The Nagoya Protocol Ex-situ Collections: Advantages
The Nagoya Protocol
Ex-situ Collections:
Advantages
Ex-situ Collections:
Advantages
Briefly I am going to:
Explain the Protocol
Explain its implications for research
Show how it helps ex-situ collections
Use the example of the Australian
Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) to
show an existing collection has
successfully prepared for the Protocol.
The Nagoya Protocol on Access to
Genetic Resources and the Fair and
Equitable Sharing of Benefits arising
from their Utilization – (in 10 minutes)
Adopted CBD Oct 2010 - in force 2013?
Signed 92 Countries, Ratified 5 – needs
50 then 90 days to commence operation
Applies to In-situ and Ex-situ biological
material
Applies to material within national
jurisdiction
Nagoya Protocol Creates first global trading and
investment system in the use of gentic
resources
6 years in Negotiation – not perfect
Applies to material taken for purpose of
research on its genetic and biochemical
make-up
Purpose is to ensure countries with
natural resources can reliably get a
share in value created from those
resources
Nagoya Protocol
Typical products derived from Genetic
resources include:
Pharmaceuticals
Industrial Enzymes
Biofuels
Cosmeceuticals
Nutraceuticals
Climate adaptive organisms drought,
salt, temp etc
Limited only by imagination
Nagoya Protocol
Does not cover:
– Commodity trade - ie fishing, lumber,
grains, essences, wild harvest and
Includes:
– Special Provision for Non-commercial
Research ie introduces provision for
simplified procedures
Nagoya Protocol- Operation
1. Responsible Country issues Research
Permit
2. Permit contains reference to obligation
to share in benefits (as agreed)
3. Permit registered in Montreal and
creates an internationally recognized
certificate of compliance
4. All countries are required to ensure
Permit material brought in is utilized in
accordance with original Permit
Nagoya Protocol Acronyms and Code decoded:
CBD = Convention on Biological
Diversity = protecting biodiversity
ABS- Access and Benefit Sharing = what
you get if the NCI gets lucky
PIC –Prior Informed Consent = The
Research Permit
MAT –Mutually Agreed terms = the
benefit sharing agreement or contract eg
agreement with National Cancer Institute
Nagoya Protocol
CHM – Clearing House Mechanism =
international permit registry
NFP – National Focal Point =
designated country information source
NCA – National Competent Authority =
country permit issuer
Nagoya Protocol – ABS
elsewhere ABS is under treaty negotiation in the
World Intellectual Property Organization
FAO International Treaty for Plant
Genetic Resources for Food and
Agriculture deals with ABS
UN Law of the Sea – negotiations now
underway (wait for Lyle’
World Health Organization ABS and
pathogens – Bird Flu deal
Ex-situ Collections - opportunity
In-situ collecting– advantage:
Source of new species,
polymorphism,
less research competition
Cool places, and colleagues
have tans and muscle tone
Eg Craig Venter's research
schooner and crew
Ex-situ Collections - opportunity
In-situ –Disadvantage:
cost,
Time
Transport and curation logistics
taxonomic identification,
raw sample, &
permits & national
bureaucracies
Australian Institute of Marine Science Marine
Science Bio resources Library
Example of a Public Ex-situ collection ready
for Post-Protocol new research interest
Porife
ra
Pla
cozoa
Ort
honectid
a
Dic
yem
ida
Cnid
aria
Cte
nophora
Pla
tyhelm
inth
es
Gnath
osto
mulid
a
Nem
ert
ea
Nem
ato
da
Nem
ato
morp
ha
Acanth
ocephala
Rotife
ra
Gastr
otr
icha
Kin
orh
yncha
Loricifera
Ta
rdig
rada
Pria
pula
Mollu
sca
Kam
pto
zoa
Pogonophora
Sip
uncula
Echiu
ra
Annelid
a
Onychophora
C
rusta
cea
C
helic
era
ta
U
niram
ia
Chaeto
gnath
a
Phoro
nid
a
Bra
chio
poda
Bry
ozoa
Echin
oderm
ata
Hem
ichord
ata
U
rochord
ata
C
ephalo
chord
ata
V
ert
ebra
ta
Marine Benthic
Marine Pelagic
Freshwater Benthic
Freshwater Pelagic
Terrestrial Moist
Terrestrial xeric
Symbiotic ecto
Symbiotic endo
0
5
Habitat Number*
*1=1-100
2=100-1,000
3=1,000-10,000
4=10,000-100,000
5=>100,000
The seafloor is the most biodiverse place on earth
- Based on diversity of macro-organisms
Superimposed with bacterial symbiont diversity
0.1
R 177
R 185
R 7
R 141
R 43
R006 R 98 R 165 R 78
R 214
R 219
R 171
R 11 R 18
R 124
R 84
R 19
R 106
R 122
R 130
E.coli
R 180
R 58
R 187
R 93
R 13 R 202
R 14 R 211
R 28
R 140
R 63
R 33 R 25
R 125
Subgroup II
Subgroup III
Subgroup I
(Predominantly Actinobacteria)
(Predominantly Green Non- Sulfur
and - Proteobacteria)
(Predominantly - Proteobacteria)
30%
41%
29%
•High biodiversity of microorganisms found in the stable community within the GBR sponge Rhopaloeides
odorabile. Webster et al 2001 App Env Microbiol
•3000 different species of bacteria (deep sequencing). Webster et al 2010 Env Microbiol
Reduced overheads for Partners
High cost of specialist and properly curated & documented biodiversity collections
Uncertainties over supply (re-supply for development and supply for market)
Legal certainty to commercialise – access and benefit sharing clarity, transaction costs
Bioresources libraries provide economy of scale
Legal Certainty
Already CBD and ABS National Law
Compliant and years of ABS experience
Organized for the Nagoya Protocol:
- Choice of being:
A Designated National Competent
Authority or
Passing on its Permits and benefit-
sharing agreements to the Central
National Competent Authority
Marine Bioresources Libraries
Collection locations
AIMS Bioresources Library
What do bioresources libraries look like?
Frozen bulk
extracts
compounds fractions crude extracts
Cryopreserved pure cultures
ferment and
extract
Quality Control
Recollectability
SAMPLE SUPPLY
Taken from Paterson and Anderson, Science 21 October 2005
Aquaculture of drug leads
Bryostatin Analogue A
Total Synthesis
Yondelis (ET-743)
Hemi-Synthesis (bacterial fermentation +
chemical modifications)
Marine Invertebrate Culture
Great Barrier Reef Product Rhopaloides odorabile Bath sponges /Collagen/Spongiatriols Xestospongia exigua Anti-tumour actives Ianthella basta Bastadins Ianthella spp (2) Bastadins Phakelia sp Anti-tumour actives Coscinoderma sp Bath sponges /Collagen Sarcophyton sp Cytotoxic compounds Western Australia Haliclona nsp Salycilihalamide A Mycale spp (2) Mycalamides? Lissoclinum lobatum Lobatamides? Ircinia spp (2) Collagen New Zealand (NIWA) Mycale hentscheli Peluroside/Pateamine Lissodendoryx n.sp Halichondrin B
Shotgun Cloning and Heterologous Expression
of the Patellamide Gene Cluster as a Strategy
to Achieve Sustained Metabolite Production Paul Long1, Walter Dunlap2, Chris Battershill2, and Marcel Jaspars3
1University of London School of Pharmacy 2Australian Institute of Marine Science
3University of Aberdeen
NHS
ON N
NH
ON
NH
S
N
NH
O
O
O
O
2
NHS
ON N
NH
ON
NH
S
N
NH
O
O
O
O
1
Cloning marine DNA
to supply
drugs from the sea”
ChemBioChem 6: 1760-1765 (2005)
Patellamide D Ascidiacyclamide
Cancer Letters 71: 97-102
A marine natural product, Patellamide D, reverses
multidrug resistance in a human leukemic cell line
Uncultured
Prochloron
symbionts
Lissoclinum
patella
cultlurable marine microbes
Fastest growing
field in marine
natural products
chemistry
scalable production
Nicole Webster
Rhopaloeides odorabile FISH
Blunt et al 2007
Bioresources Libraries
- carry the ABS overhead for 3rd party access
Cancer
Viral
Antibiotics
Central Nervous System
Agrichemical
Paints
Industrial Enzymes
Environmental
remediation
Toxin detection
Mineral Processing
UV Blocking
Conclusion
Public Ex-situ Collections provide legal
certainty under the Nagoya Protocol
Marine or Terrestrial, they are an
important part of the new global ABS
system
Biotechnology supersedes the 17th
century idea of economic botany; lets
hope it also revalues biodiversity.
Thank you!
Geoff Burton
Adjunct Senior Fellow, United Nations University Institute of
Advanced Studies