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Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome that is characterized by hyperglycemia, change in the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, and in the long term, with eye, kidney, cardiovascular, andneurological complications. Plenty of plants from different regions of the world have beeninvestigated for anti-diabetic effects. This review article was designed to report some of the mostimportant medicinal plants with hypoglycemic properties according to reliable clinical andlaboratory evidence, and also touched on the medicinal plants that are prescribed in Iraniantraditional medicine, for the treatment of diabetes. The information in this review was obtained from the eligible articles retrieved using the search terms diabetes mellitus, medicinal plants, type 1 diabetes and medicinal plants, type 2 diabetes and medicinal plants, and the effect of extract andessential oil of medicinal plants affecting diabetized tissues in the human body indexed in databases such as Iran medex, Irandoc, ISI, PubMed, Scopus, SID, Magiran, Google Scholar, etc. Based on the results drawn in this review the plants, Urtica, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Allium sativum, Carthamus tinctorius, Ferula assa-foetida, Bauhinia, Gymnema sylvestre, Swertia, Combretum, Sarcopoterium, Liriope, Caesalpinia bonduc, Coccinia grandis, Syzygium cumini, Mangifera indica, Momordica charantia, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Pterocarpus, Tinospora cordifoli, Salvia officinalis, Panax, Cinnamomum verum, Abelmoschus moschatus, Vachellia nilotica, Achyranthes, Fabaceae, Mentha, Asphodelaceae, Andrographis paniculata L, Artemisia herba-alba, Artemisia dracunculus, Azadirachta indica, Caesalpinioideae, Pachira aquatic, Gongronema latifolium, Nigella Sativa, Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi), Chrysanthemum morifolium, Zingiber zerumbet, Symphytum, Cactaceae, Symplocos, Perilla frutescens, Terminalia chebula and Aloe vera are effective to controland treat diabetes.
Abstract
Received: 18 June 2018 Accepted: 15 July 2018Published: 21 August 2018
Moradi et al. Biomedical Research and Therapy 2018, 5(8): 2538-2551
1. IntroductionDiabetes mellitus is a syndrome that is characterized by hyperglycemia, change in the metabolismof lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins [1]. Diabetes mellitus is the most common chronic andmetabolic disease characterized by an increase in glucose levels due to absolute or relativeinsulin deficiency. The disease is associated with eye, renal, cardiovascular, and neurologicalcomplications in the long term. This disease is also associated with symptoms such as polyuria,fatigue, weight loss, delayed wound healing, blurred vision, increases in urine glucose levels,etc. [2–4]. Destruction of beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and consequentlydevelopment of insulin-dependent diabetes is one of the impairments of the regulation of theimmune system. Several environmental and genetic factors affect the immune system, leading tothe attack of lymphocytes, especially lymphocytes, and pancreatitis. This inflammatory responsemay cause insulitis and diabetes [5,6]. There are currently more than 150 million people withdiabetes across the globe, which seems to reach 300 million by 2025 [7]. In the absence ofproper treatment, cardiac, vascular, neurological, and renal damage and neuropathy may occur.Treatment includes diet, exercise, and medication [8]. Currently, the main and effective treatmentfor diabetes is the use of insulin and hypoglycemic drugs, but these compounds also have manyadverse side effects [9]. Medicinal plants have a long history of usage and today, they are beingextensively used for various diseases [10–14]. There are several reasons for increasing the useof medicinal plants. Many plants from different parts of the world have been investigated forantidiabetic effects. This review article reported some of the most important medicinal plants withhypoglycemic properties according to reliable clinical and laboratory evidence, and also touchedon the medicinal plants that are prescribed, in Iranian traditional medicine, for the treatment ofdiabetes.
2. Materials and methodsThe information in this review was obtained from the eligible articles retrieved using the searchterms diabetesmellitus, medicinal plants, type 1 diabetes and medicinal plants, type 2 diabetes andmedicinal plants, and the effect of extract and essential oil of medicinal plants affecting diabetized tissues inthe human body indexed in databases such as Iran medex, Irandoc, ISI, PubMed, Scopus, SID, Magiran,Google Scholar, etc.
3. ResultsBased on the results drawn in this review the studies, Urtica, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Allium sativum, Carthamus tinctorius, Ferula assa-foetida, Bauhinia, Gymnema sylvestre, Swertia, Combretum, Sarcopoterium, Liriope, Caesalpinia bonduc, Coccinia grandis, Syzygium cumini, Mangifera indica, Momordica charantia, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Pterocarpus, Tinospora cordifoli, Salvia officinalis, Panax, Cinnamomum verum, Abelmoschus moschatus, Vachellia nilotica, Achyranthes, Fabaceae, Mentha, Asphodelaceae, Andrographis paniculata L, Artemisia herba-alba, Artemisia dracunculus, Azadirachta indica, Caesalpinioideae, Pachira aquatic, Gongronema latifolium, Nigella Sativa, Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi), Chrysanthemum morifolium, Zingiber zerumbet, Symphytum, Cactaceae, Symplocos, Perilla frutescens, Terminalia chebula and Aloe vera are effective to control and treat diabetes. The names, families, and used parts of the medicinal plants are summarized in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. The mechanism of the effect of these drugs is shown in Tables 6 and 7.
4. DiscussionDiabetes is a condition that is characterized by high blood sugar levels. Millions of peopleworldwide are affected by the disease. Research on diabetes is ongoing. When a person develops
Moradi et al. Biomedical Research and Therapy 2018, 5(8): 2538-2551
diabetes, insulin deficiency or the body’s inability to consume it causes the sugar to remain inthe blood instead of reaching the cells and producing energy. This excess amount of sugar in theblood causes the blood sugar level to exceed normal level.
Before the discovery of insulin and hypoglycemic drugs, diabetic patients were treated withmedicinal plants and traditional treatments. So far, the positive effects of over 1200 herbal drugs inreducing blood glucose levels or the complications due to hyperglycemia have been established.Each plant may have its own effective component to reduce hyperglycemia. However, theseplants have been shown to possess antioxidant activities [15–20]. Oxidative stress is involvedin development of diabetes and a lot of other diseases [19–24]. Therefore, these plants, at least inpart, impose their anti-diabetic activities through this mechanism. Because oxidative stress is thecause of a wide variety of other disease and these plants have antioxidant activity, hence, theymay have beneficial effects on other diseases, too [25–29]. It is noteworthy that these plants dueto their antioxidant activities and other mechanisms are able to reduce the toxic effects of toxicagents or other drugs [30]. However, they themselves may have toxic effects and might be usedwith caution [31]. More importantly a lot of other plans have antioxidant capacity [32–34].
5. ConclusionsHence, these plants may also have anti-diabetic activities and/or can reduce diabetescomplications.
6. Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CCBY4.0) which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided theoriginal author(s) and the source are credited.
7. List of abbreviationsDiabetes: Diabetes mellitus
8. Competing interestsThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
9. Authors’ contributionsAll authors searched, studies, reviewed and contributed to the design of the research. All authorsreviewed, commented and approved the final draft.
10. AcknowledgmentsThe present study was supported by Lorestan University of Medical Sciences. We cordially thankof Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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