The mini ecological park was constructed by the eco

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CONTENTS

Project Brief 1

Page

1. Introduction. 1-4

1.1. Study area.

1.2. Objectives of the Present Study.

1.3. Methodology of the Present Study.

2

4

4

2. Indigenous Medicinal Plants of Manipur. 5-7

1.1. Rare and Endangered Medicinal Plants of Manipur.

1.2. Significance of Indigenous Medicinal Plants as Folk Medicine of

Manipur.

1.3. Need for Conservation of Medicinal Plants of Manipur.

5

7

7

3. Identification of Medicinal Plants: Their Uses and Economic Valuation, 8-26

1.1. Fruit-bearing Medicinal Plants.

1.2. Herbs.

1.3. Shrubs.

8-18

19-22

23-26

4. Summary and Conclusion 27-29

Appendix

References.

28

29

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PROJECT BRIEF

1. Title of the Project : ‘’Economic Valuation of Medicinal Plants of

Manipur. A Case Study of Mini Ecological Park

and Eco-Garden, W. Manihar Memorial, Nambol

Higher Secondary School, Nambol’’

2. Principal Investigator and Address : Dr. Arambam Sanatomba Singh,

Teacher-in –Charge W.Manihar Memorial

Nambol, Hr. Secondary, Nambol,

Bishnupur District, Manipur: 795134

3. Investigation Team: :

SL. No. Name of the Students Designation Classes Stream Roll No.

1. Sh.Santosh Singh, Team Leader XI SC 25

2. A. Premkumar Meitei Co-Team Leader IX SC 37

3. O. Susilkumar Singh Co-Team Leader IX ARTS 23

4. O. Premjit singh Co-Team Leader IX ARTS 37

5. Ch. Indrakumar Singh Co-Team Leader XI SC 97

6. R.K. Yaikhomba Singh Co-Team Leader IX SC 113

7. Kh. Ajoy Singh Co-Team Leader IX SC 16

8. I. Bandana Devi Co-Team Leader IX ARTS 35

4. Duration of the project : One year (The 31st December, 2011 to 31st Dec. 2012)

5. Date of submission : 31st December 2012

4

CHAPTER - 1

Introduction:

Manipur State is a tiny hilly State which falls in the North East Region of India. It is

one of the 12 mega biodiversity rich zones of the world and forms a distinct part of Indo-

Myanmar hotspot that ranks the 6th among the 34 biodiversity hotspots. The State is

involved with a vast forest cover of 17,090 sq.km which is 76.54% of the State’s total

geographical area of 22,327 sq.km. In terms of forest canopy density classes, the State

have 730 sq.km areas under very dense forest, 6,151sq.km area under open forests (GOI:

India State of Forest Report 2011, p.177). The State has ten forest types as per Champion

7 Seth Classification System (1968) belonging to forest type groups, via. Tropical Semi-

Evergreen, Tropical Moist Deciduous, Sub-Tropical Broad leaved Hill, Sub-Tropical Pine

and Montane Wet Temperate Forests. In these forest areas a large number of varieties of

medicinal plants including fruit-bearing trees, grasses, herbs and shrubs grown

abundantly. Many of the ethnic people and tribal living in the remote forest areas used a

variety of indigenous medicinal plants as their folk medicine since time immemorial. The

indigenous medicinal plants of Manipur play a vital role in making of traditional remedies

of various diseases in the absence of medical facilities specially in the remote rural areas.

So far, about 1200 medicinal plants have been reported by S.C. Sinha (1996) and

local medicinal user about 430 species and animals including birds, fisher, insects, etc.

have been reported and used by Maibas-Maibis in making traditional remedies used by

them for treatment of patients.

1.1 Study Area:

The study area of the present study is in and around the Mini Ecological Park and Eco-

Garden which were set up as a Project Activity of the W. Maihar Memorial

This Mini Ecological Park was constructed by the Team on 21st January, 2005 with

the objective of conserving local flora and fauna. This Mini Ecological Park though very

small hosts a variety of Medicinal plants and local flora. This park is serving as a facility

for the teachers to teach students about the local flora, their utilities as traditional folk

5

medicine and its economic importance and conservation linked to their curriculum. But this

Mini Ecological Park was underwent beneath the newly constructed three storied school

building sponsored by the Department of School Education in the year 2007 in order to

bring about the school to the status of a model School. The present Mini Ecological Park

was reconstructed simultaneously with one Eco-Garden where the various medicinal plants

and local flora were replanted in the year 2008. Now the School has a full fledge Mini

Ecological Park spreading over an area of 40,000 square feet and a small Eco-Garden

spreading over an area of 1932 square feet. With a concerted effort the Team planted a

variety of medicinal plants, fruit-bearing trees, various local seasonal flowering plants.

Now these Mini Ecological Park and Eco-Garden became a centre to teach students about

the importance and uses of medicinal plants to the students and their role in conservation

linked to their curriculum. With this end in view, these Mini Ecological Park and Eco-

Garden are chosen as study area of the present study.

6

1.2 Objectives of the Present Study:

The present study is based on the following objectives:-

(i) To make aware the student about the importance of the medicinal plants and the

need for conservation;

(ii) To identify the different uses of medicinal plants growing inside the Mini

Ecological Park and Eco-Garden and to understand their medicinal value; and

(iii) To make an assessment of economic valuation of various indigenous medicinal

plants grown in and around the Mini Ecological Park and Eco-Garden.

1.3. Methodology of the present study:

The presents study is based on the following methodology:

(i) Identification and the selection of medicinal plants which were commonly used by

the local people as folk medicine;

(ii) Documentation of information about the local name, English name, scientific

name, part of the plant use, name of disease to be treated, how the part is used

and finally the economic valuation based on the prevailing market price.

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CHAPTER-2

INDIGENOUS MEDICINAL PLANTS OF MANIPUR:

2.1. Rare and Endangered Species of Medicinal Plants:

A variety of indigenous medicinal plants are grown in all the four valley and five hill

districts of Manipur. The distribution of some of the important indigenous medicinal plants

of Manipur are given below:

SL. No.

Scientific Name Local Name Family Name of District Where Grown

Parts Used for Medical Treatment

1. Acacia Catechu wild Kabo katha Leguminoseae Hilly dist. Bark. Wood Deposits

2. Aconitum heterophyllum wall.

Atis, Bih Ranunculacae Tamenglong Dist.

Root

3. Acorus Calamus Linn.

Ok-hidak Araceae Valley Dist. Leaf Root

4. Adinatum Venastum G. Don.

Laichang Khenun

Araceae Chandel Dist. Whole plant

5. Aloe barbadensis Mill

Ghritakumar Liliaceae Vallley Dist. Leaves

6. Ananas Cosmosus Mill

Kekru Bromeliaceae All Dist. Fruit

7. Aquillaria agallocha Roxb.

Agar Thymalaceae Chandel, CCpur Dist.

Wood

8. Bamboo species Waa Poaceae All Dist. Youg shoot 9. Chinamomum Spp. Louraceae Hill Dist. Leaf bark 10. Clerodendrum Spp. Verbanaceae All Dist. Leaf 11. Coptisteeta wall Teeta Pananculaceae Senapati,

Ukhrul, Tamenglong

12. Costus speciosus Sm. Okchak-khombi

Zinziberaceae All Dist. Rhizome

13. Dioscorea ssp. Haa Dioscorceae All Dist. Tuber 14. Euphorbia spp. Euphorbiaceae All Dist. Leaf. Fruit 15. Eurayle ferox Salisb Thangjing Nympheaceae Valley Dist. Fruit 16. Goniothalanus

Sesquipedalis Hook & Thomas

Leikham Annonaceae Hill & Valley Dist.

Leaves

17. Hedyotis auricular linn

Rubiaceae All Dist

18. Kaempferia rotunda linn

Yai-thamna manbi

Zinziberaceae Snapati Dist Rhyzome

19. Lemania australis Nungsham Rhodophyceae Chandel Dist. Whole plant

8

SL. No.



20. Lisea cebifera ers. Thang-Hidak Louraceae All Dist. Leaf, fruit 21. Melanorrhoea Usitata

wall Khe-U Myrtacceae Chandel Dist Bark

22. Melothria Maderaspatana (Linn) Cogn.

Lam-thabi Cucurbitaceae All Dist. Whole plant

23. Meyna Spiniosa Robyns

Heibi Rubiaceae All Dist Leaf, fruit

24. Mohonia U-napu Paplionaceae Hill Dist. Bark 25. Panax Pseudoginseng

wall Ginseng Araceae Ukhrul, Senapati Root

26. Picorhza Kurroa Benth

Kutki Scrophulariaceae Ukhrul, Senapati Dist

Rhizone

27. Piper longam linn. Piperaceae Tamenglong, Chandel, Ukhrl, Senapati, CCpur Dist.

28. Pleetranthus ternifolia D. Don

Khoiju Lamiaceae Hill & Valley Dist.

Leaves, Inflorescence

29. Podophyllum hexandrum Royle

Berbcridaceae Ukhrul, Senapati Dist.

Rhizome

30. Rauvolfia serpentine Benth.ex.Kurz.

Sarpagandha Apocynaceae Tamenglong, Senapati, Ukhrul Dist.

Root

31. Rheum emodi wall. Revatchini Polygonaceae Senapati, Ukhrul, Chandel Dist.

Rhizome

32. Rhododendron arboretum S.

- Ericaceae Senapati, Ukhrul Dist.

Young leaves, petals

33. Santalum album linn. Cha Chandon Santalaceae Valley and Hill Dists.

Wood

34. Smilex aspera linn. Kwa-manbi Liliaceae Chandel, tamenglong, Senapati, C.C. pur, Thoubal, Imphal Dist.

-

35. Strychnoxnus vomica linn.

Kuchila Loganiaceae Hil Dist. Leaf, Bark, Root.

36. Swetia Chirata Buch Chireta Gentinanceae Ukhrul, Tamenglong, Chandel, Imphal Dist.

37. Taxus baccata linn. Taxus Teepi Taxaceae Ukhril dist. Bark. Leaf, fruit

38. T. Chebula Retz. Manahi Combretaceae All Dist. Fruit

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SL. No.



39. Thalictrum foliolosum DC.

Umang peruk Ranun cilaceae Senapati, Ukhrul Dist.

Root

40. Tinospora Cordifolia (wild) Miers

Ningthou Khongli

Menispermaceae All Dsit. Stem, Bark

41. Zanthxylum alatum Roxb

Mukthrubi All Dist Leaf, fruit

42. Zizania Latifolia Griseb. Turcz

Ishing-Kangbong

Poaceae Valley Dist. Gall

2.2 Significance of Indigenous Plants as Folk Medicine:

In the State of Manipur only 20% of the total population who are resided in the

urban area are getting medical facilities whereas the rest 80% those who are resided in the

interior hilly and rural areas are still following the Traditional System of Medicines (TSM)

prepared by the Maibas (Male-healers) and Maibis (Female-healers). Local people both in

rural as well as in urban areas used medicinal plants for treatment of various diseases over

and above the folk medicine prepared by the Maibas-Maibis. These people not only used

medicinal plants but also animal organs and inorganic materials like ores, crystals etc. This

folk heath practices has been carried forward by word of mouth transferring from one

generation to another since time immemorial by the people of Manipur. This practice has

been continued and still in vogue. Thus medicinal plants have a great significance in health

care as well as the economic upliftment of the rural people of Manipur.

2.3 Need for Conservation of Indigenous Medicinal plants of Manipur.

More than 70% of the total population of the State depends on folk medicine of

Manipur still today despite the medical facilities provided. Due to increasing use of folk

medicine by the local people as well as the traditional healer by the Maibas-Maibis, there

has been rapid decrease in the growth of indigenous medicinal plants of Manipur. It has

also reported that some business man not only exploited the medicinal plants but also

exported to outside State. This will also impacted on the growth of medicinal plants of

Manipur. There is also lack of awareness among the local people about conservation

methods and Agro-tech of plantation of such a valuable medicinal plants of Manipur. Most

of the users overexploited the medicinal plants recklessly without regeneration. Some of

the rare and endangered medicinal plants found in Manipur are under the red list. Hence it

10

is a dire necessity to conserve the existing indigenous medicinal plants by way of

plantation for the future regeneration.

CHAPTER-3

Identification of Medicinal Plants: Their Uses and Economic Valuation

3.1. Fruit Bearing Trees:

The following are the commonly used medicinal Plants identified for the present study:

Sl. No. Details of Medicinal Plants and Used Folk Medicine

1. Local Name/Regional name in

Manipuri

: Ashok

2. Common/English Name : Ashoka Tree

3. Scientific Name : Saraca indica

4. Part of the plant used : Bark, Flower

5. Name of the disease to be

treated

: Dysentery, Diabetes, lekcorrhoea, internal

haemorhoides, blod dysentery,

gynoocological complaint.

6. Economic valuation : Rs. 50-100 per kg.

Saraca Ashoka (Ashoka tree)

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Photograph of Medicinal plants:

Sl. No. Details of Medicinal Plants and Used Folk Medicine 1. Local Name/Regional name in

Manipuri : Bokul

2. Common/English Name : Spanish Cherry 3. Scientific Name : Mimusops Elengi linn 4. Part of the plant used : Bark, Leaf and Seeds 5. Name of the disease to be

treated : Dysentery, Constipation.

6. Economic valuation : Freely used by local people grown in their own homestead.

Mimusops elengi linn (Bokul)

12


Manipuri : Heijang

2. Common/English Name : Lemon 3. Scientific Name : Citrus medica linn 4. Part of the plant used : Cover of fruit and fruit juice for making lemon

oil, citric acide, Peeten, squash, lemonade. 5. Name of the disease to be

treated : Management of Constipation.

6. Economic valuation : Rs. 80- 120 per Kg. (fruit)

Citrus medica linn (Heijang)

13


Manipuri : Heikru

2. Common/English Name : Indian goose berry 3. Scientific Name : Phyllanthus emblica linn. 4. Part of the plant used : Fruit juice. 5. Name of the disease to be

treated : Dysentery, diarrhoea, haemorrage, annema,

jaundice, Cough, bronchitis and eye disease 6. Economic valuation : Rs. 50- 100 per kg. (fruit)

Indian goose berry (Heikru)

14


Manipuri : Yongchak

2. Common/English Name : Tree bean 3. Scientific Name : Parkia Roxburghii 4. Part of the plant used : i. Pods are used in bleeding piles.

ii. Bark extract given in diaarrhoea and dysentery. iii. Pods and seeds in stomach disorders. iv. Bark and leaves used for making lotion applied to sores and skin affections.

5. Name of the disease to be treated

: diaarrhoea and dysentery, stomach disorders and sores and skin affections


Parkia Roxburghii (Yongchak)

15


Manipuri : Heiri Khagok

2. Common/English Name : Bael tree 3. Scientific Name : Aegle marmelos (L) Cors 4. Part of the plant used : i. Pulp of roasted green and ripe fruit used in

chronic stomach disorders. ii. fruit is laxative , astringent, digestive and stomachic. iii. Tender leaves are eaten to check diabetes.


: chronic stomach disorders, digestive and stomachic, diabetes.


Aegle marmelos (L) Cors (Heiri Khagok)

16


Manipuri : Heirangkhoi

2. Common/English Name : 3. Scientific Name : Amoora rohitka W & Arn. 4. Part of the plant used : Bark is astringent used in Spleen, lives diseases

and abdominal complaints. 5. Name of the disease to be

treated : Spleen, lives diseases and abdominal complaints.


Amoora rohitka W & Arn. (Heirangkhoi)

17


Manipuri : Neem

2. Common/English Name : Margosa tree 3. Scientific Name : Azadirachta indica A. juss 4. Part of the plant used : i. leave are antiviral, used in pox.

ii. seed oil applied to skin diseases. iii. leaves boiled or fried used as antidotes to stomach diseases.


: pox , skin diseases, stomach diseases

6. Economic valuation : Rs. 100- 200 per Kg. (leaves)

Azadirachta indica A. juss (Neem)

18


Manipuri : Gihori

2. Common/English Name : Star goose bery 3. Scientific Name : Phyllanthus acidus (L) skeen 4. Part of the plant used : i. leave are edible.

ii. Bark is used as tan. 5. Name of the disease to be

treated :


Phyllanthus acidus (L) skeen (Gihori)

19


Manipuri : Mange

2. Common/English Name : Tamarindus indica linn 3. Scientific Name : Tamarind 4. Part of the plant used : i. Roasted pulp of unripe fruit applied to swelling

due to sprain. ii. pulp mixed with water used in caugh and cold iii. pulp with banana and milk given in dysentery.


: caugh and cold, dysentery

6. Economic valuation : Rs. 70- 80 per Kg. (roasted fruit)

Tamarindus indica linn (Mange)

20


Manipuri : Chorphon

2. Common/English Name : Olive 3. Scientific Name : Elaeocarpus Floribundus Blume 4. Part of the plant used : i. Fruits are antiseptic.

ii. Infusion of bark and leaves are used as mouth wash in inflamed gum.


: inflamed gum.


Elaeocarpus Floribundus Blume (Chorphon)

21

3.2. Herbs: Various types of herbs are grown abundantly inside the Mini Ecological Park and Eco-Garden. Some of the commonly used herbs are given in following photograph:


Manipuri : Ghritakumar

2. Common/English Name : Indian aloe 3. Scientific Name : Aloe barbadensis Mill 4. Part of the plant used : i. Leaf extract mixed with sugar is given in

dysentery. ii. fresh juice is cooling and useful in fever, spleen and liver diseases. iii. Pulp of leaves applied to boils.


: Dysentery and liver diseases

6. Economic valuation : Rs. 5- 10 per plant.

Aloe barbadensis Mill (Ghritakumar)

22


Manipuri : Khujang

2. Common/English Name : Balsam 3. Scientific Name : Impatiens balsamina linn 4. Part of the plant used : i. Flower are tonic and applied to burns and stop

bleeding in the broken claws. 5. Name of the disease to be

treated :

6. Economic valuation : Rs. 100- 200 per Kg. (flower)

Impatiens balsamina linn (Khujang)

23


Manipuri : Kihom

2. Common/English Name : Pineapple 3. Scientific Name : Ananus comosus (L) Merr 4. Part of the plant used : i. Smashed tender leaf portion and extract Mixed

with sugar or honey used for eradication of worms.


: Worms.


Ananus comosus (L) Merr. (Kihom)

24


Manipuri : Yai-ngang

2. Common/English Name : Turmeric 3. Scientific Name : Curcuma caesia Roxb.

4. Part of the plant used : i. Rhizomes are aromatic tonic, stimulant, blood

purifier, carminative, externally applied to sprains and wounds. ii. Fresh juice used as antiparasitic for skin affections. iii. pulp with banana and milk given in dysentery.


: Skin diseases

6. Economic valuation : Rs. 90- 120 per Kg. (powder of Rhizomes)

Curcuma caesia Roxb. (Yai-ngang)

25

3.3. Shrubs:

The following photographs are the important shrubs found inside the Mini Ecological Park & Eco-garden


Manipuri : Thaballei

2. Common/English Name : Ningh Jesmin 3. Scientific Name : Cestrum novturnum linn. 4. Part of the plant used : i. Grows as an ornamental for its pragrant flower 5. Name of the disease to be

treated :

6. Economic valuation : Rs. 100- 200 per Kg. (Flower)

Cestrum novturnum linn. (Thaballei)

26


Manipuri : Tulasi

2. Common/English Name : Holy basil 3. Scientific Name : Ocinum sanctum.

4. Part of the plant used : i. Fresh juice mixed with honeyis used for

management of fever for infants. 5. Name of the disease to be

treated : Fever

6. Economic valuation : Leaves are grown in the home stead and freely used. The dried branches are used for local jewellary (wooden) Rs. 1000-1200 per kg. (Dried branches)

Ocinum sanctum. (Tulasi)

27


Manipuri : Nungshi-hidak

2. Common/English Name : Mint 3. Scientific Name : Mentha arvensis. 4. Part of the plant used : i. Leaves and stem. 5. Name of the disease to be

treated : diarrhoea


Mentha arvensis. (Nungshi-hidak)

28


Manipuri : Phakpai

2. Common/English Name : Smart weed 3. Scientific Name : Polygonum odorratum 4. Part of the plant used : i. Leaves are edible and used for prevention of BP

stroke 5. Name of the disease to be

treated :


Polygonum odorratum (Phakpai)

29

CHAPTER-4

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:

The wealth of medicinal plants forms an important asset in the flora of the State of

Manipur. So far, about 1200 medicinal plants have been reported by S.C. Sinha (1996) and

local medicinal uses about 430 species have been noted. There are about 80 species of

medicinal plants which are growing inside the Mini Ecological Park and Eco-Garden of the

W. Manihar Memorial, Nambol Higher Secondary School. Of which 30 commonly used

medicinal plants were identified and under the present study. The present study made an

assessment of the selected medicinal plants about their local regional names and scientific

names, part of the plant used, effected the curing which disease and finally estimated the

economic valuation. This study will provide an important source of information about the

economic utilities of medicinal plants of Manipur. The study also observed that there is

need for further study about the economic valuation of the medicinal plants and it is also

imperative to make aware the local people to understand the indispensable role played by

the medicinal plants as an important source of folk medicine. In order to conserve such a

valuable medicinal plants, it is a dire necessity to know the agro-tech for regeneration of

medicinal plants. In this regard the Institute of Bio resources and Sustainable Development,

(IBSD), Imphal and Manipur State Medicinal Plant Board will extend their help. Those

who are keen interest in Medicinal Plants may collect information about the agro-tech from

the Facilitation Centre of the (IBSD), Imphal.

30

APPENDIX-I

Some Common Income Generating Medicinal Plants of Manipur.

Sl. No.

Name of Species Area (Hect.)

Quantity (kg.) Amounts (Rs.)

1. Cephaelis Ipecacuanha 5 Root=400 2,00,000/-

2. Rauwolfia Canescens 15 Root=1010

Stem=1010

2,16,000/-

3. Dioscorea Species 2 Tuber=8000 80,000/-

4. Costus Speciosus 1 Rhizome=2000 6, 000/-

5. Emblica Officinalis 4 Fruit=24000 6, 000/-

6. Terminalia Citrina 4 Fruit=8000 40, 000/-

7. Terminalia Beleriana 4 Fruit=16000 64, 000/-

8. Hydnocarpus Kurzil 2 Fruit=16000 80, 000/-

9. Mentha Arvensis 1 Plant wt=1200 12, 000/-

Total 7,70, 000/-

31

REFERENCES:

GOM (2011) : Local Health Tradition of Manipur, Manipur Biodiversity Board,

Imphal.

GOI (2010) : Young in Green Action: Inspiration Stories from the National

Green Corps.

GOI (2011) : India State of Forests 2011, Ministry of Environment and Forest,

New Delhi.

H.B. Sigh etal : Herbal Medicine of Manipur

P.K. Sinha (2013) : Indigenous Medicinal plants of Manipur with Biotechnological

Significance, paper read in the Two-Days Workshop Cum

Outreach Programme on Biotechnological Potential Nutritional

significance of small Indigenous Fishes and Medicinal Plants of

Manipur on 6th to 7th March, 2013.

S.C. Sinha (1996) : Medicinal plants of Manipur

The mini ecological park was constructed by the eco

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