The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Natural Activities Natural Activities Natural Activities Natural Activities Natural Activities Natural Activities Natural Activities Natural Activities 2.83/2.813 T. G. Gutowski
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The Mobilization of Materials by Human and Natural Activitiesweb.mit.edu/2.813/www/Class Slides 2008/Stocks Flows Cycles 2008.pdfOutline 1. Global Cycles; Stocks and Flows Ł carbon,
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The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of The Mobilization of Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and Materials by Human and
Periodic chart showing Human Periodic chart showing Human Periodic chart showing Human Periodic chart showing Human DominanceDominanceDominanceDominance
1A VIIIA1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
2 He
3 Li
4 Be
5 B
6 C
7 N
8 O
9 F
10 Ne
11 Na
12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB
13 Al
14 Si
15 P
16 S
17 Cl
18 Ar
19 K
20 Ca
21 Sc
22 Ti
23 V
24 Cr
25 Mn
26 Fe
27 Co
28 Ni
29 Cu
30 Zn
31 Ga
32 Ge
33 As
34 Se
35 Br
36 Kr
37 Rb
38 Sr
39 Y
40 Zr
41 Nb
42 Mo
43 Tc
44 Ru
45 Rh
46 Pd
47 Ag
48 Cd
49 ln
50 Sn
51 Sb
52 Te
53 I
54 Xe
55 Cs
56 Ba
57 La
72 Hf
73 Ta
74 W
75 Re
76 Os
77 Ir
78 Pt
79 Au
80 Hg
81 Ti
82 Pb
83 Bi
84 Po
85 At
86 Rn
87 Fr
88 Ra
89 Ac
58 Ce
59 Pr
60 Nd
61 Pm
62 Sm
63 Eu
64 Gd
65 Tb
66 Dy
67 Ho
68 Er
69 Tm
70 Yb
71 Lu
90 Th
91 Pa
92 U
Dominated (>50% of Mobilization)
Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization)
Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined
54/77 = 0.7 red or green
This is a first estimate
� �eat my dust�
� preliminary study
� ignores pathways, exposure, sensitivity
� doesn�t differentiate between the elements
� more study needed
� but this doesn�t look good (potential disruptions)
Methodology
� Estimated mobilization of total mass of
major categories
� Estimated elemental composition for each
category
Quantities Mobilized from Klee and Graedel
= 1.5 Gt/yr1,500 Tg/yrErosion to rivers
= 224.5 Gt/yr224,500 Tg/yrNPP
= 3.8 Gt/yr3,800 Tg/yrSea spray
= 8.6 Gt/yr8,600 Tg/yrBiomass burning
= 3.3 Gt/yr3,268 Tg/yrOil
= 4.7 Gt/yr4,741 Tg/yrCoal
Mass/yrMass/yrCategory
Composition
Element
Average Concentration in Coal in g/Mg *
Average Concentration in
Petroleum in g/Mg •
Average Concentration in Crust in g/Mg †
Average Concentration in
Seawater in g/Mg ‡
Average Concentration in Dry Plant Matter in g/Mg
§
2 He -- -- 0.003h 0.00001 --3 Li 20 -- 22 0.2 --4 Be 2.0 0.0004d 3.1 --5 B 50 0.2e 17 4.5 586 C 890000a 855000f 3240 28 478000i
7 N 5850a 10500f 83 150 250009 F 150 -- 611 1.3 --11 Na 400b 12 25670 10770 110012 Mg 700b 0.1d 13510 1290 625013 Al 11000b 0.5d 77440 0.002 500j
14 Si -- -- 303480 2.2 --15 P 150 -- 665 0.1 225016 S 13500a 10300f 953 905 200017 Cl 1000 10 640 19354 55019 K 1000b 4.9 28650 399 3250020 Ca 2300b 5.0d 29450 412 3000021 Sc 4.0 0.004 7.0 -- --22 Ti 600 0.1 3117 -- 1.0j
23 V 40 279 53 0.003 1.6j
Example: Mt Krakatoa
� Mt Krakatoa ejected nearly 20km3 into the air in 1883, almost total darkness in Jakarta, lowers earth�s temperature a few degrees for several years
� tsunami kills 36,000� child of Krakatowa
Mt Krakatoa*
1A VIIIA1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
2 He
3 Li
4 Be
5 B
6 C
7 N
8 O
9 F
10 Ne
11 Na
12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB
13 Al
14 Si
15 P
16 S
17 Cl
18 Ar
19 K
20 Ca
21 Sc
22 Ti
23 V
24 Cr
25 Mn
26 Fe
27 Co
28 Ni
29 Cu
30 Zn
31 Ga
32 Ge
33 As
34 Se
35 Br
36 Kr
37 Rb
38 Sr
39 Y
40 Zr
41 Nb
42 Mo
43 Tc
44 Ru
45 Rh
46 Pd
47 Ag
48 Cd
49 ln
50 Sn
51 Sb
52 Te
53 I
54 Xe
55 Cs
56 Ba
57 La
72 Hf
73 Ta
74 W
75 Re
76 Os
77 Ir
78 Pt
79 Au
80 Hg
81 Ti
82 Pb
83 Bi
84 Po
85 At
86 Rn
87 Fr
88 Ra
89 Ac
58 Ce
59 Pr
60 Nd
61 Pm
62 Sm
63 Eu
64 Gd
65 Tb
66 Dy
67 Ho
68 Er
69 Tm
70 Yb
71 Lu
90 Th
91 Pa
92 U
Dominated (>50% of Mobilization)
Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization)
Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined
Mining data from USGSAluminum Production
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050
year
met
ric to
ns
Primary production
SecondaryproductionApparentconsumptionWorld production
Natural Mobilization By SourceNatural Mobilization By SourceNatural Mobilization By SourceNatural Mobilization By Source
1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
2 He
3 Li
4 Be
5 B
6 C
7 N
8 O
9 F
10 Ne
11 Na
12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB
13 Al
14 Si
15 P
16 S
17 Cl
18 Ar
19 K
20 Ca
21 Sc
22 Ti
23 V
24 Cr
25 Mn
26 Fe
27 Co
28 Ni
29 Cu
30 Zn
31 Ga
32 Ge
33 As
34 Se
35 Br
36 Kr
37 Rb
38 Sr
39 Y
40 Zr
41 Nb
42 Mo
43 Tc
44 Ru
45 Rh
46 Pd
47 Ag
48 Cd
49 ln
50 Sn
51 Sb
52 Te
53 I
54 Xe
55 Cs
56 Ba
57 La
72 Hf
73 Ta
74 W
75 Re
76 Os
77 Ir
78 Pt
79 Au
80 Hg
81 Ti
82 Pb
83 Bi
84 Po
85 At
86 Rn
87 Fr
88 Ra
89 Ac
58 Ce
59 Pr
60 Nd
61 Pm
62 Sm
63 Eu
64 Gd
65 Tb
66 Dy
67 Ho
68 Er
69 Tm
70 Yb
71 Lu
90 Th
91 Pa
92 U
Crustal weathering Seaspray Plant primary production Undetermined
Elements Dominated by Natural Elements Dominated by Natural Elements Dominated by Natural Elements Dominated by Natural MobilizationMobilizationMobilizationMobilization
1A VIIIA1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
2 He
3 Li
4 Be
5 B
6 C
7 N
8 O
9 F
10 Ne
11 Na
12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB
13 Al
14 Si
15 P
16 S
17 Cl
18 Ar
19 K
20 Ca
21 Sc
22 Ti
23 V
24 Cr
25 Mn
26 Fe
27 Co
28 Ni
29 Cu
30 Zn
31 Ga
32 Ge
33 As
34 Se
35 Br
36 Kr
37 Rb
38 Sr
39 Y
40 Zr
41 Nb
42 Mo
43 Tc
44 Ru
45 Rh
46 Pd
47 Ag
48 Cd
49 ln
50 Sn
51 Sb
52 Te
53 I
54 Xe
55 Cs
56 Ba
57 La
72 Hf
73 Ta
74 W
75 Re
76 Os
77 Ir
78 Pt
79 Au
80 Hg
81 Ti
82 Pb
83 Bi
84 Po
85 At
86 Rn
87 Fr
88 Ra
89 Ac
58 Ce
59 Pr
60 Nd
61 Pm
62 Sm
63 Eu
64 Gd
65 Tb
66 Dy
67 Ho
68 Er
69 Tm
70 Yb
71 Lu
90 Th
91 Pa
92 U
*crustal weathering accounts for more mobilization of brown colored elements than seaspray and plant primary production combined (similarly seaspray and plant primary production dominate for blue and green colored elements respectfully).
Crustal weathering* Seaspray Plant primary production Anthropogenic dominates or undetermined
TRI list of 517 toxic chemicals
0 0 On-site Disposa 0 0 0 Other On-site D 0Row # Chemical Class I Wells RCRA Subtitle Other On-Site LSub Total Fugitive Air Em Point Source Air