Public Policy PHILIPPINE Making Process rs in Public Governance. West Visayas State University
Public PolicyPHILIPPINE Making ProcessMasters in Public Governance. West Visayas State University
Public PolicyPHILIPPINE Making Process
The Nature of and Need for Policy StudiesPublic Policy and the Role of GovernmentThe Congressional Committee and
Philippine Policymaking: The Case of the Anti-Rape Law
Public PolicyPHILIPPINE Making Process
The Nature of and Need for Policy Studies
Mark Joenel F. Castillo
The Nature of and Need for Policy Studies
Essay by Romeo B. Ocampo
Objective:• To identify the basic elements of public policy studies;• To state why we should undertake a program of policy studies.
The Nature of and Need for Policy Studies
Essay by Romeo B. Ocampo
US Experiences, Ideas, and Issues Philippine Needs for Policy Studies
The Nature of and Need for Policy Studies
Essay by Romeo B. Ocampo
“US Experiences, Ideas, and Issues”
Policy StudiesTeaching, research, and related academic and professional activities directed at gaining and applying knowledge for the improvement of governmental policies.
The policy studies movement began some 25 years ago in the United States.
Academic and professional disciplines have individually or jointly participated in the movement, but none have done so more than Public Administration.
Policy Analysis has also grown as a professional and institutional activity at American government.
Common elements run through the academic programs at the graduate level.
Graduate Curricula consists…
Quantitative methodology including mathematical programming and modelling and descriptive and inferential statistics;
The political and institutional environment of policy formation and implementation;
Economic theory and analysis with emphasis on public-private sector relationships in the allocation of resources;
Behavioral and nonbehavioral decision making and implementation strategies and processes;
Program management, control and evaluation.
There are differences in emphasis of policy studies.
Policy Analysis activities have formed “clusters of functional interest”.
Public policy studies in the US have also developed problems of identity and uncertainty.
Research-Oriented
Positions Top Political and
Administrative Positions
Staff Positions
• The issues of the status of policy studies as a science;
• Their scope and focus as an academic discipline and practical field;
• Their levels and areas of inquiry;
• Basic outlooks, roles and attitudes that they assume or require with respect to practice.
The scientific status of policy studies has NOT been firmly established.
Amidst “pre-viewing”, others have picked up the banner.
Dror AmirProposed the development of policy sciences as “a new interdisciplinary field” aimed at accelerating the discovery and use of policy knowledge.
Brian Fay
The relation between social theory and political practice characterizes policy science as the political theory.
Thomas R. Dye
Defines policy analysis as “the description and explanation of the causes and consequences of government activity”.
Brian Fay
Identifies TWO meanings of Policy Science that seem to be more appropriate for Policy Analysis.
POLICY SCIENCE…
… that process of analysis by which the various consequences of particular courses of action are spelled out in terms of their monetary costs and benefits so that a decision maker may be well informed as to the possible outcomes of his alternatives.
… set of procedures which enables one to determine the technically best course of action to adopt in order to implement a decision or achieve a goal.
POLICY ANALYSIS…
… the systematic investigation of alternative policy options and the assembly and integration of the evidence for and against each option. It involves a problem-solving approach, the collection and interpretation of information, and some attempt to predict the consequences of alternative courses of action. The fundamental purpose of policy analysis is ‘to facilitate the reaching of sound policy decisions…’
VACILLATION
POLICY ANALYSIS IN PRACTICE…
…tends to be social science opportunistically applied to the issues of the day and to resemble the process of American policymaking in its preoccupation with “tireless tinkering” with data and programs.
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James E. Anderson
Public policy is the relationship of government to its environment.
POLICY is a rule for action, manifesting or clarifying specific organization goals, objectives, values, or ideals and often prescribing the obligatory or most desirable ways and means for their accomplishment.
- Nikolaidis, 1963
PROBLEMS of the New Discipline
PROBLEMS of the New Discipline
• More than loose conception;• The veritable source of confusion is the failure to define key terms;• The limited influence in practical affairs for other reasons;• The “analycentric bias”;• Bewilderment of policymakers
and overloading their capacity to absorb social knowledge;
PHILIPPINE Needs forPolicy Studies
PUBLIC POLICY
Policy Science
The Philippines has shared the interest and need for policy studies more actively manifested elsewhere.
TECHNOCRATS
RECOMMENDATIONSof the Author
RECOMMENDATIONSof the Author
Those concerned with the government would have to take policy as a distinct and central problem as an element essential to conduct
and impact of government.
RECOMMENDATIONSof the Author
There is a need to pay sufficient attention to the level and scope, as well as to the form and
substance of policy.
RECOMMENDATIONSof the Author
Policy objectives need to be explicitly stated, examined, and tested for generality and
internal and external consistency.
RECOMMENDATIONSof the Author
There is a need to predict and to evaluate the outputs and outcomes of policy, together with their important unintended and unanticipated (desirable and undesirable) consequences, as
against policy objectives and relevant conditions.