The Muslim Minority Challenge in Germany

Blaj CristinaRISE English II

The Muslim Minority Challenge in Germany1

Abstract

As elsewhere in Western Europe, the rapid growth of the Muslim community in Germany

has led to social tensions and political controversy, partly connected to Islamic

extremism, and more generally due to the difficulties of multiculturalism and fears of

an excess of immigration. Relying on the fact that they are considered to be the largest

minority in the specified area, they have an important saying and influence in the

current situation. Based on a conference attended last week, the largely debated topic

nowadays is concentrated in the following article, analyzing only some of the aspects.

This is structured in general considerations, case studies and personal opinions.

Premises

The Muslims now living in the EU constitute the largest minority

in the region and also the biggest Islamic diaspora in the world.

Certain countries in the Balkans like Albania, Bosnia, Macedonia,

have long-established if not predominant Muslim populations,

which are the legacy of an intensive Islamisation process that

1 The author based its Essay taking some key aspects presented by him anddiscussed at European Renaissance FH Dortmund, 13-15 of June 2014 Conferenceattended last week, representing The Faculty of European Studies. She prepareda critical analysis upon the issue, formulating arguments for and againstTurkey’s Accession in the European Union Sphere, but also the influenceexercised by the largest minority in the current situation.

1

Blaj CristinaRISE English IIbegan in the 15th century with the expansion of the Ottoman

Empire.

In Western Europe, the presence of Islam is mainly the

consequence of significant migratory flows in the 1960s from

countries of former colonial empires, the Maghreb, sub-Saharan

Africa and India, but mainly, they came from Turkey.

Hanging onto the myth of “the return”2, the Turkish, Maghreb or

Pakistani immigrant intended to stay in Europe only for the

duration of his work contract, and then return home.

The new mosques of Europe remained tied to their home countries,

notably Algeria, Morocco and Turkey, which financed them and sent

their own imams to manage them. Owing to labor migration in the

1960s and several waves of political refugees since the 1970s,

Islam has become a visible religion in Germany.3

According to a national census conducted in 2011, 1.9% of

Germany's population which means around 1.5 million people,

declared themselves as Muslim. However, this is likely to

underestimate the true number, given that many respondents may

have exercised their right not to state their religion.4 An2 The myth refers to the fact that Muslims are immigrating in some EuropeanCountries to find working places, and after their contract expires, they areobliged to return to their home.3 Ariane Chebel d'Appollonia, Lily Gardner Feldman, Mathias Rohe, Raida Chbib,Rauf Ceylan, Tara Bahrampour, “The Many Sides of Muslim Integration: A German-American Comparison” in Society, Culture & Politics Program, 2010[http://www.aicgs.org/publication/the-many-sides-of-muslim-integration-a-german-american-comparison/], 16 June 2014.4Census reveals German population lower than thought , 2013[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-22727898], 16 June 2014.

2

Blaj CristinaRISE English IIestimate made in 2009 calculated that there are 4.3 million

Muslims in Germany (5.4% of the population). Of these, 1.9

million are German citizens (2.4%).5 As of 2006, about 15,000

converts are of German ancestry. According to the German

statistical office 9.1% of all newborns in Germany had Muslim

parents in 2005.6

Islam is the largest minority religion in the country, with the

Protestant and Roman Catholic confessions being the majority

religions. The large majority of Muslims in Germany are of

Turkish origin (63.2%)7, followed by smaller groups from

Pakistan, countries of the former Yugoslavia, Arab countries,

Iran and Afghanistan. Most Muslims live in Berlin and the larger

cities of former West Germany. However, unlike in most other

European countries, sizeable Muslim communities exist in some

rural regions of Germany, especially Baden-Württemberg, Hesse,

parts of Bavaria and North Rhine-Westphalia. Owing to the lack of

labor immigration before 1989, there are only very few Muslims in

the former East Germany. The majority of Muslims in Germany are

Sunnis, at 75%. There are some members of the Shia (7%) and

mostly from Iran. Some members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community

(1%), most of whom are of Pakistani origin, but it is to be noted

that the Ahmadiyya are not considered as Muslims by the5 Deutlich mehr Muslime in Deutschland, 2009 [http://www.dw.de/studie-deutlich-mehr-muslime-in-deutschland/a-4419533], 16 June 2014.6 Frank Gesemann, “Din Integration junger Muslime in Deutschland” in PolitischeAkademie Referat Interkultureller Dialog, Berlin, der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2006[http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/akademie/berlin/04705.pdf], 16 June 2014.7 “Germany” in Resources on Faith, Ethics and Public Life, 2014 [ http://bit.ly/1kXzTp4],16 June 2014.

3

Blaj CristinaRISE English IImainstream Islam. The Ahmadiyya comprise a minority of Germany's

Muslims, numbering some 60,000 members in more than 200

communities as of 2004.8 Most Turkish Muslims are Sunnis, but

between a fifth and a quarter are believed to be Alevis. The

Alevis are a heterodox religious and cultural community

officially not recognized by the Turkish state, who account for

between a fifth and a quarter of the population (more than 15

million people) in their native Turkey. Most Alevites embrace

tolerance and secularism, which helps them to integrate into

mainstream German society much better than other belief systems.9

Historical Background

Muslims first came to Germany as part of the diplomatic, military

and economic relations between Germany and the Ottoman Empire in

the 18th century.10 Twenty Muslim soldiers served under Frederick

William I of Prussia, at the beginning of the 18th century. In

1745, Frederick II of Prussia established a unit of Muslims in

the Prussian army called the "Muslim Riders" and consisting

mainly of Bosniaks, Albanians and Tatars. In 1760 a Bosniak corps

was established with about 1,000 men.11

8 Ala Al-Hamarneh, Jörn Thielmann, Islam and Muslims in Germany, Berlin: BRILL,2008, p. 310.9 Ibidem, p. 312.10 Working in Berlin [ http://www.emz-berlin.de/lexikon-berlin/a/arbeiten-in-berlin], 16 June 2014.11 Albert Seaton, Friedrick the Great’s Army, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 1973, p.70.

4

Blaj CristinaRISE English IIIn 1798 a Muslim cemetery was established in Berlin. The

cemetery, which moved in 1866, still exists today.12

The German section of the World Islamic Congress and the Islam

Colloquium, the first German Muslim educational institution for

children, were established in 1932. At this time there were 3,000

Muslims in Germany, 300 of whom were of German descent.

The rise of Nazism in the country did not target Muslims. Adolf

Hitler repeatedly expressed the view that Islam would have been

much more compatible to the "Germanic races" than "meek" and

"feeble" Christianity: “Had Charles Martel not been victorious at

Poitiers [...] then we should in all probability have been

converted to Mohammedanism, that cult which glorifies the heroism

and which opens up the seventh Heaven to the bold warrior alone.

Then the Germanic races would have conquered the world.”13

The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin al-Husseini energetically

recruited Muslims for the SS (Schutzstaffel), the Nazi Party’s

elite military command.14 He recruited Muslim volunteers for the

German armed forces and was involved in the organization and

recruitment of Muslims into several divisions of the Waffen SS

and other units.

12 The oldest cemetery in Berlin and Germany, [ bit.ly/1iANyxR ], 16 June 2014.13 Hitler's Table Talk 1941-1944, London: Orion Publishing Company, 2000, p. 667.Translated by N. Cameron, Hitler's confidant Albert Speer reports of a similarstatement made by Hitler: "The Mohammedan religion too would have been much morecompatible to us than Christianity. Why did it have to be Christianity with its meekness and flabbiness?". 14Sam Roberts, “Declassified Papers Show U.S. Recruited Ex-Nazis” in The NewYork Times, 2010 [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/12/us/12holocaust.html?_r=3&],16 June 2014.

5

Blaj CristinaRISE English IIThe Islamic Institut Ma’ahad-ul-Islam was founded in 1942, during

World War II, and is now known under the name "Zentralinstitut

Islam-Archiv-Deutschland" (Central Islamic Archive Institute).

After the West German Government invited foreign workers in 1961,

the figure sharply rose to currently 4.3 million within two

decades (most of them Turkish from the rural region of Anatolia

in southeast Turkey). They are sometimes called a parallel

society within ethnic Germans.15

Educational System16

One such issue concerns the wearing of the head-scarf by teachers

in schools and universities. The right to practice one's

religion, claimed by the teachers in question, contradicts in the

view of many the neutral stance of the state towards religion. As

of 2006, many of the German federal states have introduced

legislation banning head-scarves for teachers. It is almost

certain that in 2006 these laws will be validated as

constitutional. However, unlike in France, there are no laws

against the wearing of head-scarves by students.

In the German federal states with the exception of Bremen, Berlin

and Brandenburg, lessons of religious education overseen by the15Rauf Ceylan, “Immigration and Socio-Spatial Segregation - Opportunities andRisks of Ethnic Self-Organisation ” in German Journal of Urban Studies, Vol. 46,Deutsches Institut fur Urbanistik, 2007 [http://www.difu.de/node/5951], 16June 2014.16 See Appendix 1, the map with German States that have banned teachers fromwearing headscarves.

6

Blaj CristinaRISE English IIrespective religious communities are taught as an elective

subject in state schools. It is being discussed whether apart

from the Catholic and Protestant (and in a few schools, Jewish)

religious education that currently exists, a comparable subject

of Islamic religious education should be introduced. However,

efforts to resolve this issue in cooperation with existing

Islamic organizations are hampered by the fact that none of them

can be considered as representative of the whole Muslim

community.

On the other hand, the construction of mosques occasionally

arouses hostile reactions in the neighborhoods concerned. For

example, in 2007 an attempt by Muslims to build a large mosque in

Cologne sparked a controversy.17

Fears of Islamic Fundamentalism

This approach came to the fore after the 11th of September 2001,

especially with respect to Islamic fundamentalism among second

and third generation Muslims in Germany. Also the various

confrontations between Islamic religious law (Sharia) and the

Germen norms, along with its culture, are the subject of intense

debate. German critics include both liberals and Christian

groups. The former claim that Islamic fundamentalism violates

17Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs , 2013 [http://bit.ly/1iARrCW], 16June 2014.

7

Blaj CristinaRISE English IIbasic fundamental rights whereas the latter maintain that Germany

is a state and society grounded in the Christian tradition.

According to a 2012 poll, 72% of the Turks in Germany believe

that Islam is the only true religion and 46% wish that one day

more Muslims live in Germany than Christians.18 According to a

10-year survey by the University of Bielefeld, which dealt with

different aspects of attitudes to Islam, mistrust of Islam is

widespread in Germany with only 19 percent of Germans believing

that Islam is compatible with German culture.19

According to 2013 study by Social Science Research Center Berlin,

two thirds of the Muslims interviewed say that religious rules

are more important to them than the laws of the country in which

they live, almost 60 percent of the Muslim respondents reject

homosexuals as friends; 45 percent think that Jews cannot be

trusted; and an equally large group believes that the West is out

to destroy Islam (Christian respondents’ answers for comparison:

As many as 9 percent are openly anti-Semitic; 13 percent do not

want to have homosexuals as friends; and 23 percent think that

Muslims aim to destroy Western culture).20

18Freia Peters, “Türkische Migranten hoffen auf muslimische Mehrheit” in DieWelt, 2012 [http://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article108659406/Tuerkische-Migranten-hoffen-auf-muslimische-Mehrheit.html], 16 June 2014.19 Ulrike Hummel, “Why Germans distrust Islam” in DW, 2013[http://www.dw.de/why-germans-distrust-islam/a-16536641], 16 June 2014.20 “Islamic fundamentalism is widely spread” in WZB, 2013[http://www.wzb.eu/en/press-release/islamic-fundamentalism-is-widely-spread],16.06.2014.

8

Blaj CristinaRISE English IIReligiosity of young Muslims

Studies show that while not all Muslims are religious, Muslim

youths are markedly more religious than non-Muslim youths. A

study comparing Turkish Muslim youths living in Germany and

German youth found that the former were more likely to attend

religious services regularly (35% versus 14%).21

41% of young Turkish Muslim boys and 52% of the girls said they

prayed "sometimes or regularly", 64% of boys and 74% of girls

said they wanted to teach their children religion.22

Religiosity of the Muslim parent generation

While the Muslim parent generation is more religious than the

non-Muslim parent generation, not everybody is religious. 10% of

the youths, which lived in Eastern Germany and 28% of the youths

which lived in Western Germany come from a set of parents which

is described as "fairly religious" or "very religious". 73% of

Muslim youths in Germany do.23

When Muslims renounce their faith 24

21 Frank Gesemann, “Din Integration junger Muslime in Deutschland” in PolitischeAkademie Referat Interkultureller Dialog, Berlin: der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2006[http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/akademie/berlin/04705.pdf], 16 June 2014.22 Ibidem, p.9. 23 Ibidem, p.10.24 Naomi Conrad, “When Muslims renounce their faith”, in DW, 2014[http://www.dw.de/when-muslims-renounce-their-faith/a-17574172], 16 June 2014.

9

Blaj CristinaRISE English IIOn the other hand, fearing ostracism by their family, or even

death, many former Muslims keep their disbelief secret. Some

German organizations offer support to people who leave Islam for

another religion, or for none.

Admitting that you no longer believe in God is often a big step.

So instead, many keep going through the motions of adherence to a

religion they don't believe in: young women might put on their

headscarves before they return home, or young men go with their

fathers to the mosque and pretend to pray.25

Islamization of Germany- Case Study

In December, two new studies, one of them funded by the German

government, underlined the fact that the majority of Muslims

believe that Islamic Sharia law should take precedence over the

secular constitutions and laws of their European host countries.

"Critics of Islamic ideology and its organizations are constantly

confronted with lawsuits and have to legally defend themselves

against the accusations of blasphemy or incitement-to-hatred.

Even if it does not come to a conviction, such processes cost a

lot of time and money…Thus... we are experiencing a de facto

application of Islamic law." — Felix Strüning, Gustav Stresemann

Foundation Report.26

25 Ibidem. 26 Soeren Kern, The Islamization of Germany in 2013, 2014[http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/4130/islamization-germany], 16 June 2014.

10


"[It] must be recognized: democracies must beware of those

who believe a free society is something that needs

to be vanquished." — Die Welt.

Bremen is considered to be the second German state to sign a

treaty with local Muslim communities. Hamburg, the second-largest

city in Germany, concluded a "historic treaty" with the city's

200,000-strong Muslim community in November 2012.

Critics say that agreements do little to encourage Muslim

integration into German society and instead will boost the

growing influence of Islam in the country by encouraging the

perpetuation of a Muslim parallel society.

Also in January, a court in Berlin convicted two Islamists of

being members of al-Qaeda and sentenced them to a combined 15

years in prison.

German security officials warned that the country's support for

France's fight against Islamists in Mali had increased the risk

of a terrorist attack targeting German interests both at home and

abroad.27

Citing a classified government report, the daily newspaper Bild

said on January 29 that more than 100 German Islamists are

believed to have received paramilitary training at terrorist

training camps abroad, and that half of that group had already

returned to Germany. The classified report said the militants

27 Ibidem.

11

Blaj CristinaRISE English IIincluded many German converts to radical Islam who have received

training from al-Qaeda on how to plan attacks as "autonomous

cells" in Germany.

Meanwhile, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan told

German Interior Minister Hans-Peter Friedrich that Berlin was

guilty of "a human rights violation" for insisting that Turkish

immigrants who want to live in Germany must integrate and learn

the German language.28

In an effort to enforce the ban, hundreds of German police

officers raided the homes of radical Islamists in cities like

Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Gladbeck and Solingen, and seized

computers, cellphones and electronic storage devices, as well as

money, documents and Islamic propaganda videos in Arabic and in

German.

"Salafism, as represented in the associations that were

banned today, is incompatible with our free democratic

order," German Interior Minister Hans-Peter Friedrich said.

"The groups aim to change our society in an aggressive,

belligerent way so that democracy would be replaced by a

Salafist system, and the rule of law replaced by Sharia

law."29

On the 28th of April 2013, a major research study on religious

attitudes in Germany, found that more than half of all Germans

28 Ibidem.29 Ibidem.

12

Blaj CristinaRISE English IIview Islam as a threat to their country and believe it does not

belong in the Western world.

The findings confirm the results of dozens of other surveys made,

and reflect a growing divide between the views of ordinary

Germans and those of Europe's multicultural elites, who for

decades, have promoted mass immigration from Muslim countries.

The study, entitled "Religion Monitor 2013: Religiousness and

Cohesion in Germany" (German and English), was produced by the

Bertelsmann Foundation, one of the most influential think tanks

and lobbying groups in Europe, and a strong proponent of

"progressive" causes such as multiculturalism and global

governance.

Although polygamy is banned in Germany by Paragraph 1306 of the

Civil Code and Paragraph 172 of the Penal Code, in practice these

laws do not apply to Muslims.30

The RTL report shows how Muslim men residing in Germany are

taking advantage of the social welfare system by bringing two,

three or four women from across the Muslim world to Germany, and

then marrying them in the presence of an imam, a Muslim religious

leader.

Although these polygamous marriages are not officially recognized

by the German state—they are technically illegal and punishable

by fines and imprisonment—the practice is commonplace among

30 Ibidem.

13

Blaj CristinaRISE English IIMuslims in all major German cities. Once in Germany the women

request social welfare benefits, including the cost of a separate

home for themselves and for their children, on the claim of being

a "single parent with children."

The RTL report says that even though the welfare fraud committed

by Muslim immigrants is an "open secret" costing German taxpayers

millions of euros each year, government agencies are reluctant to

take action due to political correctness.31

In May 2013, a major conference on German-Muslim relations ended

in failure after Muslims attending the event refused to

acknowledge the government's concerns about the threats to

security posed by radical Islam.

German Interior Minister Hans-Peter Friedrich had wanted the

eighth annual German Islam Conference, held in Berlin on May 7,

to focus on finding ways the government could work together with

"moderate" Muslims in Germany to combat Islamism and extremism.

But Muslims attending the gathering were apparently offended by

the insinuation that Islam could be radical or violent, and

demanded instead that the German government take steps to make

"Islam equal to Christianity" in Germany.

In June, an appeals court in northwestern Germany decided a

contentious divorce case based on Islamic Sharia law. The ruling

was one of a growing number of court cases in Germany in which

31 Ibidem.

14

Blaj CristinaRISE English IIjudges refer or defer to Islamic law because either the

plaintiffs or the defendants are Muslim.

Critics say the cases—especially those in which German law has

taken a back seat to Sharia law—reflect a dangerous encroachment

of Islamic law into the German legal system.

In terms of education, the German government claims that by

controlling the curriculum, the schools, which are to train

Muslim imams and Islamic religion teachers, will function as an

antidote to "hate preachers." Most imams currently in Germany are

from Turkey and many of them do not speak German.32

But the idea has been criticized by those who worry that the

Islamic centers will become a gateway for Islamists who will

introduce a hardline brand of Islam into the German university

system.

Strüning writes that German political authorities are

increasingly bending to pressure from German Islamic

organizations by adopting Muslim definitions of "Islamophobia" in

public discourse, thus creating legal uncertainty as to "who can

say what about Islam and Muslims in Germany."33

"Critics of Islamic ideology and its organizations are constantly

confronted with lawsuits and have to legally defend themselves

against the accusations of blasphemy or incitement-to-hatred"

Strüning writes. "Even if it does not come to a conviction, such

32 Ibidem.33 Ibidem.

15

Blaj CristinaRISE English IIprocesses cost a lot of time and money, which in many cases

includes one's reputation and possibly even his or her job. Thus,

also in the West, we are experiencing an increasing de facto

application of Islamic law in matters of Islam."34

Has Multikulturalism Failed?

Attempts to build a multicultural society in Germany have

"utterly failed", Chancellor Angela Merkel says.35

She said the so-called "multikulti" concept - where people would

"live side-by-side" happily - did not work, and immigrants needed

to do more to integrate - including learning German.36

In her speech in Potsdam, however, the chancellor made clear that

immigrants were welcome in Germany. 37

She specifically referred to the comments by German President

Christian Wulff who said that Islam was "part of Germany", like

Christianity and Judaism.

Merkel commented: "We should not be a country either which gives

the impression to the outside world that those who don't speak

German immediately or who were not raised speaking German are not

welcome here.“38

34 Ibidem.35 ”Merkel says German multicultural society has failed” in BBC News Europe,2010 [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11559451], 16 June 2014.36 Ibidem.37 Ibidem.38 Ibidem.

16

Blaj CristinaRISE English IIThe comments come as anti-immigration feelings in Germany are

rising.

A 2010 survey suggested more than 30% of people believed the

country was "overrun by foreigners“.39

The study also showed that roughly the same number thought that

some 16 million of Germany's immigrants or people with foreign

origins had come to the country for its social benefits.

In 2010 the chancellor held talks with Turkish Prime Minister

Erdogan, in which the two leaders pledged to do more to improve

the often poor integration record of Germany's estimated 2.5

million-strong Turkish community.40

Just months after German Chancellor Angela Merkel said that

multiculturalism in Germany had failed, David Cameron launched an

attack on 30 years of multiculturalism in Britain warning that it

fostered extremism.41

French president Nicolas Sarkozy has joined in condemning

multiculturalism as a failure He told the French people: “We have

been too concerned about the identity of the person who was

arriving and not enough about the identity of the country that

was receiving him”.42

39 Ibidem40 Ibidem.41 “Nicolas Sarkozy joins David Cameron and Angela Merkel view thatmulticulturalism has failed” in Mail Online, 2011[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1355961/Nicolas-Sarkozy-joins-David-Cameron-Angela-Merkel-view-multiculturalism-failed.html], 16 June 2014.42 Ibidem.

17


Conclusion

Taking into consideration the fact that the Muslim minority

represents such a large number of inhabitants in Germany43, we

need to align both Islam and German interests in a peaceful way

in order to avoid future threats and conflicts. It is known that

they constitute cheap labor force and they are willing to work,

but sometimes disagreements arise unexpectedly. It is still a

sensitive issue, even if is a reality concerning every citizen

living in the German territory.

Appendix

Appendix 1 44

43 See Appendix 2 - Muslims-in-Germany-Stresemann44 Islam in Germany, 2014 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Germany], 16 June 2014.

18


German States that have banned teachers from wearing headscarves

Appendix 2 45

Map with Muslims in Germany- Stresemann

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45 Soeren Kern, Germany Aiming to Become More Muslim Friendly, 2014[http://soerenkern.com/2014/02/06/germany-aiming-become-muslim-friendly/], 16June 2014.

19


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22

The Muslim Minority Challenge in Germany

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