The motions of the Earth and Moon · Web viewII. Earth distances and light’s time to travel there. A The Earth’s diameter ~ 8,000 miles, light time = _____. B The Earth’s circumference

Name____________________________________________ Per,____________(2018/2019)

Astronomy – Distances, the Solar System, and Stars

DISTANCES IN SPACE REQUIRE VERY LARGE “MEASURING STICKS”

I. The largest distances in space are measured in ___________ ________________ ___________ ________

A. Definition a Light Year- the distance __________ ___________ ______ ___ ______________

B. How far is that!!??

C. The speed of light must first be understood

1. Miles per second = _________________________ mi/sec Miles per minute = _______________________ mi/min

2. Miles per hour = ___________________________ mi/h Miles per day = = ________________________ mi/day

3. Miles per year, (Light Year) =_______________________________ mi/year

4. Rounded ~ 1 light year = __________________________________

II. Earth distances and light’s time to travel there.

A The Earth’s diameter ~ 8,000 miles, light time = __________________.

B The Earth’s circumference ~ 25,000 miles, light time = __________________

C. Earth to the Moon ~ 237,000 miles, light time = __________________

D. ASTRONOMICAL UNIT ~ The distance from the Earth to the Sun. This distance is aka an _______

1. 93,000,000 miles, light time = _________________________.

III. Important definitions in astronomy

A. Solar System- B. Galaxy-

IV. Distances to other planets from the sun

A. Mercury is 36,000,000 miles

1. A.U. = __________________ light time = ____________________________________

B. Venus is 67,000,000 miles

1. A.U. = __________________ light time = ____________________________________

C. Earth is 93,000,000 miles

1. A.U. = _________________ light time = ____________________________________

D Mars is 140,000,000 miles

1. A.U. = _________________ light time = ____________________________________

E. Jupiter is 486,000,000 miles

1. A.U. = __________________ light time = ____________________________________

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670,000,000

pF. Saturn is 890,000,000 miles

1. A.U. = __________________ 2 light time = ____________________________________

G. Uranus is 1,800,000,000 miles

1. A.U. = __________________ 2. light time = ____________________________________

H. Neptune is 2,800,000,000 miles

1. A.U. = __________________ 2. light time = ____________________________________

I. Pluto is 1. 3,400,000,000 miles

1. A.U. = __________________ 2. light time = ____________________________________

3. Light Years = __________________

V Distances to objects beyond out solar system

A. The next nearest star

1. Name ~ ______________________________________________________

2. Light years away ~ __________________

B. The distance across our galaxy

1. Its name ______________________________________________________

2. Light years across ~ _____________________________

C. Who was Edwin Hubble?

1. He was the first to _________________ _________________ the stars of our galaxy

2. He was the first to discover that other

_______________ ________________ exist

D. Distance to the next nearest galaxy

1. Name ~ ____________________________________

2. Light years away ___________________________________

SUMMARY OF SPACE DISTANCES

E. A light year is the distance ______________ ____________ ______ ____ ______________

It is used for … distances ______________________ our solar system

F. An Astronomical unit is the distance between the __________________ and the _____________

It is used for… distances ______________________ our solar system

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Objects in our Solar System

I. Terms used to describe objects in out solar systemA. Appearance – States what the ___________________________ look like if we were near by observersB. Composition – States what the planet is ____________ ______

Names the ____________________________ it is composed ofC. Orbit – A somewhat _____________________ _________________around the sun made by the object.D. Position – The orbit’s distance from the ____________.E. Motion – Two types

1.Revolution – The amount of time it takes the object to _____ _____________ _______ ______- Defines a ____________

2.Rotation – The amount of time it takes to ________ _______________ _____ __________- Defines a __________a. Axis is an imaginary line ________________ _________ _________ _________

F. Size – How big it is _______ _______ ___________________G. Satellites – if the planet has _____________ or ___________

1. the objects that _____________ a planetH. Atmosphere – A layer of ________________which surrounds the object.

II. MercuryA. Appearance _____________________ and ________________________

B. General composition ________________________ and ____________________

C. Relative position from the sun _________

D. Size ~ diameter __________________miles________of earth’s diameter

E. MotionRevolution ~ orbit ~ year = ______________Earth years (_________Earth days)Rotation ~ day = ________ Earth days (_________Earth months)

F. Satellites (moons, rings) ____________

G. Atmosphere ____________

III.VenusA. Appearance __________ ___________ ______ _____________ ____________

B. General composition ______________, ______________, and ________________

C. Relative position from sun _______________

D. Size ~ diameter ~ __________________miles, _____________of earth’s diameter

E. Motion1. revolution ~ year ~ _____________Earth years ~ _____________Earth days2. rotation ~ day ~ _______________ Earth days retrograde ~ rotates ______________________________

F. Satellites ~ ______________________________

G. Atmosphere ~ ___________ _________________1. contains _____________ _____________________ and _________________ ______________________ (______________________)2. ___________ times Earth’s atmosphere’s pressure (_______________________)3. traps solar energy at _________degrees C________ degrees F (_____________)4. It is a runaway _________ __________ ___________

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Sun

Planet

IV. EarthA. Appearance_____________, _____________, __________ ____________

B. General composition _____________, _____________, ____________

C. Relative position _____ AU from sun

D. Size ~ Diameter = _____________________miles, aka _____ Earth diameterE. Motion

Revolution = ________ year ________________daysRotation = _________ day ____________hours

F. SatellitesOne large moon _____________mi diameter _________ of Earth’s diameter

G. Atmosphere_______ nitrogen____________ oxygen, various other gasses ________

V. MarsA. Appearance ________ _____________with ________________and _________________

B. General composition - ____________ and __________ __________ (__________)

C. Relative position - _________ AU from sun

D. Size ~ diameter_______________ miles _________of Earth’s diameterE. Motion

Revolution __________ Earth years, Rotation _________hours _______minutesF. Satellites, 2 moons

Phobos _________mi diameter, Demos _________mi diameter

G. Atmosphere __________ _________________

less than _________ of Earth’s, 95% ______________ _________________

VI. JupiterA. Appearance___________ __________ of __________ ________________

and a _____________ _________ ______________

B. Composition __________________and __________________

C. Position _________ AU from sun

D. Size ______________ mi diameter, _________ of Earth’s diameters

E. Motion ~ Revolution ____________ Earth years, Rotation, _________ hours

F. Satellites 1. moons, over _________exist ~ Galileo discovered the 4 largest moons

a. IO has ______________ ______________________

b. Callisto the surface is covered with _____________

c. Ganymede is twice as massive as our ______________

d. Europa the surface is ice with possible _______________underneath 2. rings- _________small rings exist

G. Atmosphere does not apply since it is a ________ planet.

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VII. SaturnA. Appearance - __________ __________ _________ with a large set of _________

B. General composition - ____________________ and ____________________

C. Relative position _________AU from the sun

D. Size ~ diameter _________miles, _________of earth’s diametersE. Motion

1. Revolution _________ “earth years”

2. Rotation _________hours and _________min.F. Satellites

Moons, at least _________moons exist

Rings, _________small rings exista. they appear as ________ _________ ____________

b. they are made of _____________and ______________

G. Atmosphere does not apply since it is a ________ planet.

VIII. UranusA. Appearance ___________ colored __________ sphere

B. General composition - _____________, _________________ and _______________

C. Relative position - _________AU from the sun

D. Size ~ Diameter __________________miles _________ of Earth’s diametersE. Motion

1. Revolution = _________earth years

2. Rotation = _________hours _________min.F. Satellites

1. Moons, at least _________exist

2. Rings, at least _________exist

G. Atmosphere does not apply since it is a ________ planet.

IX. Neptune A. Appearance ___________ colored __________ sphere

B. General composition - _____________, _________________ and _______________

C. Relative position - _________AU from the sun

D. Size ~ Diameter __________________miles _________ of Earth’s diametersE. Motion

1. Revolution = _________earth years

2. Rotation = _________hours _________min.F. Satellites

1. Moons, at least _________exist

2. Rings, at least _________exist

G. Atmosphere does not apply since it is a ________ planet.

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X. Pluto (not a planet, but a ____________________ planetA. Appearance -_____________ with __________________ and _______________B. General composition _____________ ice , ______________ and ______________C. Relative position - _________AU from the sun

D. Size ~ diameter = ______________miles, _________of Earth’s diameterE. Motion

Revolution = _________ “earth years”Rotation = _________ “earth days” ________________

F. SatellitesMoon - Charon _________ miles in diameterDue to Charon’s size compared to Pluto

~ the two are considered a _____________ _____________ ____________ __________G. Atmosphere contains _____________________.H. Why is Pluto no longer considered a “planet”

XI. CometsA. Appearance, like a _____________with a ____________

B. General composition of the nucleus is _____________ and frozen _________________1. known as a ______________ ___________________

C. Formation1. It is believed they are formed in the ________________cloud2. This cloud is __________LY or________________ A.U from the sun3. This cloud makes a huge __________ around the____________ ____________

D. Position1. The closest orbit is with in the ________________ ________________2. The farthest extend out the to ______________ ______________

E. Motion1. Revolution

a. The longest are up to _____________________ years b. the shortest ________ yearsc. The orbits are very________________________

2. Rotation is not commonly _________________F. The comet’s tail

1. Consists of _____________ and ______________a. which are __________________ as the comet gets closer to the sun.b. it can be ____________ long.c. it always “blows” in the opposite direction of the _____________d. the solar winds from the outer layer of the sun ______________ the tail particles

G. Size of the nucleus1. Most others are __________________ or _____________

XII. AsteroidsA. Appearance – like that of a _____________ _______________

B. General composition – _____________________C. Formation

1. Thought to be the remnants of a ______________ _____________D. Position

1. Most are located between the orbits of____________ and __________________E. Motion

1. Revolution is between _______________ years2. Rotation most of the asteroids do______________ at _______________ rates

F. Size1. The largest is ______________ with a ___________ mile diameter

a. Ceres contains _______ the mass of all the asteroidsb. it is a ________________ ___________________ because it passes the first _____ ____________ ______________

2. The smallest is the size of a _________ of ______________ 3. There are over a billion larger than a cubic ______________

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XIII Why the moon has phases

A. The phases of the moon are ________ produced by the earth’s _____________ being cast on the

moon.

B. The moon ____________ the earth and this produces the phases.

1. The orbit lasts _______ days

2. The _______________________ of the _____________, _____________, and ______________

produce the phases of the moon

C. The percentage of the moon’s ___________ we see lit up depends on the _______________.

D. Shade in the diagram below to show the alignments of the Earth, Moon and Sun, producing the different phases.

These discs directly below are to be shaded so they represent the shadow as it appears from the Earth.

1. When the moon is opposite the Earth from the sun a _________ _____________ phase is produced.

2. When the moon is between the Earth and sun a _________ ______________ phase is produced.

3. When the moon, Earth and sun are at 900 angles to each other a _____________________ phase is produced.

4. When the moon, Earth and sun are at less than 900 angles to each other a _________________ phase is produced.

5. When the moon, Earth and sun are at greater than 900 angles to each other a _______________ phase is produced.

E. The moon’s rotation

1. The moon rotates ________ around its axis for every _____ revolution it makes around the earth.

2. This makes the _________ __________ of the moon face ____________ the earth all the time,

and the __________ _________ face __________ from the earth all the time.

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A B C D E F G H

SUNA

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

XIV Why the Earth has seasons

A. The Earth has seasons because of the __________________________

of the Earth’s __________________ _________________, and the

Earth’s _____________________ in its ______________________ around the _____.

B. The Earth goes around the sun approximately ______________________ _____________ from the sun’s

____________________. Imagine a ____________ ________________ that comes out from the sun’s

______________________. The Earth goes around in that __________________.

C. The Earth’s ___________________ is not ___________________ ______ ___________ ___________, (90o),

in that plane, it is tilted at ________________ to that ______________.

1. Its tilt points the __________________ ________________ of the axis to a distant spot in space where

a star named _______________________ is located.

2. We call Polaris our __________________ Star.

D. When the Earth is at a location in its _______________________ around the ______________ where the

______________________ hemisphere is ______________________ _________________________ at the sun…

1. …then the ___________________ hemisphere will receive __________ ____________ __________.

2. At this point the ______________________ hemisphere is ___________________ facing the sun, and

thus receives ______________ __________________.

3. This _____________ __________________ creates _______________ in the north and the

________________ ____________________ creates _________________ in the south.

a. The most direct day is called the Summer ______________________.

E. Conversley….

1. When the Earth is at a location in its revolution around the sun where the __________________ hemisphere is

______________ _________________ from the sun, the northern hemisphere will receive ____________________

___________________

and thus have ______________________.

a. The most indirect day is called the Winter ______________________

2. At this point the _____________________

hemisphere is __________________ facing the sun,

and thus receives ___________________ _____________________,

and will have _____________________.

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Summer!

Winter

!Autumn

SummerWinter

Spring

STARS AND GALAXIESI. Galaxies

A. Galaxies are large groups of_____________________________ of ____________________B. More than _______________________________(_______) galaxies exist. Each galaxy has ____________________ of stars.C. Different kinds of galaxies.

1. Spiral galaxiesa. These are shaped like a giant _________________.b. _________________ _____________________ ____________reach out from the center.c. Contains a large amount of _______________ and _______________

2. Our Milky Way Galaxya. It is a _________________________galaxy b. It is a _____________________ spiral galaxyc. It is __________________________________across, and__________________________thickd. Diagram of the Milky Way (also see page 619)

Face on, top view Side view

3. Elliptical galaxies

a. shape varies from ________________________ to ___________ ___________ to __________________

b. Contain very little ____________________ and ______________________

c. contain _______________________________stars

4. Irregular galaxies

a. have __________ ___________________shape

b. they are the___________________ _______________________of all galaxies

5. Star Clusters - With in a galaxy there are places where stars ____________________together

b. open clusters-

____________________ gathering of stars

c. globular clusters-

_________________ _________________ gathering of stars

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II Stars ….remember Simba, Timon, and Pumba….

A. The stars we see in the sky are huge _____________ of ______________ ______________________ __________.

1. They are responsible for producing all the __________________ ____________ ________________________

2. Stars ___________________________ light, other objects like planets and moons ______________________ light

3. Many are so far away we __________________________________________________

4. Stars shine because ___________________ occurs in their cores

B. Constellations

1. These are imaginary dot to dot ______________made from __________________ in the sky

2. Samples of constellations

a. Big Dipper

- looks like a big _______________ __________________

- points to the ______________ _____________

- diagram of the big dipper

b. Orion

A __________________________ ________________________

The _________________________constellation to see

The ___________________points to the brightest star in the sky ______________________

The stars ______________________________ and ________________________ are in Orion

Diagram of Orion

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III CHARACTERISTICS OF STARS

A. Sizes (from smallest to largest)

1. Neutron star

-These stars have a _________ mile diameter

2. White dwarf star

-These stars are slightly larger than

_________________________.

3. Medium sized stars

-These stars are about the size of

_________________ ________________

-_______________________ mile diameter _____________ ______________diameters

4. Giant stars

-These stars are __________ to ____________times larger than our sun.

5. Super giant stars

-These stars are _______________________times larger than our sun.

-

B. Star surface temperatures

1. Different color stars have different temperatures.

Star color Surface temp range in Celsius .

a. Red ___________________-____________________

b. Red/Orange ___________________-____________________

c. Yellow __________________-____________________

d. White ___________________-____________________

e. Blue/White or Blue ___________________-____________________

C. Star brightness (________________________________)

1. Apparent magnitude is how bright stars __________________________from where we are

2. Absolute magnitude is how bright stars ____________________ ______________if they were all the same distance from us.

D. Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram

-known as the ____________________ diagram

1. This is the most important diagram used by _____________________________________.

2. This diagram charts the stars on a graph.

a. The horizontal axis (x) is __________________________________________________

b. The vertical axis (y) is the _________________________ (______________ ______________) of the star.

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c. It charts the following four characteristics of stars

1. - ___________________ __________________________ (_______________________)

2. -_________________________________________ (________________________)

3. -_________________________________________

4. -____________________ (__________________________

e. our Sun

Temp. _____________

Brightness _________

Color _____________

Class ______________

f. Rigel

Temp. _____________

Brightness _________

Color _____________

Class ______________

g. Betelgeuse

Temp. _____________

Brightness _________

Color _____________

Class ______________

3. Most stars fall into the middle of this graph called the ________________________ _________________________

IV Black holes

A. They begin as the ___________________ ______________________________of all stars

B. Occurs at the _________________________of a massive star’s life

C. The mass is so _________________________, and gravity so _________________________, that …

1. the star __________________________________in on its self

D. This makes the gravity so strong that…

1. not even _________________________can escape

2. thus it is _________________________

E. _________________________are emitted from gas near a black hole

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50,000 30,000 20,000 15,000 12,000 10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000

10 6 1,000,000

10 5 100,000

10 4 10,000

10 3 1,000

10 2 100

10 1 10

10 0 1

10 -1 0.1

10 -2 0.01

10 -3 0.001

10 -4 0.0001

10 -5 0.00001

10 -6 0.00000150,000 30,000 20,000 15,000 12,000 10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000

Surface Temperature in degrees Celcius

BR

IGH

TNE

SS

- A

bsol

ute

Mag

nitu

de in

Sol

ar U

nits

- S

un =

1

Barnards Star*

Sun*

61 Cygni A*

Tau Centi*

VB 10*

Procyon*Altair*Sirius*Alcor*

Vega* *MizarRegulus*Algol*

*Spica

*Zeta Eridani

*Delta Orionis

*Alkaid

Polaris*

Deneb*Rigel*

Antares*Betelgeuse*

Mu Cephi*Rho Cassiopeiae*

Iota-one Scorpsi*P Cygnii*

Mira*Aldebaran*Beta Pergai*Beta Andromedae*Arcturus*

*Capella

Alpha Centari B*

Alpha Centari A*

Epsilon Eridani*

Main Sequence

Giants

Super Giants

Van Mannen's Star*

Procyon B*Sirius B**40 Erindani B

Dwarf Stars

REDRED-ORANGEYELLOWWHITEBLUE-WHITE

*Alpha

Centari Proxima

BR

IGH

TNE

SS

- A

bsol

ute

Mag

nitu

de in

Sol

ar U

nits

- S

un =

1

H E R T Z S P R U N G - R U S S E L D I A G R A M

*Beta

Centari

X EclipsesA. Defintion of an eclipse

1. When the shadow of one space object lands on another space object2. Stated another way – When one space object blocks the sun’s light from another space

object.

B. Solar Eclipses1. Definition – When the moon’s shadow lands on the earth

a. When the moon blocks the sun’s light from shining on the earth.2. This only occurs during a new moon phase.

a. it occurs during new moon because the moon inbetween the earth from the sun.b. During this, the moon is on the light side, or day side of the earth.

3. Solar Eclipse particularsa. only a small portion of the Earth receives a total solar eclipse

i. the eclipse is not visible every where on the earthb. the moon’s shadow on the Earth is only about 70 miles across.

i. Darkness like night will occur for the people on the earth inside of the shadow.

C. Lunar Eclipses1. Definition – When the Earth’s shadow lands on the moon

a. When the Earth blocks the sun’s light from shining on the moon.2. This only occurs during a full moon phase.

a. it occurs during full moon because the moon is opposite the earth from the sun.b. During this, the moon is on the shadow side, or night side of the earth.

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