The Middle Ages in Europe Building Nation States.

The Middle Ages in EuropeThe Middle Ages in Europe

Building Nation StatesBuilding Nation States

The Holy Roman EmpireThe Holy Roman Empire

After Charlemagne’s death, his After Charlemagne’s death, his kingdom was divided among his kingdom was divided among his three sons. The western part three sons. The western part developed into one nation – France. developed into one nation – France. The eastern parts began to break The eastern parts began to break down into many smaller parts – down into many smaller parts – although they technically remained although they technically remained part of the Holy Roman Empire.part of the Holy Roman Empire.

The Holy Roman Emperors eventually The Holy Roman Emperors eventually were elected to the office by the heads were elected to the office by the heads of the smaller realms that made up the of the smaller realms that made up the Holy Roman Empire. This often meant Holy Roman Empire. This often meant that the Holy Roman Emperors were that the Holy Roman Emperors were weak and much of the real power lay in weak and much of the real power lay in the hands of the princes who elected the hands of the princes who elected him.him.

The Catholic Church: Religion or PoliticsThe Catholic Church: Religion or Politics

As the government entities known As the government entities known as kingdoms developed in Europe, as kingdoms developed in Europe, the power of their monarchs the power of their monarchs began to come into conflict with began to come into conflict with the power of the Church.the power of the Church.

Pope Gregory IV tried to remove Pope Gregory IV tried to remove the influence of feudal lords from the influence of feudal lords from the Church and the priesthood.the Church and the priesthood.

Henry IV – Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV – Holy Roman Emperor was excommunicated by Gregory was excommunicated by Gregory IV over the question of IV over the question of INVESTITURE. Henry IV later INVESTITURE. Henry IV later humbled himself in the snow humbled himself in the snow before the pope.before the pope.

THIS CONFLICT BETWEEN THE THIS CONFLICT BETWEEN THE PAPACY AND MOPNARCHS WILL PAPACY AND MOPNARCHS WILL LEAD TO THE BABYLONIAN LEAD TO THE BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY, GREAT SCHISM, AND CAPTIVITY, GREAT SCHISM, AND THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION.THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION.

By the 1400s, the Holy Roman By the 1400s, the Holy Roman Emperors were traditionally elected Emperors were traditionally elected from the HABSBURG family that from the HABSBURG family that controlled Austria.controlled Austria.

The Development of France in the The Development of France in the Middle AgesMiddle Ages

France began as a kingdom when France began as a kingdom when Charlemagne’s grandsons divided his lands Charlemagne’s grandsons divided his lands into three parts – the western part became into three parts – the western part became France.France.

987 A.D. – HUGH CAPET elected by the 987 A.D. – HUGH CAPET elected by the French nobles to be king. He is often French nobles to be king. He is often recognized as the first truly French king. For recognized as the first truly French king. For many centuries, the French monarchs were many centuries, the French monarchs were very weak. Usually, their own vassals were very weak. Usually, their own vassals were stronger than they.stronger than they.

The Hundred Years WarThe Hundred Years War

Starting in the later 1300s, the Starting in the later 1300s, the English and French fought in France English and French fought in France for nearly one hundred years. The for nearly one hundred years. The English kings wanted to take greater English kings wanted to take greater control of France The English kings control of France The English kings owned large sections of France – and owned large sections of France – and were in theory the vassals of the were in theory the vassals of the French king.French king.

Joan of ArcJoan of Arc

Jeanne d’Arc (JOAN OF ARC) “the Jeanne d’Arc (JOAN OF ARC) “the Maid of Orleans” – French peasant Maid of Orleans” – French peasant girl who said that holy voices told her girl who said that holy voices told her to save France. She did lead French to save France. She did lead French armies to victory. She was armies to victory. She was eventually captured by the English eventually captured by the English and burned to death.and burned to death.

The Development of England The Development of England during the Middle Agesduring the Middle Ages

The Romans under Julius Caesar first The Romans under Julius Caesar first invaded the island today known as invaded the island today known as Great Britain. The Romans faced Great Britain. The Romans faced fierce resistance – but eventually fierce resistance – but eventually established the southern part of the established the southern part of the island as part of the Roman Empire.island as part of the Roman Empire.

About 60 A.D., the native Britains About 60 A.D., the native Britains rallied around their warrior queen – rallied around their warrior queen – BOUDICCA.BOUDICCA.

While she was eventually defeated, While she was eventually defeated, her heroism and defiance against the her heroism and defiance against the Romans is still legendary.Romans is still legendary.

BoudiccaBoudicca

In order to help defend Roman Britain In order to help defend Roman Britain from the people in the north – known as from the people in the north – known as the Picts (ancestors of today’s Scottish), the Picts (ancestors of today’s Scottish), the Roman Emperor Hadrian ordered a the Roman Emperor Hadrian ordered a massive defensive wall built across the massive defensive wall built across the island. Similar to the ancient Wall of island. Similar to the ancient Wall of China, it provided limited defense and China, it provided limited defense and required the use of thousands of Roman required the use of thousands of Roman soldiers to man the wall’s defenses.soldiers to man the wall’s defenses.

The Romans brought Roman culture The Romans brought Roman culture to Britain – giving the capital it’s to Britain – giving the capital it’s name of Londinium.name of Londinium.

Roman civilization can still be seen in Roman civilization can still be seen in the city of Bath – named by the the city of Bath – named by the Romans because of the geothermic Romans because of the geothermic waters there that the Romans used waters there that the Romans used for building formal baths.for building formal baths.

Great Britain – an island of invasionGreat Britain – an island of invasion

Until 1066, the southern part of the Until 1066, the southern part of the island of Great Britain was island of Great Britain was continually invaded, conquered, and continually invaded, conquered, and settled by different European settled by different European peoples. Each group brought with it peoples. Each group brought with it a different culture and language that a different culture and language that has been incorporated into what has been incorporated into what today call English.today call English.

Some of the invaders and conquerors Some of the invaders and conquerors were:were: CeltsCelts RomansRomans AnglesAngles SaxonsSaxons VikingsVikings Normans – from Normandy in FranceNormans – from Normandy in France

The uniqueness of the English The uniqueness of the English language today comes in part language today comes in part because of the many languages that because of the many languages that combined with the language of the combined with the language of the native Britains over the centuries to native Britains over the centuries to make English.make English.

The Anglo-Saxon rulers of Britain The Anglo-Saxon rulers of Britain developed the southern part of the island developed the southern part of the island into the “land of the Angles” or into the “land of the Angles” or ENGLAND.ENGLAND.

In the early Middle Ages – pre 1066, they In the early Middle Ages – pre 1066, they were plagued by invasions and raids by were plagued by invasions and raids by the Vikings from Scandinavia. To the the Vikings from Scandinavia. To the English – the Vikings were feared above English – the Vikings were feared above all.all.

The Norman Invasion of EnglandThe Norman Invasion of England

In 1066, England was ruled by the Anglo-In 1066, England was ruled by the Anglo-Saxon king EDWARD THE CONFESSOR. Saxon king EDWARD THE CONFESSOR. When he died that year, his relative When he died that year, his relative HAROLD became king.HAROLD became king.

Harold quickly became involved in fighting Harold quickly became involved in fighting new and fearsome invasions by the Vikings.new and fearsome invasions by the Vikings.

Harold also had reason to fear across the Harold also had reason to fear across the English Channel in the French region of English Channel in the French region of Normandy.Normandy.

Bayeux TapestryBayeux Tapestry

Tomb of Edward the Confessor in Westminster AbbeyTomb of Edward the Confessor in Westminster Abbey

The Normans were ruled by Duke William of The Normans were ruled by Duke William of Normandy. He claimed that the dead Edward Normandy. He claimed that the dead Edward the Confessor had promised the throne of the Confessor had promised the throne of England to him. In 1066, William sailed with England to him. In 1066, William sailed with thousands of soldiers and Norman nobles. thousands of soldiers and Norman nobles. They invaded England to take the throne They invaded England to take the throne from Harold. Harold’s troops were exhausted from Harold. Harold’s troops were exhausted from just having defeated the Vikings – and from just having defeated the Vikings – and they were defeated by the Normans at the they were defeated by the Normans at the BATTLE OF HASTINGS in 1066.BATTLE OF HASTINGS in 1066.

William the Conqueror – William I of EnglandWilliam the Conqueror – William I of England

The Normans established a kingdom in The Normans established a kingdom in England that continues today with England that continues today with William the Conqueror’s descendant – William the Conqueror’s descendant – Elizabeth II.Elizabeth II.

The Normans brought French language, The Normans brought French language, culture, and legal system to England. culture, and legal system to England. For many generations the Normans and For many generations the Normans and Anglo-Saxons of England struggled for Anglo-Saxons of England struggled for power and to live together.power and to live together.

Elizabeth II – Elizabeth II – descendant of descendant of William the William the ConquerorConqueror

William the Conqueror united England William the Conqueror united England under his control. He used military under his control. He used military force and bureaucracy.force and bureaucracy. He built many castles throughout the He built many castles throughout the

kingdom for his forces to rule from – such kingdom for his forces to rule from – such as the Tower of London and Windsor Castle.as the Tower of London and Windsor Castle.

He established the DOMESDAY BOOK which He established the DOMESDAY BOOK which was a bureaucratic survey of the kingdom.was a bureaucratic survey of the kingdom.

William IWilliam I tombtomb

Tower of LondonTower of London

Windsor CastleWindsor Castle

Development of RightsDevelopment of Rights

The English nobles and people The English nobles and people always resisted a monarchy with always resisted a monarchy with unlimited power.unlimited power.

COMMON LAW – Henry II established COMMON LAW – Henry II established traveling judges who went traveling judges who went throughout England ensuring that the throughout England ensuring that the law was the same everywhere – for law was the same everywhere – for the wealthy and the common peoplethe wealthy and the common people

1215 – the nobles feared that King John 1215 – the nobles feared that King John had too much power. They forced him to had too much power. They forced him to sign the MAGNA CARTA – or Great sign the MAGNA CARTA – or Great Charter. This was the king’s recognition Charter. This was the king’s recognition that the nobles had rights he could not that the nobles had rights he could not trample upon. These were not rights for trample upon. These were not rights for the common people – but it is seen as the common people – but it is seen as the beginning of a government that the beginning of a government that recognized its own limits to power.recognized its own limits to power.

Magna CartaMagna Carta

Tomb of King JohnTomb of King John

The nobles and wealthy people of The nobles and wealthy people of England developed an assembly to England developed an assembly to balance the power of the monarch. This balance the power of the monarch. This became known as PARLIAMENT. It has became known as PARLIAMENT. It has two parts to it:two parts to it: House of Lords – originally filled with people House of Lords – originally filled with people

with hereditary tiles (this has changed)with hereditary tiles (this has changed) House of Commons – originally made up of House of Commons – originally made up of

wealth citizens who were not nobleswealth citizens who were not nobles

Problems for England 1350-Problems for England 1350-14851485

About the year 1350 – the Black Death or bubonic About the year 1350 – the Black Death or bubonic plague came to England. Approximately 1/3 of the plague came to England. Approximately 1/3 of the population of Europe died from the disease.population of Europe died from the disease.

The Hundred Years’ War – rivalry between the English The Hundred Years’ War – rivalry between the English and French monarch led to over 100 years of warfare and French monarch led to over 100 years of warfare between the two nations. This was very costly for between the two nations. This was very costly for both countries and especially England – as it lost both countries and especially England – as it lost most of its territory in Francemost of its territory in France

The War of the Roses 1455-1485 – for 30 years two The War of the Roses 1455-1485 – for 30 years two branches of the English royal family fought for control branches of the English royal family fought for control of England. The Lancasters used the symbol of the of England. The Lancasters used the symbol of the red rose and the Yorks used the white rose. The war red rose and the Yorks used the white rose. The war ended at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 when ended at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 when Henry Tudor (Lancaster) killed King Richard III (York).Henry Tudor (Lancaster) killed King Richard III (York).

Richard IIIRichard III

Henry TudorHenry Tudor Henry VIIHenry VII

The Tudor MonarchiesThe Tudor Monarchies

The most powerful and perhaps most The most powerful and perhaps most important of all of England’s monarch important of all of England’s monarch were the Tudors who reigned from 1485 were the Tudors who reigned from 1485 to 1603to 1603 Henry VII (Henry Tudor) crowned 1485Henry VII (Henry Tudor) crowned 1485 Henry VIIIHenry VIII Edward VIEdward VI Mary I – “Bloody Mary”Mary I – “Bloody Mary” Elizabeth I d. 1603Elizabeth I d. 1603

The Tudors brought a strong central The Tudors brought a strong central power to England. They also worked power to England. They also worked well with Parliament and avoided well with Parliament and avoided power struggles between the two power struggles between the two parts of the government.parts of the government.