UNEP DTIE OzonAction Branch Compliance Assistance Programme The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer: Policy and Compliance Obligations ASHRAE Hellenic Chapter, the International Conference on Energy and Environment in Ships : Athens, Greece, May 22-24, 2015: Ms. Artie Dubrie: UNEP ROAP , Regional Network Coordinator- Pacific Islands Countries (PIC) UNEP ROAP
23
Embed
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone … · HCFC Phase-Out under the Montreal Protocol At the 20th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Virtually all of the 35,000 plus merchant ships worldwide larger than 500 gross tonnes (Hochhaus, 1998) have some on-board refrigeration system.
The majority of systems use HCFC-22
Worldwide there are about 1.3 million decked and about 1.0 million undecked, powered fishing vessels.
In 2001, more than 21,500 fishing vessels over 100 gross tonnes were recorded (FAO, 2002), with a slightly decreasing trend.
Vessels of that size are assumed to operate internationally and to be equipped with significant refrigeration equipment
It is assumed that 15% of the fleet have full size refrigeration systems, while the remaining fleet is assumed to be equipped with small refrigeration systems that have a filling mass of approximately 100 kg of refrigerant.
MAY 2014: MONTREAL PROTOCOL, REPORT OF THE TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT PANEL: VOLUME 4
10.1.3 Transport Refrigeration The equipment has to be able to carry
any one of a wide range of cargos with different temperature needs and often even different temperatures simultaneously in different compartments. At the same time acceleration and vibration has to be accommodated.
3.1.3 Transport refrigeration Vessels The majority of the existing
fleet (80%) use HCFC-22,
Refrigerant charges vary from less than 1 kg (refrigerated vans) to more than several kg (trucks, trailers and reefer containers) to 3,000 kg on board large fishing vessels (Schwarz et al., 2011).
Leakage rates are estimated at 20% for trucks/trailers, 30% for vans and up to 40% for fishing vessels (Schwarz et al., 2011).
All intermodal containers use hermetic or semi-hermetic systems, which have an estimated leakage rate below 5%.
Implications of HCFC phase-out on the Shipping/Fishing sector- time to act!
With the global phase-out of ODS, marine systems increasingly find it difficult to source HCFCs for servicing
This reduced availability of HCFC can result in illegal trade and/or supply of low quality and possible adulterated HCFCs which have great potential to damage the refrigeration systems and other environment and safety impacts
E.g reported cases of R40 accidents and resulted in deaths
this may also cause disruption in the value chain which depends on the cold chain
other social, economic and environment impacts related to the fishing industry
For example, for the Pacific islands, Fishery is the single largest economic sector. In 2013, the estimated catch was
2.62 million tonnes and valued at 6.3 Billions USD (FFA)
Counterfeit Refrigerants in Shipping Container Refrigeration Units
Refrigeration technicians working on reefer refrigeration units overseas were killed when the units exploded. Investigations have found that the usual refrigerant R134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) was replaced with a fake refrigerant mixture containing R40 (methyl chloride).
The aluminium components in the refrigeration units might have reacted with the R40, potentially forming trimethyl aluminium.
This hazardous substance emits white smoke and spontaneously burns upon contact with air.
R40 has been found in a number of reefer refrigeration units around the world. It is also possible that R40 may be present in imported refrigerant gas cylinders.
Suggestions for way forward Know your vessels refrigeration types,
age, supply sources and demand
Stakeholder consultation on the implications of the Montreal protocol implementation for the shipping, fisheries and aquaculture sectors (fishing, maritime, regional shipping/fishing bodies)
Assess the dependence on HCFCs and the implications on dependence on HCFC and conversion to other non ozone depleting gasses
Have agreed public/private sector mechanisms to address the HCFC supply and demand and recommend suitable alternatives
Address policy, legislation training, capacity needs for both developed and developing countries