The Muslim World Rise of Islam and the Crusades. Prophet Muhammad Born in Mecca 570 AD Became a successful merchant Married a wealthy widow who ran a.

The Muslim World

Rise of Islam and the Crusades

Prophet Muhammad

• Born in Mecca 570 AD

• Became a successful merchant

• Married a wealthy widow who ran a prosperous caravan business

• Raised daughters

Visions of Angel Gabriel

• Muhammad heard Gabriel proclaim he was a messenger of God

• Began religion of Islam – Arabic word for Submission

• Rejected traditional Arabic gods

• Only one true God named Allah

Fallout

• His views anger Merchants

• Flees Mecca in 622 for his life to go to Medina

• This journey is known as the Hijra

• Beginning of Muslim calendar

• Gains many converts

Return to Mecca

• attacked Meccan caravans

• Defeated Meccans in battle

• 630 returned in triumph to Mecca

• Destroyed idols in the Kaaba (ancient shrine believed to be built by Abraham)

• Died in 632 –Abu Bakr elected Caliph – or successor

Five Pillars – basic duties

• 1. Only one God Allah and Muhammad is the messenger (last and greatest prophet)

• 2. daily prayer facing Mecca – can pray anywhere but often in Mosques

• 3. charity for the poor

Five Pillars – basic duties

• 4. fasting from sunrise to sunset on Ramadan

• 5. hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca to visit the Kaaba once in life (if possible)

Jihad

• Mistakenly translated as “holy war”

• It means an effort in Gods service

• May include acts of charity

• Or inner struggle to achieve spiritual peace as well as any battle in defense of Islam

Quran

• Islamic Holy Book

• Muslims believe it contains the sacred word of God as revealed to Muhammad

• Final authority on all matters

• Complete guide to life

• Emphasizes honesty, generosity and social justice

Quran

• Also harsh penalties for crimes such as stealing or murder

• Read in Arabic, it helped unite Muslims from many regions

Sharia

• Islamic law code

• Regulates moral conduct, family life, business practices government and other aspects of a Muslim community

• Applies Quran to all legal situations

• Islam becomes a religion & way of life

Views on other religions

• Recognizes same God & prophets of other religions

• Torah and Bible contain partial revelation from God while Islam is Gods final and complete revelation

• “People of the Book” (Jews & Christians) enjoyed religious freedom in early Muslim societies

Women

• Spiritual equality of women and men

• Prohibited killing of daughters

• Ensured protection of widows

• Had right to divorce

• Right to education

• Men can have multiple wives

After Muhammad's death

• Abu Bakr and his successors began a military campaign

• Conquered parts of Byzantine empire, Syria, Palestine and Persian empire

• Continued to North Africa and into Spain

Reasons for success

• Empires weakened from fighting each other

• People welcomed Arabs as liberators from harsh Byzantine or Persian rule

• Islam unified diverse tribal people

Europe

• Muslims turned back in France at the Battle of Tours

• Retreated to Spain and remained

• Spain became center of learning and the arts

• Also a haven for Jewish scholarship

Who should have been Muhammads successor?

• Caused split within Islam

• Sunnis believed the caliph should be chosen by leaders in community

• Viewed as a leader, not religious authority

Shiites on the other hand…

• Believed the descendents of Muhammad's daughter and son in law (Ali) should be successor

• Ali became 4th caliph and was assasinated in leadership struggle as was his son

• Begat a violent rivalry that continues today

• Also Sufi’s – Muslim mystics-Spread Islam through missionary work

Umayyad Arab Empire

• After death of Ali, Umayyad family set up dynasty- lasted until 750

• Conquests and wealth flowed into Umayyad hands

• Shiites hated Umayyad’s since they killed Ali

Abbassid Dynasty

• Rising leader Aub al-Abbas

• Captured Damascus

• His generals invited members of the Umayyad family to a banquet & killed them

• Set up the Abbassid dynasty which lasted until 1258

• Islamic civilization entered a golden age

“City of Peace”

• Baghdad became new capital

• Exceeded Constantinople in size and wealth

• Poets, scholars, philosophers and entertainers from all over the Muslim world came to the Abbasid Court.

Decline of the Caliphate

• Around 850, Abbassid control began to fragment

• Independent dynasties ruled separate muslim states

• Civil wars, invasions and Chaos

Rise of Seljuk Turks

• Migrated from central Asia

• Converted to Islam

• Built large empire

• Threatened Byzantine Empire

Byzantine & the Seljuks

• Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for Christian knights to help fight off Turks

• Urban called for the first crusade to “free the holy land”

• Thousands of knights left for the holy lands

• More crusades followed

Pope

• Pope wanted knights pillaging Muslim lands rather than Christian lands

• Wanted to heal split between Roman and Byzantine churches

• Hoped to increase his power

• Wanted an outlet for growing population

knights

• Many were second sons who were pillaging countryside

• Wanted own estates

• Forgiven for any sins they would commit BEFORE they set out

• Inspired by fiery preachers or wanted adventure

Capture of Jerusalem

• Only first crusade came close to success

• Captured Jerusalem in 1099

• Massacred Muslim and Jewish residents of the city

• Set up Christian kingdoms

• Only held onto them for a hundred years or so

• Subsequent crusades failed

Reconquista

• Efforts by Christian warriors to expel Muslims from Spain

• Slowly crushed Muslim held Spanish territories

• Last Muslim territory in Spain fell in 1492 under Ferdinand and Isabella

• They led brutal crusade against Jews and Muslims

Inquisition

• Ferdinand and Isabella set up a Church court to try people accused of heresy

• Those who refused to convert to Christianity were burned at the stake

• Over 150,000 people fled – made up the educated and skilled people who contributed to Spain's economy

Fourth crusade

• Venetian traders wanted Byzantine trade routes

• Talked crusaders into sacking Constantinople

• Constantinople never fully recovered and will eventually fall to the Ottoman Turks

Impact of Crusades

• Short term – failure… never held on to Muslim lands in middle east

• Long term successes – increased trade

• Crusaders brought back goods from the near east

• Caused a great desire for eastern goods

• This will lead to the age of Exploration

The world widens

• Marco Polo will expand European horizons since Rome fell

• Explorers will search for a way to trade directly with Asia leading to discovery of America

The Muslim World

Rise of Islam and the Crusades

Prophet Muhammad

• Born in Mecca 570 AD

• Became a successful merchant

• Married a wealthy widow who ran a prosperous caravan business

• Raised daughters

Visions of Angel Gabriel

• Muhammad heard Gabriel proclaim he was a messenger of God

• Began religion of Islam – Arabic word for Submission

• Rejected traditional Arabic gods

• Only one true God named Allah

Fallout

• His views anger Merchants

• Flees Mecca in 622 for his life to go to Medina

• This journey is known as the Hijra

• Beginning of Muslim calendar

• Gains many converts

Return to Mecca

• attacked Meccan caravans

• Defeated Meccans in battle

• 630 returned in triumph to Mecca

• Destroyed idols in the Kaaba (ancient shrine believed to be built by Abraham)

• Died in 632 –Abu Bakr elected Caliph – or successor

Five Pillars – basic duties

• 1. Only one God Allah and Muhammad is the messenger (last and greatest prophet)

• 2. daily prayer facing Mecca – can pray anywhere but often in Mosques

• 3. charity for the poor

Five Pillars – basic duties

• 4. fasting from sunrise to sunset on Ramadan

• 5. hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca to visit the Kaaba once in life (if possible)

Jihad

• Mistakenly translated as “holy war”

• It means an effort in Gods service

• May include acts of charity

• Or inner struggle to achieve spiritual peace as well as any battle in defense of Islam

Quran

• Islamic Holy Book

• Muslims believe it contains the sacred word of God as revealed to Muhammad

• Final authority on all matters

• Complete guide to life

• Emphasizes honesty, generosity and social justice

Quran

• Also harsh penalties for crimes such as stealing or murder

• Read in Arabic, it helped unite Muslims from many regions

Sharia

• Islamic law code

• Regulates moral conduct, family life, business practices government and other aspects of a Muslim community

• Applies Quran to all legal situations

• Islam becomes a religion & way of life

Views on other religions

• Recognizes same God & prophets of other religions

• Torah and Bible contain partial revelation from God while Islam is Gods final and complete revelation

• “People of the Book” (Jews & Christians) enjoyed religious freedom in early Muslim societies

Women

• Spiritual equality of women and men

• Prohibited killing of daughters

• Ensured protection of widows

• Had right to divorce

• Right to education

• Men can have multiple wives

After Muhammad's death

• Abu Bakr and his successors began a military campaign

• Conquered parts of Byzantine empire, Syria, Palestine and Persian empire

• Continued to North Africa and into Spain

Reasons for success

• Empires weakened from fighting each other

• People welcomed Arabs as liberators from harsh Byzantine or Persian rule

• Islam unified diverse tribal people

Europe

• Muslims turned back in France at the Battle of Tours

• Retreated to Spain and remained

• Spain became center of learning and the arts

• Also a haven for Jewish scholarship

Who should have been Muhammads successor?

• Caused split within Islam

• Sunnis believed the caliph should be chosen by leaders in community

• Viewed as a leader, not religious authority

Shiites on the other hand…

• Believed the descendents of Muhammad's daughter and son in law (Ali) should be successor

• Ali became 4th caliph and was assasinated in leadership struggle as was his son

• Begat a violent rivalry that continues today

• Also Sufi’s – Muslim mystics-Spread Islam through missionary work

Umayyad Arab Empire

• After death of Ali, Umayyad family set up dynasty- lasted until 750

• Conquests and wealth flowed into Umayyad hands

• Shiites hated Umayyad’s since they killed Ali

Abbassid Dynasty

• Rising leader Aub al-Abbas

• Captured Damascus

• His generals invited members of the Umayyad family to a banquet & killed them

• Set up the Abbassid dynasty which lasted until 1258

• Islamic civilization entered a golden age

“City of Peace”

• Baghdad became new capital

• Exceeded Constantinople in size and wealth

• Poets, scholars, philosophers and entertainers from all over the Muslim world came to the Abbasid Court.

Decline of the Caliphate

• Around 850, Abbassid control began to fragment

• Independent dynasties ruled separate muslim states

• Civil wars, invasions and Chaos

Rise of Seljuk Turks

• Migrated from central Asia

• Converted to Islam

• Built large empire

• Threatened Byzantine Empire

Byzantine & the Seljuks

• Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for Christian knights to help fight off Turks

• Urban called for the first crusade to “free the holy land”

• Thousands of knights left for the holy lands

• More crusades followed

Pope

• Pope wanted knights pillaging Muslim lands rather than Christian lands

• Wanted to heal split between Roman and Byzantine churches

• Hoped to increase his power

• Wanted an outlet for growing population

knights

• Many were second sons who were pillaging countryside

• Wanted own estates

• Forgiven for any sins they would commit BEFORE they set out

• Inspired by fiery preachers or wanted adventure

Capture of Jerusalem

• Only first crusade came close to success

• Captured Jerusalem in 1099

• Massacred Muslim and Jewish residents of the city

• Set up Christian kingdoms

• Only held onto them for a hundred years or so

• Subsequent crusades failed

Reconquista

• Efforts by Christian warriors to expel Muslims from Spain

• Slowly crushed Muslim held Spanish territories

• Last Muslim territory in Spain fell in 1492 under Ferdinand and Isabella

• They led brutal crusade against Jews and Muslims

Inquisition

• Ferdinand and Isabella set up a Church court to try people accused of heresy

• Those who refused to convert to Christianity were burned at the stake

• Over 150,000 people fled – made up the educated and skilled people who contributed to Spain's economy

Fourth crusade

• Venetian traders wanted Byzantine trade routes

• Talked crusaders into sacking Constantinople

• Constantinople never fully recovered and will eventually fall to the Ottoman Turks

Impact of Crusades

• Short term – failure… never held on to Muslim lands in middle east

• Long term successes – increased trade

• Crusaders brought back goods from the near east

• Caused a great desire for eastern goods

• This will lead to the age of Exploration

The world widens

• Marco Polo will expand European horizons since Rome fell

• Explorers will search for a way to trade directly with Asia leading to discovery of America