap opra, a roo rom l or r aor arar

Or r , ral o or oloal a

nl a r, ha om orlm y ornyl oal orr" Wh h oap o h So Uo, or amp o rpr h lar orao o Marx oma hor Th rra oal aol or o 1 960ha o onaz o a prma rouo" O r proor la or r o r, hopnh rr mo ll lo or or a aon ora a l ork; om aoapr r, ar aao o y" byo nra R Gar S a Uryo Vra rly po lly o rop h

rqrmn o ra Homr, ar, a or DEMS(Da Eropa Ma ") a r ar or hor, pallor, a raly ror o h mor rl a" Tr Worl, mal, oromoxal aor

Th o h a amy o a rp; HlrGapo an Sal VD roo o aon,a an ook oy m puior

W ll ha o a a ha earo a ooly or a orazn a ay, ha a maj ory o poplao lon

h on aly o ram o x raonh a an o po hh or lzao a Th lo o ha aly prmary n aor oa Dark A n, a Dark xaly h ar h ao, h ror o ory nquoa r ra a Raaa rrho aal prp po lzaonornaor, or zao

I

Te Frankfrt Scool:olseik Intelli

g

entsia

Th nl, o mpora orazaoal omponno h onpray a a on kak aledh or Soal Rar (SR), poplarykon a h Frakr Shool ar oao a hUnry o Franr Grmay

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In the hedy dys ieditely fer he BlshevikRevlutin in Russi, it s idely believed tht prletrin revlutin uld entrily seep ut f theUrls int Eurpe nd, ultitely, rth eri Itdid nt; the nly t ttepts t rkers' vernentin the Wesin Munih nd Bdpestlsted nlynths The unist Interntinl ( inern)

therefre ben severl pertins t deterine hythis s s One suh s heded by Georg Lukacs Hunrin ristrt, sn f ne f the Hpsbur Epire's ledin bnkers Trined in Gerny nd lredyn iprtnt li terry theris , Luk s bee unist durin Wrld Wr I , ritn s he jined he prty,Wh ill sve us fr Western iviliztin" Lukss ell-suited t the intern tsk he hd been nef the issrs f ulture durin the shrt-livedHunrin Sviet in Budpes in 1919; in ft, dernhisrins link the shrtness f the Bud pest experientt Luks' rders ndtin sex edtin in the shls,

esy ess t ntr eptin, nd the lsenin f div relsll f hih revulsed Hunry's Rn thlippultin

Fleein t the Sviet Unin fter the uner-revlutin, Luks s sent seretly int Gerny in 1922here he hired eetin f unisrienedsilists nd intelletuls This eetin funded teInsitute fr Sil Reserh Over the next dede, theIns itute rked ut ht s t bee the intern's s suessful psyhlil rfre pertininst the pitlist West

Luk s identied h t ny plitil veent pble

f brinin Blshevis he West uld hve t be,in his rds, deni"; it uld hve t pssess thereliius per hih is pble f llin the entiresul; per tht hr terized priiive hristinity "Hever, Luk s

suested, suh essini" plitil

veen uld nly sueed hen the individul believes tht his r her tins re deterined by nt persnl destiny, bu he destiny f the unity"in rld "that has been abandoned by God ephsisdded]" Blshevis rked in Russi beuse tht ntin s dinted by pe ulir nsti fr f hristinty ypied by the ritins f Fydr Dstyevsky

The del fr the ne n is lysh rzv,"sid Lu ks, refrrin he Dstyevsk y hrter hillinly ve ver his persnl idenity t hly n,nd thus esed t be unique, pure, nd therefre bstrt"

This bndnent f the sul's un iqueness ls s lvesthe prble f unleshin the dibli fres lurk inin ll vilene" hih re needed rete rvluinIn this ntext, Luk s ited the Grnd I nquis ir setin

f Dstyevsky's The Brothers aramazov, nin ththe Inquisitr h is interrtin Jesus, hs reslvethe issue f d nd evil ne n hs understd hlientin fr Gd, then ny t in the servie f thdesiny f the unity" is justied; suh n n be n ei h er ri e n r dness Fr rie ndness re bjetitins f rnsendenl he

less ness"rdin t n eyeitness, durin eetins f thHunrin Sviet ledership in 1919 dr up lists fthe rin squd, Luks uld ften que he GrnInquis itr nd e h, fr their hppiness, hve ketheir sins upn urselves, e stnd befre yu nd syJude us if yu n nd if yu dre' "

he ble Geesis

Wht di fferenti ted the Wes t fr Rssi , Luks identied, s Jude-h ristin ulturl trix hi h e

phsized extly he uniqueness nd sredness f thindiv idul hi h Luk s bjured is re, he dnnt Western idely intined tht he individuthruh he exer ise f his r her resn, uld di serthe Divine Will in n unedied reltinship Whs rse, fr Luks' stndpin his resnblreltinship neessrily iplied tht the individl ulnd shuld hne the physil universe in pursuit the Gd; tht Mn shuld hve dinin ver ures stted i n the B ibli l i nju ntin f Genesis The prble s, tht s ln s the indi vidul hd he beliefr even the hpe f the beliefth his r her divin

sprk f resn uld slve the prbles fin sietythen tht siety uld never reh he se f hpelessness nd lienin hih Luks renized s hneessry prerequisit e fr s ilist revlutin

The tsk f the Frnkfurt Shl, hen, s rst underine the Jude-hristin ley hruh blitin f ulture" (Auebung der ultur in LukGern); nd, send, t deterine ne ulturl frhih uld increase the alienation of thepopulation, th retin n e brbr is " T thi s sk, here therein nd rund he Frn kfurt Shl n inredible ssrent f nt nly unist s, but l s nnpry si

ists, rdil phenenliss, Ziniss, renede Freudins, nd t l est fe ebers f selfidenti ed uf strte The vrieted ebership reeed, ert in ex ent , the spnsrs hi p l thuh h � In st iutfr Sil Reser h strted ith inern suppr, vethe next three dedes its sures f funds inludevrius Gern nd erin universiies, he Rkefeller Fundtin, lubi Brdstin Syse, herin Jeish ittee, severl erin intell


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gence services, the Ofce of the U S H igh Commissi onerfor Germny, the Interntion Lbour Orgniztion,nd the Hcker Institute, posh psychitric cinic inBevery His

Simiry, the Institutes poitic eginces thoughtop personne mintined ht might be ced sentient retionship to the Soviet Union (nd there is

evidence tht some of them ored for Soviet inteigence into the 60s), the I nstitute s its gos s higherthn tht of Russin foreign poicy Stin, ho shorried t the undiscipined, cosmopoitn" opertionset up by hi s predecessors, cut the Institute off in the te20s, forcing Lukcs into sefcriticism," nd briefy iing him s Germn sympthizer during WordWr II

Lukcs survived to briey tke up his od post sMinister of Cuture during the ntiStinist Imre Ngyregime in Hungry Of the other top Institute gures,the poitic permbutions ofHerber Marcuse re typi

c He strted s Communist becme protg ofphiosopher Mrtin Heidegger even s the tter soining the Nzi Prty coming to Americ, he orkedfor the Word Wr II Ofce of Strtegic Se rvices (OSS),nd ter becme the US Stte Deprtments top nystof Soviet poicy d uring the height of the McCrthy period in the 60s, he turned gin, to become the mostimportnt guru of the Ne Left nd he ended his dysheping to found the environmentist-extremist GreenPrty in West Germny

In this seeming incoherence of shifting positionsnd contrdictory funding, there is no ideoogic con

ict The inv rint is the desire of prties to nserLukcs origin question Who i s ve us from Western civiiztion?"

ed Ad d Wlte Bei

Perhps the most importnt, if est-knon, of thernkfurt Schoo s successes s the shping of the eectronic medi of rdio nd teevision into the poerfuinstruments of soci contro hich they represent todyThis gre out of the ork origin y done by to menho cme to the Institute in the te 20s, Theodor

Adorno nd Waler Benja

'

min.After competing studies t the University of rnkfurt, Wter Benmin pnned to emigrte to Pestinein 24 ith his friend Gershom Scholem (ho terbecme one ofI sres most fmous phiosophers, s es Judism s eding gnostic), but s prevented by oveffir ith Asja Lacis, Ltvin ctress nd Com internstringer Lcis hisked him off to the Itin isnd ofCpri, cut center from the time of the Emperor Ti

berius, then used s Comintern trnng bse theheretofore poitic Benmin rote Schoem fromCpri, tht he hd found n existenti ibertion ndn intensive insight into the ctuity of rdic communism"

Lcis ter took Benmin to Mosco for furtherindoctrintion, here he met pyright Berol Brech,

ith hom he oud begin ong cobortion soontherefter, hie orking on the rst Germn trnstion of the drugenthusist rench poet Bude ire, Benmin begn serious experimenttion ith hucinogens I n 27, h e s in Berin s prt of group ed byTheodor Adorno, studying the orks of Lukcs othermembers of the study group incuded Brecht nd hiscomposer-prtner Kurt Weill Hans Eisler, nothercomposer ho oud ter become Hoyood mscore composer nd couthor ith Adorno of the textbook Composition for the Film; the vntgrde photogrpher Imre Moholy-Nagy nd the conductor Oo

Klemperer.rom 28 to 32, Adorno nd Benmin hd nintensive cobortion, t the end of hich they begnpubishing rtices in the Institutes ourn, the Zeit-schr fr Soziaorschung. Benmin s kept on themrgins of the Institute, rgey due to Adorno, hooud ter pproprite much of his ork As Hitercme to poer, the Institutes stff ed, but, heresmost ere quicky spirited y to n depoyments inthe US nd Engnd, there ere no ob offers forBen min, probby oing to the nimus of Adorno Heent to rnce, nd, fter the Germn invs ion, ed to

the Spnis h border expecting momentry rrest by theGestpo, he despired nd died in dingy hote roomof sef-dmini stered dr ug overdose

Benmins ork remined most competey unknon unti 55 , hen Schoem nd Adorno pubishedn edition of his mteri in Germny The fu revivoccurred in 68, hen Hannah Arendt, Heideggersformer mistress nd cobortor of the Institute inAmeric, pubished mor rtice on Benmin in the

New Yorker mgzine, fooed in the sme yer bythe rst Engish trnstions of his ork Tody, everyuniversity bookstore in the country bosts fu shef

devoted to trnstions of every scrp Benmin rote,pus exegesis, ith 80s copyright dtesAdorno s younger thn Benmin, nd s ggres

sive s the oder mn s p ssive Born Teodoro Wiesengrund-Adorno to Corsicn fmiy, he s tught thepino t n ery ge by n unt ho ived ith thefmiy nd hd been the concert ccompnist to theinterntion oper str Adein Ptti It s generythought tht Theo dor oud become profession mu-

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sicin nd he studied ith Bernrd Sekes Pau Hindemiths techer Hoever in 1 9 1 8 hie sti nasstudent Adorno met Siegfried Krcauer Krauer asprt of Kantin-Zionist saon ich met at the hoseof Rbbi Nehemih Nobel in Frankfurt; other memersof the Noe circe inuded phiosopher Mrtin uberriter ranz Rosenzweig nd to students eo ow

enthal nd Erich romm Krcer Loentha andFromm oud j oin the I S to deades ater Adornoengged Krcuer to tutor him in the phiosophy ofKant; Krcuer so introduced him to the ritings ofLukcs nd to Wter Benjmin ho as around theNoe cique

In 1924 Adorno moved to ienn to study ith thetonist composers Alban erg nd Arnold Schnbergnd ecme conneted to the avantgarde ad outcirce round the od Mrxist Krl Krus Here e notony met his future coortor Hans Eiser ut asocme into contct ith the theories of Freudia extremist

Otto Gross Gross ontime ocaine addit had diedin Berin gutter in 1920 hie on his ay to hep therevoution in Bu dapest; he had deveoped the theory thtment heth coud ony e achieved throug the revivaof he ncient cu t of Astrte hic oud seep awaymonotheism nd the ourgeois fmiy

vi Mxist Aesthetics

By 1 928 Adorno nd Benj min hd stised their inteectu nderust nd setted don t the IS inGermny to do some ork As suject they ose n

spect of the probem posed y Lukcs: ho to giveesthetics rmy mteriistic sis It s a questionof some importnce t the time Ofci Soviet discussions of rt nd cuture ith their id gyrtions intosociist reism nd proetkut ere idiotic andony served to discredit Mrxisms cim to phiosophymog inteectus Kr Marxs on ritigs on thesubject ere sketchy nd an t est

n essence Adorno nd Benjmins proem sGottfried Wihem Leiniz At te eginning of theeighteenth century Leiniz hd oce again oiteratedthe centuries-od gnostic duism dividig mid ad

ody y demonstrting tht mtter does not thik Acretive ct in r t or sciene pprehends te truth of thephysic universe ut it is not determined y tat physic universe By sefconsciousy concentrting te pst inthe present to effect the future the retiv e act properydened is s imort s the sou hich envisions tect This hs ft phiosophica impitions for Marxism hich rests entirey on the hypothesis that mentactivity is determined y the soci retions excreted y

ankid's prodtion of its pysia existeeMarx sidesteped te proem f eiiz as di

Adoro and Bej ami atog te ater did it wit t more aae t is wro sai eji i irst arties o te sj et t sar wi e eseypotesizig mi d as t asis o te devepmet oivi ization; this is an unfortunate egay o Sorates A

an aeative Benjamin posed a Aristteia ae iitepretatio of Geesis: Assme at Ede wee iveto Adam as te primordia pysia sae e rii osiene and iosoy does ot ie i te ivesiaiand mastery of atre ut i te nan o te jet

Bett Becht te pays t emae the aencebe ht: na Ben stan hs eeeera be: Becht th cmpse Pa Dessan


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atur; t rrda tat t a a tg wat ay a tr wa t ay aut tat tg urt t ja cycay rcad t g t accrdg t t caruy avdgt cayradr rk ad rrrg tugat tat t ra t gg wa trd t ctat t rga rk wrd

oosc ra ratcat traatd ardar racd y t arrwr a g tat wrd vebm). tr t xu r Ed add' rurt tat da at rad ard yt wat ac ja ' arxt tar r

t deve pmet of economes), nd Gods further curse Bab on Nimrod (tt is, the deveopment of ntiontte wt distinct nguges hic Benmin nd Mrxviwd as a negatve process wy from te primitivecmmusm" f Eden), umty became estranged"rm t yica word

Tu, Bjamn cotnued, bject sti gve off n

aur ter rmrd form, but te trut s nopey eu v I fact, pc, wrtten aguge, rt,cratv ty tsetat by wc we mster pyscityry furters t trngemet by ttmptng, inarxt jarg, to crrat t bjcts of ture into

Betmann Arhive

rend ormer msress oaz hosoher arnedeer czedorks o aer enjamnn US.

hosoher arn er ean hs career nhe crces o enjamn dorno and Kracaer.y he 1960's hs I ad Tou as reqredreadn hroho mercan coees.

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the socil reltions determined by the clss structuredominnt t tht point in history Te cretive rtist orscientist, therefore, is vessel, like Ion the rhpsode she described hi mself to Socrtes, or like moder n chostheory" dvocte: the cretive ct springs out of thehodgepodge of culture s if by mgic The more thtbourgeois mn tries to convey ht he intends bout

n obect, the less truthful he becomes or, in one ofBenmins most oftquoted sttements, Truth is thedet of intention"

This philosophicl sleight-of-hnd llos one to doseverl destructive things By mking cretivity historicllyspecic, you rob it of both immortlity nd morlity One cnnot hypothesize universl truth, or nturll, for truth i s completely reltive to historicl development By discrding the ide of truth nd error, you lsomy thro out the obsolete" concept of good nd evilyou re, in the ords of riedrich Nietzsche, beyondgood nd evil " B enmin is ble, for instnce, to defend

ht he clls the St nis" of the rench Symbolistsnd their Surrelist successors, for t the core of thisStnism one nds the cult of evil s politicl device to disinfect nd isolte ginst l l morlizing dilettntism" of the bourgeoisie To condemn the Stnism ofRimbud s evil, is s incorrect s to extol Beethovenqurtet or Schiller poem s good for both udgmentsre blind to the historicl forces orking unconsciouslyon the rtist

Thus, e re told, the lte Beethovens chord structures striving to be tonl, but Beethoven could not bringhimselfconsciously to brek ith the structured orld of

Congress of ienn Europe (Adornos thesis ) simil rly,Schiller relly nted to stte tht cretivity s thelibertion of the erotic, but s true cild of the Enligh tenment nd Immnuel Knt, he could not mke therequisite renuncition of reson (Mrcuses thesis) Epistemology becomes poor relt ion of publi c opinion, sincethe rtist does not consciously crete orks in order touplift society, but insted unconsciously trnsmits theideologicl ssumptions of the cultu re into hich he sborn The issue is no longer ht is u niverslly true, butht cn be plusibly interpreted by the selppointedgurdins of the Zeitgeist

'e Bd New Dys

Thus, for the rnkfurt School, the gol o f cul turlelite in the modern, cpitlist" er must be to stripy the belief tht rt derives from the selconsciousemultion of God the Cretor religious il lumintion,"sys Benmin, must be shon to reside in profneillumintion, mterilistic , nthropologicl inspirtion,

1 0

to hich hshish, opium, or htever else cn give nintroductory lesson" At the sme time, new cultural

forms must befound to increase the alienation ofthe population, in order for it to understnd ho truly liented tis to live ithout socilism Do not build on the goodold dys, but on the bd ne ones," sid Benmin

The proper direction in pinting, therefore, is tht

tken by the l te n Gogh, ho begn to pint obects indisintegrtion, ith the equ ivlent of shish-smokerseye tht loosens nd entices things out of their fmilirorld" In mus ic, i t is not suggested tt one cn compose better tody" thn Mozrt or Beethoven, sidAdorno, but one must compose tonll y, for tonlismis sik, nd the sickness, dilecticlly, is t the sme timethe cu re The extrordinrily violent rection protesthich such music confronts in the present society ppers nonetheless to suggest tht the dilecticl function of this music cn lredy be felt negtively, sdestruction "

The purpose of modern rt, literture, nd musicmust be to destroy their upliftingtherefore, bourgeoispotentil, so tht m n, bere ofhis connection tothe divine, sees his only cretive option to be politiclrevolt To orgnize pessimism mens nothing otherthn to expel the morl metphor from politics nd todiscover in politicl ction sphere reserved one hundredpercent for imges Thus, Ben min collborted ithBrecht to ork these theories into prcticl form, ndtheir oint effort culminted in the Veremdungseet(estrngement effect"), Brechts ttempt to rite hisplys so s to mk e the udience leve the thetre demor

lized nd imlessly ngry

itic ectess

The Adorno-Benmin nlysis represents lmost theentire theoreticl bsis of ll the politiclly correct esthetic trends hich no plgue our universities ThePoststructurlism of oland Barthes, Michel oucault,nd Jacques Derrida, the Semiotics of Umberto Eco,the Deconstructionism of Paul DeMan, ll openly citeBenm in s the source of their ork The Itli n terrorist Ecos best-selling novel, The Name ofthe Rose, is little

more thn pen to Benmin DeMn, the formerNzi collbortor in Belgium ho becme prestigiousYle professor, begn his creer trnslting BenminBrthes infmous 68 sttement tht [t]he uthor isded," is ment s n elbortion of Benmi ns dictumon intention B enmi n hs ctully been clled the heirof Leibniz nd of Wilhelm von Hu mboldt, the philologist collbortor of Schiller hose eductionl reformsengendered the tremendous development of Germny


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i te ieteet cetury Eve s recety s September te Washington Post referred to Bejmi s teest Germ iterry teorist of te cetury (d mywoud ve eft off tt quifyig Germ)"

Reders ve udoubtedy erd oe or oter orror story bout ow Afric-Americ Studies Deprtmet s procured b o Otheo becuse it is

rcist" or ow rdic femiist professor ectured Moder Lguge Associtio meetig o te witcess te true eroies" of Macbeth Tese trocities occurbecuse te perpetrtors re be to pusiby demostrte i te trditio of Bejmi d Adoro ttSkespere's itet is irreevt w t is importt iste rcist or pocetric subtext" of wic Skespere ws ucoscious we e wrote

We te oc Wome's Studies or Tird WordStudies Deprtmet orgizes studets to bdo cssics i fvor of moder Bck d femiist utors teresos give re pure Bejmi It is ot tt tese

moder writers re better but tey re someow moretrutfu becuse te ir ieted prose reects te modersoci probems of wic te oder utors were igort ! Studets re beig tugt tt guge itsef is sBejmi sid merey cogomertio of fse mes"foisted upo society by its oppressors d re wredgist ogocetrism" te bourgeois over-reice owords

If tese cmpus tics pper retrded" (i te wordsof Adoro) tt is becuse tey re desiged to beTe rkfurt Scoo's most importt brektrougcosists i te reiztio tt teir mostrous teories

coud become domit i t e cuture s resut of tecges i society brougt bout by wt Bejmiced te ge of mecic reproductio of rt"

II.

The Establisent GoesBolshevik: 'Entertainment

Replaces Art

Before te twetiet cetury te distic tio betwee rtd etertimet" ws m uc more proouced Oecoud be etertied by rt certiy but te experiecews ctive ot pssive O te rst eve o d tomke coscious coice to go to cocert to view certi rt ex ibit to buy book or piece of seet mus icIt ws uikey tt y more t iitesimfrctio of te poputio woud ve te opportuityto see ing Lea or er Beetove's Nit Sympoy

more t oce or twice i ifetime Art demdedtt oe brig oe's fu powers of cocetrtio dkowedge of te subject to ber o ec experiece orese te experiece ws cosidered wsted Tese werete dys we memoriztio of poetry d woe pysd te gterig of frieds d fmiy for prorcocert" were te orm eve i rur ouseods Tese

were so te dys before music pprecitio" weoe studied music s my did tey ered to py itot pprecite it

However te ew tecoogies of rdio m drecorded music represeted to use te ppropriteMrxist buzz-word diectic poteti O te oed tese tecoogies ed out te possibiity of brigig te gretest works of rt to mi ios of peope wowoud oterwise ot ve ccess to tem O te oterd te fct tt te experiece ws iitey reproducibe coud ted to disegge te udiece's midmkig t e experiece ess scred tus icresig ie

tio Adoro ced tis process demytoogizig"Tis ew pssivity Adoro ypotesized i crucirtice pubised i 38 coud frcture music compositio ito te etertiig" prts wic woud befetisi zed" i te memory of te isteer d te d ifcut prts w ic woud be forgotte Adoro cotiued

Te couterpr o e etisis is reressio oistei is does ot me rese o e idividu iseer ito erier pse o is o deveope or decie i te coective eer evesice te iios wo re reced music or ters tie od's mss comuicios cot e

comred it e udieces o e st er itis e coemporr istei wic s reressedrrested te itie se ot o do e istei subecs ose o wit te reedo o coiced resposiii t te ccit or te coscious erceptio o usic . te uctute eee coreesive orei d sudde dives io recoiioTe iste tomisic d dissocite eer but precisey i is dissocitio te deveopceri cpcities wic ccord ess i e rdiio cocets o esetics t i ose o oo or otori ey re ot cidike . bu ere cidis eir primitivis is ot o te ude

veoed ut o e orcy rearded esisdded

Tis coceptu retrdtio d precoditioigcused by isteig suggested tt progrmmig couddetermie preferece Te very ct of puttig sy Bey Goodm umber ext to Mozrt sot o terdio woud ted to mgmte bot ito etertiigmusic-o-te-rdio" i te mid of te isteer Tis

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Ni-Comuist Hippies of te 1920's

�

§

Novelst Fanz eel. Sexuallylbeated, he mgated to Holywoodwth hs love Alma Mahle.

A ewhelm amut f thehlhy ad atfact f theAmerca cutecultue f the

190' lu the ew Ae eef tday de e fm a lae-cal ecal exemet ted AcaSwtzelad fm aut 1910 t9.

Oally a et aea fmemer f Helena Blavatskyshehy cult the lttle Sw llae ecame the hae f eeyccult leftt ad acalt ect fthe al ew Ae memetf the ealy twet eth cetuy. y

the ed f Wld Wa Acawa dtuhale fm whataht-Ahury wuld late eme lled w th health fd

i·

Heann Hesse's occult nove set thestage fo New Age mystcsm.

Above ght D.H. Lawence and weFeda. Hs nove sought lbeaton om

the epessve famly. " Late, hechamponed the Aztec god Quetzlcoatl.

ccult k te hawk te hn, ad atumenschen, .atual wh wuld walk aut

l ha ead adal ae de t et ak tatue.

he dmat uece theaea came fm D. Ott G atude t f eud ad fe f alJu wh had ee at f axWee' cle whe akfutSchl fude Lukac wa al ameme. Gr tk Bachfe tt lcal exteme ad thewd f hta at Gee

ad t hae adted Bayla h cvlzat t tthat f Judehta Eue . . . .f Jezeel had t ee defeated


10/24

y Elah wld hty wuldhae ee dffeet a d ette Jezeel wa Bayl le el

Atat Ahteth; y kll heJewh mthetc malmde leaue fm the wld

' lt wa t eeatethe lt f Atat de t tata exal elut ad dety thee atachal famlyAm the meme f h ultwee Frieda and D.H. Lawrence;Franz Kaa; Franz Wefel, theelt wh late came t llyw ad wte The ong o ea

dette; hlhe Martin Buber;Alma Mahler, the wfe f me utae ahle ad latethe la f Walte Gu

Anscona dancers repced Classical ballet

wth cult erotcism. Isadora Duncanespoused Bolshevism; Rudo von Labanheade d up Nazi dance program. Above:

Duncan with dance troupe . Lef: Isadooutside Moscow dacha.

Oka Kkchka ad azWefel; am the he Odeml Oeta l OO the c

cult fatety et u y SatatAleister Crowley, had t ly female lde at Aca

t e t ealze the ume f tellectual w whed a cultual hee whwee ueced y the ew Aemade Acaclud almt all th e auth wh e yeda ma eal Amea the190' ad 190' he lace adt hlhy ue hhly the

wk f t ly LaweceKaka a d Wefel ut al elze we Gerhardt Hauptmann ad Hermann Hesse, H.G.

Novelst Fanz Kaa.

Wels, Max rod, Stfan Geog,ad the et Raier Maria Rilkea Gustav Lndaur. 19 A

ca ecame the headquate fal Ju ' aual Ea feece t ulaze tcm

Aca wa al t he lace f eat f mt f what we w callmde dace t wa headqatet Rudolf von Laban, et fthe mt la fm f dacetat ad Mary Wgman. Isadora Ducan wa a fequet t Laa ad Wma lke Duca uht t elace the fmal

emete f claal allet wtheceat f cult dace whchwuld e caale f tualtcallyded u the mdal acalmeme f the audece Whethe az came t we Laaecame the hhet dace fal the ech a he ad Wmaceated the tual dace amf the 19 Olymc Game Belwhch wa lmed y tle' eal dect Le i Reifen

stahl, a fme tude t f W mahe ecula ccult yhaal

y ula Aca wa aldece the deelmet fmuch f mde at he Dadamemet ated eayZch ut all t ealy uewee Aca md dyeecally Guilaue Apollinaire,wh wa a atcula fa f OttG Whe Bel Dada auced t ceat 1920 t

e mafet wa ulhed a maaze fuded y G

For more on the Anscona commu nity, seeMartin Green's Mountain of Tuth: TheCounterculture Begins, Anscona 1900-1920(Hanover and London: University Pressof New England, 1986).

1


11/24

meat that ee ew a alatale ea l emela y eam them thh the ealhmeze the lte ty A eam tt

t t a

CBS pesdent FankStanton An ndustal

psyhologst, he ut hsteeth on the Rado

Newsman Edward R.Murrow: On the set

(ght, and as WWcoespondent with

Wllam . Shirer arright).

At the ame tme the ma we the meal e e t e-ee e ea Shakeeaeemat eethe wll all make lm leea m qt the eh lm ee Abel Gance all lee all mythle all mth all e el a the ey el thmele awathe exe eet

Soial Control: The 'Radio Projet

ee the wee m tet thee a tlhe eat lte th akt Shl meawk wee aly the ma tt at tht e the S y the at the Etalhmet ate the ttte taee t eat tAmea 194.

APWide Wor


12/24

19 k F w y . B W W y' y w y 12000 . . ; wy y y y; 2 19 2.

ly y . k F w k y. N w y kw

NBC pesdent Sylveste Pat"eave

h a Prj."h r h Pj w Paul Lazesfed, h

an Mx n lphlrn lm ll I...fm h y 1 90's. r zl w ank Sanon, r Ph.D. n nusrl syly m h w j m r

m Brs ysm r l lwlys. Wl Wa I I n m rs B Nw D y B h wk's pw; lsm mn h Br ND mmr Pr y Js'sk ." mn j's s wHea Hezog, w z l sr ; Hazel Gaude, w m 's lal pl s. hr A w f Prj' m .

D l ls Pj k l ws rly ABnjm fh m l z s lywa wl l ll w."

So ap Operas & Invasion from Mars

s w m. z O B w Exp" r n . l " w 1929

r s " . Bs ll ly w ly ya lly w I ;s y w s y u y w m p ."

l z' wk w sply m w ly w w w m s w l p p x m . yl l r y w y yls Dy l: yml yss"

ntc sycolo onogaps, lmy mz ps y m lk k x s f s m wl wl w y ."

z a w m ss. Wha s mr r ws rrsy l rl . ky s

1


13/24

By the 1960's the RadoPoject taneed thepublc's addcton to soapopeas, to poltcal ealty.Above ABC's Rght lmng antVetnam a ptestes.

dn and Bnjamn's s ssd wldwas or slf f sa ; wm w ffly addd fma s m and sa d wa asnx wk." In fa z d y ld almsdul lsns f a ad lay y n smns.

Mdn ads wll mmdaly z a swas n a lssn ls amn sy.Nwadays sal fma as sad d'sammn and d m m sws. ms wdly wad sws n sy f s

man W Klld J?" sallm f allas,and nal sd f **S*H f w wmsd n a wa as x? ma. E fau lms l k tr Ws ad Bac to the Futurels a nw dd as sals d k na ws f la sallms. mldaym sa als ans s add as un a: 0% f all man wmn nw wa a las w f s sws a day ad

1 6

s a faswn ws amn m ad llsdns f sxs. ad Pj's nx maj sdy was a s

an n ffs f Oso Wees' alwn 1 98adlay asd n .G. Wlls' Wa othe Wols. xmln l ad adas alsally dsn a Maan nasn f land a Nw Jsy.Ds ad and la samns a sw wasnal axmaly 2% f sns was al s m ankn . ad Pjsas fund a a majy f l wankd d d n nk a mn fm Mas ad add ;

y aually u a ens ad add.I and s wa y. ls s ad n sylally -ndnd y ad s fm Mn ss al a ya. Du a s s B'sman n Eu Ew R Muow, n daf akn n la amm s sws ullns. F s m adas nwswas snd n n ln analyal s slswa w nw all aud s. " f


14/24

te c S S , tese ses t s nmes tt n tews Mw's e Fred Friendly, news blletns wee ntetn news blletns." As te lstenestt tt te wl ws m n t te bnk wB tns se mtlly. Wen Welles stnl bst lte te te ss eee ese ts news blletn tenqe t e tns es

mlte : e stte t e bst by kn stnne-ms m w ket ettn nteteby nesnly teyn n te sene ets" mNew Jesey. stenes w nke ete nt tntent bt t mt; tey e We ntet tsm n emeeny blletn" n nsn"n mmetely nle tt tle ne.e s e tenqe tnsse t te news wke n st n nexete sle.

Little Annie & the 'Wagnerian Dream

In 199 ne te nmbes te qtely Joual ofled Psycholo ws ne e t An n te Pjet t bls sme te nns. enlsn ws t t Amens e te lst twentyyes beme -mne" n tt te lstenn beme s mente tt eettn mtws te key t lty. e ly lst etemne tets" tt well knwn t nze me btten n nwn eettn l mke ny m ms ny eme een lssl ms eme st ." As ln s ml m ntext wsetne lmst ny ntent wl beme etble.

Nt nly e t sns sts n s es ylllyeent n ly nble tyes" s Ansmmzn ts mtel ew yes lte bt tese ntent te entetnment tsel s eem tem n nly e s t ne. e etls enteneble."

e wnn eement te Pjet wsttle Anne" lly ttle te tntn-zeselPm Anlyze. Pjet ese swntt ll es mets eew lln wee neetl. t tt nt eew ene lstene t sw wte lm n ten ws ske enel

qestns: y lke te sw? wt y tnk s-n-s's emne ?

e Pjet elze tt ts met nttke nt nt te test ene's t mze eetn te sbjet n emne tt tey mke tnlnlyss t ws n tene t be n tnl exeene. te Pjet ete ee n w e testene membe ws sle wt tye esttn w e l este te ntensty s lkes

slkes n mment-t-mment bss. By mnte n l s e by te ee te ets l etem ne nt te ene lk e te wlesww ws elentbt w sttns tes e ste mmenty eelnstte.

ttle Anne tnsme lm n ltmtely

telesn mmn. B stll mntns mnlyze ltes n llyw n New Yk; t ss tt eslt s elte 8 % t tns. Ote netwksn lm sts e sml ets. s kn nlyss s esnsble te nnny eeln y etwen seen new lm sw y tnk ye seen t ll bee. Y e mny tmes. I m nlyze n tes tt nstne eneswee tlly ttlte by st sene n WlW II m swn et n tye t kssn etn tye tess ten tt sene mt wll bewke nt zens seenlystnsse t te

Mle Aes t te se et. et.e R Pjet ls elze tt telesn te tentl t ntensy ll te eets tt tey ste . tenly been n sme yesn been exbte t te 1 96 Wl's F n NewYk bt te nly esn t ttemt ses tl ztn te mem been Al tle . e Nzs bsteents m te 1 96 Olym Gmes l e" t mmnl ewn ms n Gemny; tey wee tynt exn n te et sess n sn t Nzyll s ets Gemn l te. F te lns Gemn eelment wee setke by w etns.

An nest ts tentl eetly wtnn 1944:

s s sss s e s s s e s ss s s s s s s s w e s s e e es e s s w

e bs nt s ts: te nly tnlms men ente tnmentte st n etze ntent mst n lms te t tt yll lssl ms sttn ms tnskynext t Mztn't e t be tt wy. ey weeesne t be tt wy. e esn ws s sessltt ty n ne een qestns te esns tes.

1


15/24

The New Age Parad She Fankft h's na 1930's sey wkndn the athta an esnaty" was based nsyhanayt atees deeed by Eh Fmm.

Fmm deed these atees fm the thees fJ . J . Bachofen, a colaborator of Nietzsch and Rchard

Wagner, who clamed that human cvzaton wasnay mataha." hs mda ed fgynocratic democracy" and domnance of the Magna

Mater (Great Mother) ut, sad Bahofen , was sub

merged by the deveoment of rationa, authoritarian

atriarch sm," ncluding monotheistc regon. Later,

Fromm ut ized th s theory to aim th at support for

the nulear famiy was edene of auth oritaran tend

enes.In 1970, forty years after he rst proamed th e

importance of Bac hofen's theory, Fromm sureyed how far things had deel oped. He isted sen social

psychoogial chan ges" wh h indiatd the ad vane of

matriarchism over patrarchism:

• The faiure of the patrar ha-authoritarian sys

tem to ful its function," ncuding the preention of

tn• Democratc revouti ons" which operate on the

basis of manipuated consent" ;• he wmen's evtn"• Children's and adoescents' revouton," based o n

the work of Benjamin Spock and others, aowng chi -dren new, and more-adequate ways to exress re

ben• The rise of the radia youth moement, whh

fuy embr aed Bahofen, in ts mpha on group

sex , loose fam iy struture, and unisex othng and

behavs• The increasng use of Bachofn by ro fss onas to

orret Fre ud's oery-sexua an ayss of the mother

on relationshthis woud make Freudansm ess

threatening and more palatabe to th genera popu-

atn•

"The vison of the onsumer paradse . . . . In thisvision, technique assumes the characterst cs of the

Great Mother, a tehnal nstead of a atura one, who

nu rses her hdren an d paes them wth a nev er

e asing uaby (in the form of rado and t eeison) . In

the proess, man beomes emotiona y an nfant , feei ng

secure in the hope that mother's breasts w aways

supy abundant mik, and that decsons need no

ne be made by the ndda."

1 8

III Creating Public Opinion:

The A uthoritarian Personalityo

g

ey

man

and the OSS

he effts f the ad Pje t nsats t manate the atn sawned the mden sedsenef b nn n n de t an eate ntve the methds they wee deen.

day b nn s k e the teesn newshave been metey nteated nt sety. A sent s ey" f what ee ae sad t thnk abt ansse an be ded n ess than twnty-f hs.me amans f hh ta fe ae meteyshad by s; n fat many tans ty t eatesses wh h ae themsees mean ness bt whh theyknw w k d n the s ey f the se

f enhann the mae as a. " mptant ydesns ae made ven befe the ata te f thetzeny the esate by p ests. Newsaesw asnay wte s edtas an n eet thnk f themse es een as the newsae's bsnessaent sends a hek t the a n anzatn.

he dea f b nn" s nt new f se.Pat ske aanst t n hs Reublc e tw menaa Aexs de qeve wte at enth f ts nene ve Amea n the eay nneteenth enty. Btnbdy thht t measure b nn befe thetwenteth enty a nd nbdy befe the 1 930's thht

t se thse measements f desn-makn.It s sef t ase and eet n the whe net.he beef that b nn an be a detemnant ftth s hshay nsane. It edes the dea fthe atna ndda mnd. Eey ndda mndntans the dne sak f easn and s ths aabef sent dsve y and ndest andn th dseesf thes. he nd da mnd s ne f the few thnsthat annt theefe be aveaed." nsde: at themment f eatve dsey t s ssbe f nt babe that the sentst makn the dsey s the onlyperson to hod that opinion about nature, whereas every-

ne e lse has a d ffeent n n n nn. One anny magne what a sentay -ndted svey"n Kee's mde f the sa system wd hae beenshortly after he pubished th Harmony o f the World: 2%f 48% aanst 50% n nn.

hese syhanayt svey tehnqes beame standad nt ny f the Fankft h bt asthht Amean sa sene deatments atay afte the I... aved n the nted tates. he


16/24

ethodooy as the bass of the research pece forhch the Frankfurt School s ost ell knon, theauthortaran personalty" project. In 1 942, I .S. R. drector Max Horkheimer ade contact th the Aercanesh ottee, hch asked h to set up a Departent of Scentc Research thn ts oranzaton. TheAercan esh ottee aso provded a are rant

to study ant-Sets n the Aercan populaton.Our a," rote Horkheer n the ntroducton tothe study, s not erey to descrbe prejudce, but toexpan t n order to hep n ts eradcaton . . . . Eradcaton eans reeducaton scentcally panned, on thebass of understandn scentcally arrved at."

he A- ce

ltatey, ve voues ere produced for ths studyover the course of the late 1940's the ost portantas the last, The Auhoriarian Personaliy by Adorno,

th the help of three Berkeley, aforna socal psycholosts.In the 1930's, Erch Fro had devsed a queston

nare to be used to anayze Geran orkers pychoanalytcaly as authortaran," revolutonary," or abvaent." The heart of Adorno's study as, once aan,Fro's psychoanalytc scale, but th the postve endchaned fro a revolutonary personalty," to a deocratc personaty," n order to ake thns ore paatable for a postar audence. (See box.)

Nne personalty trats ere tested and easured,ncudn:

• conventionalism adherence to conventonal,ddle-class values

• authoritarian aggreionthe tendency to be on thelook-out for, to conden, reject, and punsh, peopleho voate conventonal values

• projectivity dsposton to beleve that ld anddanerous thns o on n the orld

• exaerated concern th sexual ons-on.

Fro these easureents ere constructed severascales: the E Scae (ethnocentrs), the PE Scale (poltcal and econoc conservats), the A-S Scale (ant

Sets), and the F Scale (fascs). sn Renss ckerts' ethodoloy of ehtn results, the aut hors ereabe to tease toether an eprca denton of hatAdorno caled a ne anthropoocal type," the auth ortaran personalty.

The eerdean here, as n al l psychoanaytc surveyork, s the assupt on of a Weberan type." Once thetype has been statstcally deterned, all behavor canbe expaned f an ant-S etc personalty does not act

n an ant-Setc ay, then he or she has an uterorotve for the act, or s ben dscontnuous. The deathat a huan nd s capabe of transforaton, snored.

The resuts of ths very study can be nterpreted ndaetrcaly dfferent ays. One coud say that thestudy proved that the popuaton of the .S. as ener

aly conservatve, dd not ant to abandon a captasteconoy, beeved n a stron fay and that sexuaproscuty shou d be punshed, thouht that the postar ord as a danerous pace, and as st suspco usof es (and Backs, Roan athocs, Orentas, etc.unfortunatey true, but correctabe n a soca context ofeconoc roth and cutura opts). On the otherhand, one coud take the sae resuts and prove that antesh poros and N urebur raes ere sernju st unde r the surface, atn for a ne Hter to ntethe. Whch of the to nterpretatons you accept s apoltca, not a scentc, decson.

Horkheer and Adorno ry beeved that a reons, udas ncluded, ere the opate of the asses."Ther oa a s not the protecton ofes fro prejudce,but the creaton o f a denton of authortaran s andant-Sets hch coud be exploted to force thescentcaly planned reeducaton" of Aercans andEuropeans aay fro the prncpes of udeo-hrstancvlzaton, hch the Frankfurt Schoo despsed. Inther theoretca rt ns of ths perod, Hork heer andAdorno pushed the thess to ts ost paranod: just ascaptas as nherenty fascstc, the phlosophy ofhrstanty tsef s the source of ant-Sets. As

Horkheer and Adorno jonty rote n ther 1947Eeents of Ant-Sets":

rst, te srt becoe es, s te eed sorcerer.a's se-reecton te absoute, te uazaton o o b rst, s te roon seudos oraaseoo. roress beo ua s s coue tte assuto tat te a esus as becoe o.e reectve asect o rsta t, te teectuazaton of ac, s te root o ev.

At the sae te, Hork heer coud rte n a orepopularzed artce tted Ant-Sets: A Soca Ds

ease," that at present, the only country here there doesnot see to be any knd of ant-Sets s Russa." ! Ths sef-servn attept to axze paranoa as

further ade d by Hanna h Arendt, ho popuarzed theauthortaran personaty research n her dey-readOrigins of Toaliarianism Arendt as o added the faousrhetorca oursh about the banaty of ev" n her aterEichmann in Jerusalem: even a sple, shopkeeper-typeke Ech ann can turn nto a Naz beast under the rht

1 9


17/24

psychoogic circustncesevery Gentie is suspect,psychonyticy

It is Arendts extree version of the uthoritrinpersonity thesis hich is the opernt phiosophy oftodys C ut Areness etor (CA), group hichors ith the US Justice Deprtent nd the AntiDeftion Legue o f the Bni B rith, ong others

Using stndrd rnfurt Schoo ethod, CA identi es poitic nd reigious groups hich re its poiticeneies, then rebes the s cut," in order toustify opertions ginst the (See box)

The bc p Exps

Despite its unprovbe centr thesis of psychonytictypes," the interpretive survey ethodoogy of thernfurt Schoo bece doinnt in the soci sciences,

and essentially remains so today. In fact, the adoption ofthese new, supposedly scientic techniques in the 1 930'sbrought about an explosion in publicopinion survey use,much of it funded by Madison Avenue. The majorpollsters of todayC Neisen, George Gallup, Elmooper-st arted in the mid 1930's, a nd began using theS .R. methods, especially given the success of the Stant-

onLazersfeld Program Analy zer. By 1936, pol ling activ-ity had become sufciently widespread to justify a tradeassociation, the American Academy of Public OpinionResearch at Princeton, headed by Lazersfeld; at the sametime, the University of Chicago created the NationalOpinion Reserch Center In 1940, the Ofce of RdioReserch s turned into the Bureu of Applied SocilResearch, a division of Columbia University, with theindeftigbe Lzers fed s director

After Word Wr II , Lzersfed especiy pioneered

The eo of e Auo Person

20

he rnfurt Schoo dev ised the uth oritrin personity" proe s epon to be used ginst itspoitic eies frud rests o te ssuptiontt prsons ctions re ot iportnt rther, thissue is th psycoogic ttitude of the ctorsdeterind by soci scintists ie those of therfurt coo e concpt is dietricy opposd to te id of tr nd to t repubic

g pricips upon hic te US s founded i tis, in fct, fscistic, nd identic to the ide ofthought cie," s dscribd by eorge Ore i n1984, nd to t tory of voition crie" deveoped by zi udge Rond reiser in the ery30s

Whn te rfut Scoo s i it s openy poBosvi pse, its uthoritrin personity ors desiged to idntify peop o ere not sufcienty revoutionry, so tht these peope coud bereeductd" When the rn furt Scoo expndedits resrc ftr Wod W r I t the bhest of te

Aric Jis Coittee nd th Rocfeeroundtio, its pupose s not to identify ntiSeitis tht s ery cover story ts go sto esur d erece to te c ore bifs of WesternJudeoCristin civiiztion, so tht tese beiefscoud b cctrizd s uthoritri," nd discreditd

or the rnfurt Schoo conspirtors, the orstcrie s t bief tt c ind ividu s giftedit sovri so, ic cod nbe i todetrine t is rigt d rong for the oesociety thus, to te peope tt you ve resonbeide to hich tey soud cofor, is utoritrin,pternistic extis

By these stndrds, t udgs of Soctes nd

Jesus ere correct in codning these to individus (s, for expe, Stone ssrts i one cse inis Trial of Socrates). t is te esure of or oncutur cops, tt tis deition of utoritrinis is cceptbe to ost citizns, nd i s freey used bypoitic oprtions i t tiDeftion Legued te Cut Ass tor to deoniz"their poitic is

We Lyndon LRouce n d s ix of his coeguesfced tri on trupdup ch rges in , LRoucheidentied tht the proscutio oud rey on thernfurt Scoos uthoritrin prsoity frud,

to ci tt t dfdnts itetions re inher-ently criin Duri g the tri, LRouches defensettorney ttepted to deonstrte the rnfurtSchoo roots of te prosecutios conspircy theory,but he s overrued by Jud Abert Bryn, Jr, hosid, I not going bc ito te ry 30s inopenig sttets o i t testiony of itesses"


18/24

the use f surveys t psychanalyze Amercan vtnbehavr, and by the 952 Presdental electn, MadsnAvenue advertsn aences ere rmly n cntrl fDht Esenhers campan, utlzn Lazersfeldsrk Nneteen ftyt as als the rst electn underthe nuence f televsn, hch, as Adrn had predcted eht years earler, had rn t ncredble nu

ence n a very shrt tme Batten, Bartn, Durstne &Osbrnethe fabled BBD&O" ad aencydesnedIke s campan appearances ent rely fr the T cameras ,and as carefuly as Htlers Nurember ralles; nemnute spt" advertsements ere pneered t cater tthe survey-determned needs f the vters

The snball has nt stpped rlln snce The entredevelpment f televsn and advertsn n the 950sand 960s as pneered by men and men h eretraned n the Frankfurt Schls technques f massalenatn Frank Stantn ent drectly frm the RadPrject t becme the snle mst-mprtant leader f

mdern televsn St antns chef rval n the frmatveperd f T as NBs Sylvester "Pat Weaver aftera PhD n lstenn behavr," Weaver rked ththe Prram Analyzer n the late 930s, befre becmna Yun & Rubcam vcepresdent, then NBs drectrf prrammn, and ultmately the netrks presdentStantn and Weavers stres are typcal

Tday, the men and men h run t he netrks,the ad aences, and the plln ranzatns, even fthey have never heard f Thedr Adrn, rmly beleven Adrns thery that the meda can, and shuld, turnall they tuch nt ftball" verae f the 99 Gulf

War shuld make that clearThe technque f mass meda and advert sn develped by the Frankfurt Schl n effectvely cntrlsAmercan pltcal campann ampans are nlner based n pltcal prrams, but actually n alenatn Petty rpes and rratnal fears are dented bypsychanalytc survey, t be transmred nt ssues"t be catered t; the Wlly Hrtn" ads f the 988Presdental campan, and the aburnn amendment," are but t recent examples Issues that lldetermne the future f ur cvl zatn, are scrupuluslyreduced t pht pprtuntes and aud bteslke

Ed Murrs rnal 930s rad reprtshere thedramatc effect s maxmzed, and the dea cntent szer

Who Is h Enm?

Part f the nuence f the authrtaran persnaltyhax n ur n day als derves frm the fact that,ncredbly, the Frankfurt Schl and ts theres ere

fca lly accepted by the S vernent durn WrldWar II, and these nternsts ere respnsble frdetermnn h ere Amercas artme, and p ostwar,enemes

In 942, the Ofce f Stratec Servces, Aercashastly-cnstructed espnae and cvert peratns unt,asked frmer Harv ard pres dent aes Baxter t fr

a Research and Analys s (R&A) Branch under the rupsIntellence Dvsn By 944, the R&A Branch hadcllected such a lare and presteus rup f erschlars that H Stuart Huhes, then a yun PhD, s dthat rkn fr t as a secnd raduate educatn"at vernment expense The entral Eurpean Sectnas headed by hstran Carl Schorske under h, nthe all- prtant Gerany/Austra Sectn, as raNeuman, as sectn ch ef, th Herbert Marcuse, aulBara, and Otto Kirchheimer, all I SR veterans LeoLowenthal headed the Geranlanuae sectn f theOfce f War Infrmatn Sophie Marcuse, Marcuses

fe, rked at the Ofce f Naval Intellence Als atthe R&A Branch ere: Siegried Kracauer, Adrns ldKant nstructr, n a lm therst; Norma O. Brow,h uld becme faus n the 960s by cbnnMarcuses hednsm thery th Wilhelm eichs rne therapy t ppularze pymrphus perverstyBarringto Moore, Jr., later a phlsphy prfessr huld c-authr a bk th Marcuse Gregory Bateson,the husband f anthrplst Margaret Mead (hrte fr the Frankfurt Schs jurnal) and ArthurSchlesinger, the hstran h jned the KennedyAdmnstratn

Marcuses rst assnent as t head a tea tdentfy bth thse h uld be tred as ar crmn lsafter the ar, a nd al s thse h ere ptenta eadersf pstar Germany In 944, Marcuse, Neuann, andKrchhemer rte the Dnazcation Guid, hch aslater ssued t fcers f the S Armed Frces ccupyn Germany, t help the dentfy and suppress prNaz behavrs After the armstce, the R&A Branchsent representatves t rk as ntellence lasns ththe varus ccupyn pers; Marcuse as ass ned theS Zne, Krchhemer the French, and BarrntnMre the Sv et In the sume r f 945, Neuann eft

t becme che f f research fr the Nurebur Trbun aMarcuse remaned n and arund S ntelence ntthe early 950s, rsn t the chef f the entral Eurpean Branch f the State Departents Ofce f Inte l ence Research , an fce fraly chared th plannn and pementn a prra f pstvente ll ence research t eet the nt ellence requrements f the entral Intellence Aency and therauthrzed aences"

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Hannah Aendt populaze of theauthotaan peonalty

Hebet Macuse ass oce tuedevolutonay addesses students

ass anthopologst eg/ Batesonwth st we Magaet MeadBateson speaheaded the CIA'sM-Ulta hallucnogen poject

APd Wold

D tee . . eet Me te te Gey t Et Wet t tt t w eet e etweete ewy ete etw te te ete t e ye. I 1949 e e 32e et e tet W (ee y 198 w etett te M e tzt Eew t te etet tet Wete Ee' t te t ete ee e te extee wt te et ke y tt y wy e ket e I yte et. Me et te tte Detetwt keele Ft t t wk wt te et te etet w wee et t y e' t ete te te wey y B ete.

t te e te Mx kee w eeete e. t te ezt Gey ete y te B .. e Gey J J. My eety t kee k t Gey t e te Ge ety yte I tMy ke eet e t t kee w ee t


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zed Amercan, dual ctzensh p thus, fr a bref perd,rkhemer as the nly persn n the rld t hldbth German and .S. ctzenshp. In Gemany, rkhemer bean the spaderk fr the full-bln ealf the Frankfurt Sch n that natn n the late 1 950's,ncludn the trann f a hle ne eneatn f antWestern lzatn schlars lke Hs-Gog G

and Jg Hbs h uld hae suchdestructe nuence n 1960's Germany.In a perd f Amercan hstry hen sme ndd u

als ere ben hunded nt unemplyment and sucdefr the fant est arma f leftsm, Fran kfurt Sch l eteransall th superb mntern credentalsled hatcan nly be called charmed les. Amerca had, t anncredble extent, handed e the determnatn f here the natn's enemes, t the nat's n rstenemes.

IV.The Aristotelian Eros :

Marcuse and the CIAsr

g

CountercultureIn 1989, ans-Ger Gadamer, a prt f Martnedeer and the last f the rnal Frankfurt Schleneratn, as asked t prde an apprecatn fhs n rk fr the German nespaper, FaneAgemeine Zeing e rte,

One has to conceive of Aristotle's ethics as a truefulllm ent of the Socratic chal lenge, which Plato hadplaced at the center of his dialogues on the Socraticquestion of the good . Plato described the idea ofthe good as the ultimate and highest idea, whichis supposedly the highest principle of being for theuniverse, the state, and the human soul Against thisAristotle opposed a decisive critique, under the fa-mous formula, Plato is my friend, but the truth ismy friend even more" He denied that one couldconsider the idea of the good as a universa principleof being, which is supposed to hold in the same way

for theoretical knowledge as for practical knowledgeand human activity

hs statement nt nly succnctly states th underlyn plsphy f the Frankfut Sch, t as suestsan nectn pnt arund hch e can rer much fthe phlsphcal cmbat f the ast t llea. Inthe smplest tems, the Asttelan cect f atsundes physcs frm metaphyscs, eleatn the Gd

t a mere bect f speculatn abut hch ur knlede remans nly a hypthess," n the rds f Wlhelm Dlthey, a fller f n Sany's hstrcalschl and the Frankfurt Schl's farte phlspher.Our knede f the rea rld," as Dlthey, Netzsche, and ther precursrs f the Frankfurt Schl erent t emphasze, becmes eoic, n the bradest sense

f that term.he unerse becmes a clectn f thns hcheach perate n the bass f ther n natures (that s,enetcally), and thruh nteractn beteen themsees(that s, mecha nstcally ) Scence becmes the deductonf the apprprate cateres f these natures and nteractns. Snce the human mnd s merely a sensrum,atn fr the Netnan apple t ar t nt deductn,humanty's reatnshp to the rld (and ce ersa)becmes an ertc attachment t bects. he cmprehensn f the unersalthe mnd's seekn t be the

ln mae f the ln Gds therefre llusry.

hat unersal e ther des nt exst, r t exsts ncmprehensbly as a es ex machina; that s, the Dne exstsas a superaddtn to the physcal un erseGd s realyZeus, nn thunderblts nt the rld frm seutsde lcatn. (Or, perhaps mre apprprately: Gds really upd, lettn lse lden ars t makebects attract, and leaden ars t make bects repel.)

he key t the entre Frankfurt Schl prram,frm rnatr Lukacs n, s the l beratn" f Arsttelan eos, t make nd dual feeln states psychlcally prmary. When the I.S.R. leaders arred n thented States n the md-1930's, they exulted that here

as a place hch had n adequate phlsphca defenses aanst ther brand f l pessimisms culturalpessmsm]. eer, althuh the Frankfurt Schlmade mar nrads n Amercan ntellectual lfe befreWrld War II, that nuence as larely cnned tacadema and t rad and rad, althuh mprtant,dd nt yet hae the erhelmn nuence n scallfe that t uld acqure durn the ar. Furthermre,Amerca's mbzatn fr the ar, and the ctryaanst fascsm, sdetacked the Frankfurt Schol schedule Amerca n 1945 as almst sublmely ptmstc,th a ppulatn rmy cnnced that a mblzed

republc, backed by scence and technly, culd dust abut anythn.he fteen years after the ar, heer, sa the

dmnatn f famly lfe by the rad and telesnshaped by the Fra nkfurt Schl, n a perd f pltcalersn n hch the reat pste ptental f Amercadeenerated t a purely neat e psture aanst the realand, ftentmes ma npulated, threat f the Set nn.At the same tme, hundreds f thusands f the yun

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CIA psychedeic eutinaies: imthy eay Ken Kesey Aen Ginsbeg

eee e y we ee lee e exe e Fk ' ee ey ey I e y 1960 y ee e e y e ee

Iee we e k e ee eel e e 1 960' ke eeee e Bekeley F ee ee ee eP ee w e e De ey e k y w e l e ee we e xey e e yeI e; e le"e ey Bekeey e e

4

le" ee e y exk e el e y

The CIAs Pshedeli Revolution

e e e 1960 we e e w e e Keey l e wee e D wy y " e ey lke e Fe y we eEe e Be w eW W II e B e e


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1950s he IA and alled ntellence sevces beanexensve expemenaton h the hallucnoen LSDo nvesae s poenal fo socal contol.

I has no been documented hat ml lons of doses ofhe chemcal ee poduced and dssemnaed u nde theaes of he IAs Opeaton MK-la. LSD becamehe du of choce hn he aency self and as

passed ou feely o fends of he famly ncludn asubstanal numbe ofOSS veteans. Fo nstance asOSS eseach and Analyss Banch vetean GeoyBateson ho uned on" he Beat poet ll igo a .S. Navy SD expem en n Palo Alo alfon a.No only Gnsbe bu novels and theonal membes of he Gateful Dead ock oupopened he doos of pecepon couesy of he Navy.he uu of he psychedelc evoluton" TioLea st head abou hallucnoens n 1957 fom Lemaazne (hose publshe H Lu as ofenven ovenmen acd lke many ohe opnon shap

es) and bean hs caee as a IA conac employee;a a 1 977 eunon" of acd ponees Leay openly admted eveyhn I am oe o he foesh of the IA. "

allucnoens hav e he snula effec of makn hevcm asocal oally selfceneed and concened thojecs. Even he mos banal objecs ake on he au a"hch Be jamn had alked abou and become melessad delsoaly pofound. In ohe ods hallucnoens saaneosly acheve a s tae of mnd dencal oha pesbed by he Fankfu School heoes. Andhe oplazaon of hese chemcal s ceaed a vas t psyholocal lably fo bnn hose heoes no

ace.hs he suaon a he bennn of he 1960s

eesened a bllan eeny pon fo the FankfutSchool ad as fully exploed. One of he connones of he No Geneaon" of 1 964 on s that foal s oesaons of ue modeny none of s deaso afacs as less han hy yeas old. he polcalheoy came compleely fom the Fankfu School;Luien olda a Fench adcal ho as a vsnofesso a oumba n 1968 as absoluely coech e sad of ebe Macuse n 1969 ha hesd movemens . . . found n hs oks and ul

aely in his wos alone he heoecal fomulaon ofh olems and aspaons [emphass n onal]."

h lo ha and sandals he fee love communeshe acoboc food he lbeaed lfesyles had beendesed a the n of he cenuy and hoouhly eldesed y vao s Fank fu School conneced Ne Aesoa expemens lke he Ascona commune befoe1920. (ee box.) Even om aydens dean Neves anyoe ove hy" as meely a less-u bane ve

son of upet Bookes 1905 Nobody ove thy soh alkn to." he socal pannes ho shaped the1 960s smply eled on aleady-avalable mateals.

Eros and Civilization

The foundn documen of he 960s countecultue,

and hat h ch boht the Fankfu Schools evoluonay messansm" of the 1920s no the 1960s sMacuses Eos an Civilization, onally publshed n1955 and funded by the ockefelle Foundaton. Thedocument mastefully sums up the Fankfu Schoodeoloy of ultu pessimismus n he concept of densonalty." In one of the most bzae pevesons ofphlosophy Macus e clam s to deve hs concept foFedc h Schll e. Sch lle hom Macuse puposefullymsdenes as the he of Immanuel Kan dscenedo dmensons n humany : a sensuous nsnct and anmpulse toad fom. Sch lle advocated he hamonza

on of hese o nsncts n ma n n he fom of a ceatveplay nsnc.

Fo Macuse on the ohe hand he only hope toescape he onedmensona ly of moden ndus al socety as to lbeate he eoc sde of man he sensuousnsnc n ebellon aanst echnolocal atonalty."As Macuse ould say lae (964) n hs One-Dimensional Man, A comfoable smooh easonable democac unfeedom pevals n advanced ndust al cvl zaon a oken of techncal poess."

hs eoc lbeaon he msdenes th Schllesplay nsnc" hch athe han ben eotc s an

expesson of chay he hhe concep of love assocaed h ue ceavy. Macuses contay heoy ofeoc lbeaon s somehn mplc n Sigud ubu no explcly emphaszed excep fo some Feudaneneades lke ill Ri and o a cetan extent,Cal Jug. Evey aspect of culue n the Wes ncludneason self says Macuse acs o epess ths: Theoalaan unvese of echnolocal atonalty s thelaes an smuaon of he dea of eason." O: Auschz connues o haun no he memoy bu the accomplshmens of manhe space hts he ockets andmss les he pey electoncs plants . . . . "

Ths eoc lbeaon should take he fom of theGea efusal" a oal ejecon of the capalst" monse and all h s oks nclu dn echnolocal" easonand ualaut hoaa n lanuae." As pa of the Geatefusal manknd should deveop an aeshec ethos"unn lfe no an aesthetc tual a lfe-style" (a nonsense phase hch came no he lanuae n the 960sunde Macuses nuece).

Wth Macuse epesentn he pont of he ede,

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190' w w j x . s t w x k 19 1 ; 19 M w Mk N W" w xy w w k: s t [

." I 199 Nw ' w G y w x w w y ."

M w y yy N .Bw w stt 199 s y 19 " w Dy y " w y y y k w . " k

w Nz w y yw j k y y y."

y y ' w AS Neill, 190' w w y . N 'k umm 24000 190 100000 198 2 190; y 190 w 00 y k

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- kcs mc. Mcs m scm cks cc ws y ck y sc scs s y Pravda - G . y c y m m w ws y p I w 1969m Mcs ( xy sp s c

sy s m m c s s w F j sc ss xpsss csm"; c Mcs's y y wcps wy cs ck s y . . . sc."

csm cc m mcm ck cmy. I s m mz pspceros. p w s mss s jcsm y s." mpc s ps w spk

cy cp c p m c z ws pc y ps s mpcs s s ck wm s msx mpss. s xps m cs mm ck pw" mm sm m ss c s wm msm. Dscss wm's cs ws c js c" cmp w - smmspy ssy s; w ate Millet'sSexal Polcs ( 190 Geaine Gee's The FemaleEnch (191 mss cmp c

Mcs Fmm c F xmss.

The Bad Trips ppz s c pssmsc c p wy ys y; s ss w s s . s Mc s cmpy s s c w ss pc s w cy c" xcss. y w c ks s s ps y s Ep

wc py ckw Fk c.

wc y's cmpss s my mpm Mcs's ccp pss "c mms m c mms m "cy ss Fk c w cm psss wm's ss -mcss. ms spksm -mc

ss sc ss Conell West c pcy ss s s m G kcs.

sm m ss s cy y Fk c pssmss s cp s c s. O c y pmc Mz p wc s y

m y c w w Bjm I... ws c sx." Yc sk cs pm c B sm pm m s y . w s c cmsmp pp c cms py s.

O m: mc Ep cy wc ms k Nghmare on Elm Sree ToalRecall s sws cmp m. ypcsc s w m m s s; sk s c w scy pwy sy m m w z

s s wc s w s sy cm s ss y s.

s s m. s s py pc D c . ws wpp 1960's s w y . Ow Fk c s c-csps Ws s p" m wc s w cmw.

pcps wc Ws J s c z ws w m scy y xs y s k

ssc mm. I ssc s my sm cz w s c p mc ss c wps cps Ws cz w y kyk s w w .

wy s c ssc. I sss s lss w s . sscms s ; sc m js p rearded ck s ss ys s wc w my w m ss. Oc w s c s w c s cz.

my w ssc w y scssss cmpss s mm ps smy y pp w w spk s ms s ss s. G sccsss Fk c s Nw Dk spss s y s w s c w w w pp." B y ws pp .

The New Dark Age; the Frankfurt School and ‘Political Correctness

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