The Microeconomics of Household Collection of Wild Coffee in Ethiopia: Some Policy Implications for in-situ Conservation of Coffea arabica Genetic Diversity Degnet Abebaw and Detlef Virchow Center for Development Research (ZEF), Univ. of Bonn, Germany
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The Microeconomics of Household Collection of Wild Coffee in Ethiopia: Some Policy Implications for in-situ Conservation of Coffea arabica Genetic Diversity.
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The Microeconomics of Household Collection of Wild Coffee in Ethiopia: Some Policy Implications for in-situ
Conservation of Coffea arabica Genetic Diversity
Degnet Abebaw and Detlef Virchow
Center for Development Research (ZEF), Univ. of Bonn, Germany
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Outline
1. Introduction2. Background of the study3. Overview of the sample and hypotheses of the study4. Theoretical framework and analytical model5. Analytical results6. Conclusion and policy implications
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1. Introduction
• rich sources of genetic resources • means of livelihood and safety nets• crucial source of agricultural inputs (farm implements, seedlings, seeds) • household furnitures (dining tables, beds, spoons, chairs,
Deforestation and degradation of natural resources • Population pressure• Market developments• Migration• Inappropriate policies/policy failures
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Models of conservation and development
• Fence and fine rule
• Integrated conservation and
development
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2. Background of the study
Ethiopia has a rich diversity of crops
- one among the eight Vivilovian gene center in the world
Origin and center of diversity for Coffea arabica High diversity in coffee land races on peasant farms and wild gene pool Local benefits from the wild populations:
• for income and
• for family consumption
• for breeding values
• Contributes about 6% to the total coffee production in Ethiopia
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Some factors leading to depletion of wild coffee population in the Ethiopian Highlands
• rapid population growth
• resettlement in the nearby areas
• lack of favorable inter-sectoral linkages (agriculture with forestry)
• lack of coherent forest and agricultural policies
• lack of human resources and finance
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Recent Developments:
Interest is growing for genetic resource conservation
- from within the country (govt, academics, research)
- from outside the country (donors, international univ.,
research centers)
e.g., Initiatives to conserve wild coffee genetic diversity has been in progress since recently
Ethiopian Government/European Union,
ZEF in collaboration with EARO
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Objectives:
1. To identify the main features of household dependent on the collection of wild coffee from the places proposed for the conservation of forest coffee genetic diversity
2 To draw decision support inputs for integrating local needs and behavior with in-situ conservation of forest coffee genetic resources in Ethiopia.
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Study areas• 1. Yayu district (Geba-Dogi)
= 10,000 ha of forest coffee demarcated
• 2. Gewata district (Boginda-Yeba)
= 2,764 ha
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Yayu district
• 520 kilo meters from Addis Ababa
• Mixed farming systems (maize, sorghum, cattle and small ruminants)
• Coffee is a major cash crop and major source of livelihood followed by chat
• Perennial crops are very important
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Land use characteristics
Total Area 1353 sq.km
Arable land percentage
853.74 (63.1%)
Cultivated land 297.10 (21.96%)
Pasture 129.89 (9.60%)
Forest and shrub 261.13 (19.30%)
Degraded 108.24 (8.0%)
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2.3 Survey Design and data type
A two-stage random sampling technique
was employed
121 farm families in the region
Primary and secondary data
July 2002 to April 2003
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3. Overview of the sample and hypotheses of the study
Ethnic composition of the sample
77%
16%
5% 2%
Oromo
Amhara
Tigre
Others
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Most important reasons for wild coffee extraction
23.9 23.1
8.3 7.4
35.5
05
10152025303540
Percentage of sample
households
Crop failure Expected fallin coffee
price
Expectedrise in coffee
price
High currentprice ofcoffee
Expectedcash
shoratge
Reasons
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Access to wild coffee in the last 5 years
0.815.7
78.5
50
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
% of thesample
Increased Decreased Permanent No answer
Perceived change by the sample households
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Farmers´ perceptions of the stock of wild coffee and montane rain forest in the study area
28.914
56.2
0.80102030405060
Percentage of the sample households
Deteriorated Improved Permanent No answ er
Stock of wild coffee and montane rain forest
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Household distribution by wild coffee collection
37%
63%
Collectors of Wild coffee
Non-Collectors of wildcoffee
Explanatory variables
Measurement Mean Std.Dev. Expected sign
AGE Age of hh head 42.88 13.63 +
ADUL Number of adults 3.02 1.85 +
SEX Sex of head, 1 if male 0.86 0.34 +
FMSZ Family size 5.50 2.26 +
RESID Redidence hist. , 1 if non-migrant 0.64 0.48 +
ANNC Land with annual crops 1.37 0.95 -/+
PERC Land with perrenial crops 1.38 1.17 -/+
ADJC Plots adjacent to forest, 1 if yes 0.39 0.49 +
PRISK Price risk perception 3.56 1.25 +
ASSET1 Value of farm equipments 63.02 57.42 -
ASSET2 Value of livestock 833.86 948.94 -
DIVER Number of crop enterprises 3.21 1.74 -
DISTW Minutes to reach the nearest market town
122.81 101.51 -/+
DISFR Minutes to rearch forest edge 50.40 27.71 -
Table 2. Hypothese and descriptive statistics
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4. Theoretical framework and empirical approach Conservation of Wild coffee (center for arabica coffee genetic diversity)
provides short-term and long-term benefits to local people, national and international communities
As elsewhere in other tropical forests, local people practice forest-based activities in general and extract NTFP (wild coffee ) from these forests and a sudden exclusion of these people will push them to further poverty and marginalization. Therefore, one way of alleviating the conflict of interst between conservation and current extraction needs is to look into the socioeconomics of participation in the wild coffee, NTFP (case study examples for NTFP elsewhere include Gunatileke and Chakravorty, 2003; Pattanayak and Sills, 2001)
Farm household model Production Consumption Collection Risk and uncertainty in the coffee sector
Expected utility maximization
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Empirical approach
• Define: U1i = sum current and expected utility
that the ith household gets from wild
coffee collection U0i = sum of current and expected utility that
the ith household gets from non-
collection of wild coffee
A rational household is assumed to participate in wild coffee collection as far as:
The proposed wild coffee conservation area is an important source of income and employment to the local people
Complete prohibition of picking wild coffee from such areas will harm a significant portion of the society
Use pressure could be minimized by providing compensations and incentives while at the same time working through proper settlement/resettlemnt, family planning and crop diversification .............