THE MEANINGS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN LED ZEPPELIN’S STAIRWAY TO HEAVEN AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By ANASTASIA ROSELLA APRILIANINGRUM Student Number: 154214077 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2019 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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THE MEANINGS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN LED ZEPPELIN’S STAIRWAY TO HEAVEN
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By ANASTASIA ROSELLA APRILIANINGRUM
Student Number: 154214077
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA
YOGYAKARTA 2019
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THE MEANINGS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN LED ZEPPELIN’S STAIRWAY TO HEAVEN
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By ANASTASIA ROSELLA APRILIANINGRUM
Student Number: 154214077
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA
YOGYAKARTA 2019
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
T certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been
previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,
to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis )c<;)I1tains no material
previously written by any other person excpet where due reference is made in the
text of the undergraduate thesis
June 16, 2019
Anastasia Rosella Aprilianingrum
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It always seems impossible
until it’s done -Nelson Mandela
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FOR PEOPLE WHO UNDERESTIMATE ME
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to God, because of His blessings, I can finish the process of
writing this undergraduate thesis. First of all, I would like to express my special
gratitude to my thesis advisor, Arina Isti’anah S.Pd., M.Hum. who supported me,
gave me unstoppable advices and accompanied me through my long journey in
Sanata Dharma. It is such an honor for me to have her as my thesis advisor. I will
never forget all her kindness, patience, and spirit to bring all her students to the
success.
Secondly, I would like to thank my co-advisor, Fransisca Kristanti, S.Pd.,
M.Hum. for giving me advices and guiding me in the writing process of this
undergraduate thesis. Without her help, I cannot finish doing my final thesis.
My other special thanks go to my mom, M. M. Mardianingsih, my dad, Tri
Arwan Samsuhadi, and my beloved sister, Yoana Priska Widyaningrum who
never forget to remind me of doing this undergraduate thesis every day. They are
one of my motivations to finish this thesis. I am also lucky that I have many
supportive friends that I could not mention one by one to help me finish my study.
They are great and amazing. The last thing, I would like to thank to special
supporter who always took a good care of me, while doing this study.
Anastasia Rosella Aprilianingrum
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE .............................................................................................. ii APPROVAL PAGE ................................................................................... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE .............................................................................. iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ........................................................... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ................................................................... vi MOTTO PAGE ......................................................................................... vii DEDICATION PAGE .............................................................................. viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................ ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................ x LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................... xii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................... xiii ABSTRAK .................................................................................................. xiv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 1 A. Background of the Study .................................................................. 1 B. Problem Formulation ....................................................................... 3 C. Objectives of the Study .................................................................... 3 D. Definition of Terms .......................................................................... 4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ........................................... 5
A. Review of Related Studies ................................................................ 5 B. Review of Related Theories .............................................................. 8
1. Semantics ................................................................................... 8 2. Types of Meaning ...................................................................... 9
a. Conceptual Meaning ............................................................ 9 b. Connotative Meaning ......................................................... 10
3. Figurative Language ................................................................ 10 a. Metaphor ............................................................................ 11 b. Simile ................................................................................. 11 c. Personification .................................................................... 12 d. Metonymy .......................................................................... 12 e. Symbol ............................................................................... 12 f. Allegory .............................................................................. 12 g. Paradox ............................................................................... 13 h. Hyperbole ........................................................................... 13 i. Understatement .................................................................. 13 j. Irony ................................................................................... 14
C. Theoretical Framework ................................................................... 14 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ......................................................... 15
A. Object of the Study ......................................................................... 15 B. Approach of the Study .................................................................... 16 C. Method of the Study ........................................................................ 17
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1. Data Collection ........................................................................ 17 2. Data Anaysis ............................................................................ 17
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................ 20
A. Types of Figurative Language in Stairway to Heaven by Led Zepellin ........................................................................................... 19 1. Hyperbole .................................................................................... 21 2. Personification ............................................................................ 22 3. Symbol ........................................................................................ 24
B. The Meaning from The Figurative Language in Stairway to Heaven by Led Zepellin. ................................................................. 27 1. Meaning in Hyperbole ............................................................. 28 2. Meaning in Personification ...................................................... 29 3. Meaning in Symbol .................................................................. 32
No. Table Page Table 1. Summary of Figurative Language in Song Lyrics 21 Table 2. Song Lyrics with Hyperbole 21 Table 3. Song Lyrics with Personification 22 Table 4. Song Lyrics with Symbol 24 Table 5. Semantic Feature in Hyperbole 28 Table 6. Semantic Feature in Hyperbole 29 Table 7. Semantic Feature in Personification 30 Table 8. Semantic Feature in Personification 30 Table 9. Semantic Feature in Personification 31 Table 10. Semantic Feature in Personification 31 Table 11. Semantic Feature in Symbol 32 Table 12. Semantic Feature in Symbol 33 Table 13. Semantic Feature in Symbol 33 Table 14. Semantic Feature in Symbol 34 Table 15. Semantic Feature in Symbol 34 Table 16. Semantic Feature in Symbol 35 Table 17. Semantic Feature in Symbol 35 Table 18. Semantic Feature in Symbol 35 Table 19. Song Lyrics with Hyperbole 44 Table 20. Song Lyrics with Personification 44 Table 21. Song Lyrics with Symbol 44 Table 22. Semantic Feature in Hyperbole 45 Table 23. Semantic Feature in Hyperbole 45 Table 24. Semantic Feature in Personification 45 Table 25. Semantic Feature in Personification 45 Table 26. Semantic Feature in Personification 46 Table 27. Semantic Feature in Personification 46 Table 28. Semantic Feature in Symbol 46 Table 29. Semantic Feature in Symbol 46 Table 30. Semantic Feature in Symbol 46 Table 31. Semantic Feature in Symbol 47 Table 32. Semantic Feature in Symbol 47 Table 33. Semantic Feature in Symbol 47 Table 34. Semantic Feature in Symbol 47 Table 35. Semantic Feature in Symbol 47
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ABSTRACT
APRILIANINGRUM, ANASTASIA ROSELLA. (2019). The Meanings of Figurative Language in Led Zeppelin’s Stairway to Heaven. Yogyakarta, Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Language is one of the ways for human to communicate. Language is used to express someone’s feelings, emotions, and also ideas. Figurative language is one of the languages that is used in literary works, especially in song lyrics. The lyrics were written based on the songwriter’s experience. Stairway to Heaven by Led Zeppelin is one of The Best Slow Rock Song All of Time. The lyrics contain many meanings that make people have many perspectives on the lyrics. In broader outline, Stairway to Heaven tells about the human’s lives in the world until it continuous to tell about the end of life.
There are two objectives that have to be found in this research. The first one is to find out what types of figurative language used in Led Zeppelin’s Stairway to Heaven. The second one is to solve the meanings of the song by using semantic feature. The researcher is focused on an object which is the song of Led Zeppelin, Stairway to Heaven.
The object is got through the website. Then, the object is analyzed as the categorization of figurative language. After finding its figurative language, the researcher finds the literal and figurative meaning. Connotative meaning is applied to lead the researcher found out the intended meaning in the song. The researcher also explains the meaning by using the semantic features.
This research shows that the song contains of the three types of figurative languages; hyperbole, personification, and symbol. The researcher found two lyrics containing hyperbole, four lyrics containing personification, and nine lyrics containing symbol. Symbol is the most frequent type of figurative language which is used in the song.
Keyword: Figurative Language, Semantics, Led Zeppelin
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ABSTRAK
APRILIANINGRUM, ANASTASIA ROSELLA. (2019). The Meaning of Figurative Language in Stairway to Heaven by Led Zeppelin. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Bahasa merupakan salah satu cara manusia untuk berkomunikasi. Bahasa dapat digunakan untuk mengekspresikan perasaan, emosi, ide seseorang. Bahasa kiasan merupakan salah satu bahasa yang digunakan pada karya sastra, khususnya pada lirik lagu. Lirik ditulis berdasarkan pengalaman sang pencipta lagu. Stairway to Heaven oleh led Zeppelin merupakan salah satu lagu slow rock terlaris sepanjang masa. Liriknya mengandung banyak arti yang membuat orang-orang memiliki banyak pandangan terhadap lirik tersebut. Secara garis besar, lagu Stairway to Heaven bercerita tentang kehidupan manusia di dunia yang sampai akhirnya berlanjut dengan menceritakan pandangan tentang akhirat.
Terdapat dua tujuan yang harus ditemui pada penelitian ini. Pertama, untuk mencari tahu apa saja jenis bahasa kiasan yang digunakan. Kedua, untuk mencari tahu makna lagu dengan menggunakan fungsi semantik. Penelitian ini hanya memfokuskan pada satu lagu Stairway to Heaven oleh Led Zeppelin.
Objek didapatkan melalui pencarian situs. Lalu, objek di analisis sesuai dengan kategori bahasa kiasannya. Setelah menemukan kategori bahasa kiasan, peneliti mencari makna dari lirik tersebut secara bahasa harafiah dan bahasa kiasan. Makna konotatif akan digunakan peniliti untuk mencari arti mendalam di lagu tersebut. Peneliti juga menjabarkan tentang arti dengan menggunakan sifat-sifat semantik,
Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa lagu tersebut mengandung tiga jenis bahasa kiasan; hiperbola, personifikasi, dan simbol. Peneliti menemukan dua lirik yang mengandung hiperbola, empat lirik mengandung personifikasi, dan sembilan lirik yang mengandung simbol. Simbol merupakan frekuensi tipe bahasa kiasan terbanyak yang digunakan dalam lagu.
Kata Kunci: Figurative Language, Semantics, Led Zeppelin.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language is one of the important things exists on human’s life.
According to Everett, “language is the combination of the cognition, culture, and
communication” (2012, p. 35). This means that human being has an intellectual
belongs to a community with values and needs to communicate using languages.
Basically, a language is the foundation for humans to deliver their feelings,
emotions, and ideas. Language also has a function to connect one human with
another. It can be said that language is a very important thing in human’s life.
Without language, human beings will not be able to understand the process of
communication.
In this research, the researcher focuses of the Semantics which is about
the study of meaning. Saeed states that semantic study is learning more about
meaning in communication through language (2009, p. 3). It also has the
functions to develop and improve humans’ knowledge. Some particular theories
state similar thing about semantics which also relates with the meaning of words.
In Semantics, there are some types of meaning that mention about figurative
meaning.
Through Semantics, the researcher is brought to learn deeper about
meaning in language. In this research, connotative meaning leads the researcher to
analyze Led Zeppelin’s Stairway to Heaven. Connotative meaning is more
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complex to discuss in figurative meaning than the other meaning theories.
According to Leech, “connotative meaning concerns with the real-world
experiences one associates with the linguistic expression one uses or hears”
(1981, p.13). It means that connotative meaning depends on the knowledge and
the beliefs of the speakers and may belong to the characteristics of the referent.
Deignan, Littlemore, and Semino explain that “figurative language is
used to describe the details of the context and also for evaluative and persuasive
purposes” (2013). Almost all literary works use figurative language as the
language to express the authors’ feeling. Song lyrics are one of the examples that
uses figurative language. Every singer, composer, or musician has his or her own
charateristic in music, such as; pop, jazz, rock, blues. People will find more than
one type of figurative languages in one song.
Thomas (1995, p. 14) explains that “music becomes the object for
linguistics and also differs so much in language”. Music is one of the most
beautiful ways for people to deliver their feeling because it contains melody and
harmony that people can enjoy and imagine. Music also has stronger feeling for
the audiences to come and enter into that kind of authors’ atmosphere. The
melody and the harmony could represent about the sad or happy song depending
on the composer’s feeling.
In this study, the researcher discusses and analyzes more about the
figurative language in “Stairway To Heaven” song by Led Zeppelin. Led Zeppelin
is one of the most popular slow rock bandS in 1968 from London, United
Kingdom. Based on the website www.songfacts.com. One of their best songs
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Stairway to Heaven has been sold more than 10,000 copies and the song contains
of 40 lines and it makes almost eight minutes long of audio. The assumption of
the lyrics tells about human that finds ways to go to heaven, its sometimes makes
the audiences confused about that content. In the lyrics, the composer also uses
the figurative language. It makes the song more aesthetic. To understand more
about the song, the researcher needs to use some theories of figurative language
and describes the meaning of the song clearly.
This research result will be used to start another analysis such as to find
the language style and the meaning in pragmatic approach. This research focuses
to inform about the meaning through the figurative language that is used in
Stairway to Heaven by Led Zeppelin in album Led Zeppelin IV in semantic
approach.
B. Problem Formulation
The researcher formulates out two problems in observing this research.
The two problems are:
1. What types of figurative language are found in Stairway to Heaven by Led
Zeppelin?
2. What meanings can be concluded from figurative languages in Stairway to
Heaven by Led Zeppelin?
C. Objectives the Study
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The objectives of the study are to answer the problems mentioned in the
previous part. The researcher analyzes types of figurative languages are by
reading, analyzing, and understanding the song lyrics of Led Zeppelin’s “Stairway
To Heaven”. Then, the researcher finds out what lyrics that are using figurative
language and what meaning that the composer wants to deliver to the listeners.
D. Definition of Terms
The following explanations are the definition of some particular terms
that used by the researcher. According to Bernhart and Wolf, song is the united of
aesthetic things between textual and musical devices and resulted the modern
minds (1999). They add that song could be a fictional motivation, make the
feelings more dramatic, and also produce some assumptions.
Perrine describes that figurative language is language that brings us to
the imagination pleasure (1969, p. 71). Figurative language fiigures out something
to be more than its meaning.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
There are three parts of this section review related studies, related
theories, and theoretical framework. The researcher reviews four sources for the
related studies which consist of two theses and two journal or articles. In the
related theories, the researcher reviews some theories from the experts to lead the
analysis based on the research questions. Theoretical framework presents the role
of theories to solve the problems.
A. Review of Related Studies
The researcher reviews two previous theses and two articles that have
been published with similar main ideas, which are figurative language, as
references. All of the theses and journals were written by Indonesian researchers
and have the same objects of literary works to analyse and also have the same idea
about figurative language.
This first thesis was written by Saputro (2010) who did an undergraduate
thesis entitled The Message of The Betrayal in Figurative Language Of The Song
“Your Betrayal”. Saputro analyses the figurative language found in the lyrics
“Your Betrayal” by Matthew Tuck. In his study, Saputro mentions that the whole
28 lines in song lyric of “Your Betrayal” contain figurative language. The result
shows that there are four types of figurative language in the lyric that consist of
hyperbole, dead metaphor, metaphor, and irony. In analysing the data, Saputro
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reviews some theories from Knickerbocker and Reninger (1963) and Leech
(1981), Perrine (1969). He collected the data from the online resources and took
some songs as purposive sampling. In the end of the research, Saputro concludes
that the song lyrics of “Your Betrayal” contains figurative language that is created
by the writer to expect the audience to feel the same emotion about the anger, the
revenge, and the desperation.
The second thesis was written by Adimurti (2011) who did an
undergraduate thesis entitled Eroticism in Katy Perry’s Song Lyric Hummingbird
Heartbeat And Peacock Through Figurative language. Adimurti discusses two
songs of Katy Perry which are “Hummingbird Heartbeat” and “Peacock”. In
Adimurti’s research, he finds some figurative language such as simile, metonymy,
metaphor, and overstatement in “Hummingbird Heartbeat” lyric, while in the lyric
of “Peacock”, he finds metaphor, overstatement and simile. In analysing the data,
he reviews theory from Perrine and also mentions the theory of eroticism from
Mills. In the end of the research, Adimurti concludes that the two lyrics by Katy
Perry which are “Hummingbird Heartbeat” and “Peacock” represents the lust
feeling of both woman and man by examining the figurative languages that
contain eroticism.
The similarity among both theses from Saputro and Adimurti and the
researcher is to discuss the figurative language in song lyric. While the difference
are Saputro and the researcher focus on the whole meaning of the song lyric,
Adimurti focuses on the eroticism.
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The first article was written by Mahmood, Obaid, and Shakir (2014) with
the title A Critical Discourse Analysis Of Figurative Language in Pakistani
English Newspaper. Mahmood, Obaid, and Shakir (2014) mention four types of
figurative language that are used in Pakistani English Newspaper. In the data
analysis, they review theories from some authors such as Lakoff and Johnson and
Richardson. For the methodology, they apply qualitative and quantitative method
through the critical discourse approach to analyse the research about the figurative
language. The result that they find are four types of figurative language in
Pakistani English Newspaper; metonymy, hyperbole, simile, and metaphor. Each
of the type of figurative language has a portion in describing the ideas in order to
form the desired public opinion.
The other article was written by Defisyani, Hamzah, and Fitrawati (2018)
entitled The Use of Figurative Language Found in Products Advertisement for
Different Genders. They review some theories from Leech, Bloor, May, etc. For
the methodology, they use a descriptive method to analyse the figurative
language. The result shows that the writers find three types of figurative language
which are personification, simile, and hyperbole that use in their research in
product advertisement. They state that personification is about the relation of
human to human. Simile is about the connective words. Hyperbole is about
something without intending to deceive.
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B. Review of Related Theories
The researcher reviews some theories that concern semantics. The
theories help the researcher to add more knowledge about figurative language and
its four main types and also about the meaning and its types. The theories help the
researcher to answer the problems that mentioned in chapter II.
1. Semantics
Yule (2010) states that “semantics is the study of the meaning of words,
phrases and sentences” (p. 112). It means that the reader has to focus on the term
that is created rather than the creator’s meaning, Semantics suggests us to be
objective and sees more perspectives. Semantics is broad knowledge since it
improves people way of thinking.
According to Cann, “semantics is used to interpret the term more
narrowly” (1993, p. 1). If we learned semantics, it develops us to think more than
one interpretation. In a text, it may have more than one meaning or interpretation.
Therefore, we are asked to predict and guess some possibilities or ambiguities in
the figure expressions.
Kempson (1989) states that semantic theory must have three condition,
which are must figures out the language of word meaning and sentence meaning,
must to predict the ambiguities, and must to explain the rellation between word
and sentence in language (p. 4). Therefore, that three conditions, are needed in
learn semantic study and can be the foundation to analyze study in semantics.
Other theory adds that “semantics is the study of linguistic meaning
particular” (Frawley, 1992, p. 1). Semantics teaches us to have broader thought
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than usual. Semantics also discusses literal and non-literal meaning (Saeed, 2009,
p. 15). Literal meaning is when the meaning has similar definition in the
dictionary or library book or general meaning. Non-literal meaning or figurative
meaning is when the meaning is further than in its dictionary. Figurative meaning
is deeper than the literal meaning. In figurative meaning, people may have
difficulties since it has many perspectives and interpretations. Some of
categorizations in figurative meaning are metaphor, irony, metonymy,
synecdoche, hyperbole, and litotes (Saeed, 2009, p. 15).
After the preceding explanation, the researcher saw that semantics helps
the researcher to find what is the intended meaning by knowing the figurative or
literal meaning and what actually the songwriter wants to deliver to the listeners
in Stairway to Heaven by Led Zeppelin.
2. Types of Meaning
According to Leech, “Semantics pursues the study of meaning in a wide
sense of all that is communicated by language” (1981, p. 9). To study meanings,
people must have more knowledge because meanings have more than one
perspective, then people can discuss and share what they think about. Leech’s
theory (1981) notices seven types of meaning, they are conceptual meaning,
connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, and
collocative meaning. In this research the researcher just explains the conceptual
meaning and connotative meaning since they are the closest types meaning that
relates with the discussion.
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a. Conceptual Meaning
Conceptual or denotative or cognitive meaning supposes to be the main
factor in linguistic (Leech, 1981, p. 9). Conceptual meaning helps to provide the
literal meaning element of a word. People can find the meaning similarly with
dictionaries or any general books when understood the conceptual meaning. To
understand more, take a look at the example below:
Girl : [+Human], [+Female], [-Adult]
That example shows the word girl is [+Human], [+Female], and [-Adult].
The word girl represents a kid female human being. The features discuss things
that are related with the word girl. [+Human] shows that girl is one of human
being, [+Female] points the sex of the girl, and [-Adult] usually relates how the
way he behaves and thinks.
b. Connotative Meaning
Connotative meaning is the communicative value of what it refers to
(Leech, 1981, p. 12). Connotative meaning relates with the figurative meaning.
Therefore, it is broader than the conceptual meaning that just discusses the literal
meaning. In connotative meaning, people can improve the referent of a word. It
can be the characteristics, psychological, and social properties.
If in conceptual meaning girl has [+Human], [+Female], and [-Adult], in
connotative meaning we can adds any other referents that relates with the word
girl. For example, girl can be explained as [+Young], [+Active], and [+Pretty].
Connotative meaning brings feature that related with. [+Young] is possible that
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boy is a kid, not adult that refers to old. [+Active] is acceptable since girl has
more energy. [+Pretty] can be used because it refers to female.
3. Figurative Language
According to Perrine, figurative language is language which uses a non-
literal meaning (p. 65). Figurative language is usually applied to express what
people want to deliver in different way. Figurative meaning invites people to think
broader from what it is written. Figurative language is usually used by the author
of literary work to deliver what he or she thought.
Figurative language sometimes tells about something that do not make
sense. Figurative can give many interpretations for people who read the texts.
Perrine adds that “figurative language affords us imaginative pleasure” (1969, p.
71). It means that in figurative language invites people to think beyond the
surface. It makes people have critical mind since each person has different way of
interpreting.
Figurative language is divided into some types. Although there are so
many variation in figurative language, the researcher decides to use Perrine’s
types of figurative language. According to Perrine (1969), there are ten types of
The second problem was about the intended message about life through
the meaning of figurative language in the song lyric of Stairway to Heaven.
The second step, the researcher observed the meaning by using the literal
meaning found in the song lyrics. Then, the researcher interpreted the figurative
meaning. After that, the researcher compared meaning between literal and
figurative. The last step, the researcher applied the semantic feature from each
lyric that has been discussed one by one by knowing the figurative and literal
meaning.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter contains the analyses that the researcher mentioned in two
previous chapters which is chapter I and chapter II. The first part is to identify the
figurative meaning or literal meaning in Stairway to Heaven lyrics. Then, the
researcher discusses more about the figurative meaning and categorizes into ten
types of figurative language that guides to identify the lyrics, based on the
Perrine’s theory of figurative language. The lyrics that have one of the types of
figurative language will be given bold by the researcher.
The second part is to answer the second problem. It will be about the
intended meaning in the lyrics of “Stairway to Heaven”. The theory of
connotative meaning which tells about semantic features will help the researcher
to answer the second problem. Semantic features will use based on the category of
word it is meantioned. If in lteral meaning and figurative meaning the researcher
used noun, the semantic features will be used noun as similar as the meaning that
is stated. It would be the same if the reseacrher uses an adjective or a verb after
figuring out the literal and figurative meaning. It makes the researcher and the
reader easier to find and understand what is the intended meaning in the lyrics.
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A. Types of Figurative Language in Stairway to Heaven by Led Zepellin
The previous chapter mentioned that the researcher would firstly divide
the lyrics into two categorization which consist of figurative meaning or literal
meaning. In part A, the researcher discusses the figurative language containing in
the lyrics of Stairway to Heaven. The analysis is led by the theory of Perrine,
therefore the researcher analyzed by looking ten types of figurative language. This
following table shows the summary of figurative language in Stairway to Heaven.
Table 1. Summary of Figurative Language in Song Lyrics
Number Type of Figurative
Language
Amount 1 Hyperbole 2 2 Personification 4 3 Symbol 9
1. Hyperbole
Hyperbole is the first type of figurative language that is analyzed.
Hyperbole is used to express an exaggeration. This type of figurative language
that found in some lines, is created by the author to make strong feeling of the
song. Hyperbole makes something to exaggerate. It can be beyond human’s
imagination. From the analysis, the researcher found two lines that used the
hyperbolic expression and will be shown in the following explanation.
Table 2. Song Lyrics with Hyperbole
No. Lyrics
1 And she’s buying a stairway to heaven
2 With A word she can get what she came for
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a. And she’s buying a stairway to heaven
The first hyperbole goes to the line 2,5, and 40 of the song. It contains
hyperbole because it is extravagant that someone can buy the stairway to heaven
with money or any priceless things. The term buy here, is not about to purchase
something, but to do something. If buy in literal meaning means to get thing with
money, but in figurative meaning in the song means to do something good to get
heaven. Moreover, there is no store that sells a stairway to heaven.
b. With a word she can get what she came for
The second hyperbole comes from the fourth line of the song. It is
excessive that somebody can get anything they want just with a word, even if it is
the impossible thing. To get something, people need more effort and struggle. It is
not easy as what people think to reach the goals. The thing that people want will
not come instantly. The effort determines what result that will people get. It could
be good and it could be bad depending on what they did.
2. Personification
Personification is the second type of figurative language that is analyzed.
Personification is figurative language that inanimate do human’s activity. In
personification, people can see the visualization of non-human do something that
is usually done by human being. The researcher found there were four lines used
personification.
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Table 3. Song Lyrics with Personification
No. Lyrics
1 And my spirit is crying for leaving
2 And the forests will echo with laughter
3 Your head is humming and it won’t go, in case you don’t know
4 The tune will come to you at last
a. And my spirit is crying for leaving
The lyric is found in the line 13 of the song. The term crying is a verb that
shows the human’s sadness about something. While the term spirit is something
invisible that lives inside human’s feeling and emotion. Meanwhile, by saying my
spirit is crying means people are not ready to leave the worldly life, they have
been living into the comfort zone. On the other hands, the songwriters indicate
that will be a time to people to leave this world. The line suggests the audiences to
be prepared on what will happen later. People have to go be a good starting right
now. They also convince the audiences to change their mind and ready to leave
the bad.
b. And the forests will echo with laughter
The second personification comes to preceding lyric. It is classified as the
personification because the word echo means the action of human to repeat the
original sound and stands for the forests as the part of the nature. That point
shows that there will be someone that tries to copy our life in some ways to be
looked like ourself since we a re better than him/herself. It can also be
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summarized that there will be someone who does not like what we did or haters,
but they try to copy our style in life.
c. Your head is humming and it won’t go, in case you don’t know
The third personification leads into the lyric above. The term head comes
as the location of ideas, minds, and also imagination, while the term humming is
the action of human being hesitate. Head and humming can be related, it is seen
that humming shows the way humans think about ideas, mind, or imagination. By
the guidance meaning, it can be elaborated that people is overthinking but they
have more doubt rather than confident about it, whereas they have never tried it. It
shows that is less action, but thinks more.
d. The tune will come to you at last
The last personification is the tune will come. The term tune represents
melody which is something beautiful, nice, and great. The term come means to
what will happen after people did something. It can be said that people will get
something good, or kindness if people also did something positive. Everything
will be beautiful in its time.
3. Symbol
According to Perrine, symbol is describing something more than its
meaning. Symbol figures out the figurative meaning or intended meaning of a
thing. Here are, the researcher mentions some symbols in the song.
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Table 4. Song Lyrics with Symbol
No. Lyrics
1 In the tree by the brook, there’s a songbird who sings
2 There’s a feeling I get when I look to the west
3 In my thoughts I have seen rings of smoke through the trees.
4 Yes, there are two paths you can go buy, but in the long run
5 There’s still time to change the road you’re on
6 Our shadows taller than our soul
7 Who shines white light and wants to show
8 How everything still turns to gold
9 To be rock not to roll
a. In the tree by the brook, there’s a songbird who sings
In first symbol, the researcher found two symbols in eighth line. In literal
meaning, the word tree means a plant, then songbird means a bird that has a
musical call which means beautiful, nice, and calm. Therefore, in figurative
meaning, the term tree refers to a life, then songbird refers to something good. We
can conclude that the lyric is about in life there will be a good time for people.
There will be a great time in life and you have to enjoy it.
b. There’s a feeling I get when I look to the west
The symbol comes from the word west. In literal meaning, the word west
means direction. If, we take a look more, west is the direction where sun sets,
when the time becomes dark. Therefore, in figurative meaning, the west represents
the dark and desperate. The lyric wants to show that in life people absolutely will
feel down or have any bad experiences in life.
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c. In my thoughts I have seen rings of smoke through the trees.
In the lyric above, the symbol has in the word smoke and trees. In literal
meaning, smoke means something that disturb people’s vison, then trees mean
plant. The different opinion is in figurative meaning. The word smoke represents
obstacle and trees represents life. Therefore, in the lyric wants to say that in life,
people wil always get many obstacles in life and it cannot be avoided but have to
face it and solve it out.
d. Yes, there are two paths you can go buy, but in the long run
The next symbol come from the word paths. The literal meaning of paths
is a way. Paths in the lyrics symbolizes the choices or options in life. When
human live, they absolutely find a time when they have to choose of choices. The
decision itself will influence what happen to you later.
e. There’s still time to change the road you’re on
Actually, this lyric relates with the previous lyric above. Here, the
researcher found the word road. Road also has the same literal and figurative
meaning with the path. But, in this lyric has different context that the songwriters
want to deliver is there is still time to change your choices that you took, if it does
not have benefit for you.
f. Our shadows taller than our soul
The next symbol goes to the preceding lyric which has the word shadows
and soul. It is categorized as symbol because, the term soul has more than its
meaning. Shadow is something that is visible, while soul is invisible. Therefore,
the researcher cannot compare thing and say that shadows taller than our soul.
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The reseacrher does not know how height the soul is. Bacause of its reason, the
researcher has to find the intendend meaning of soul and take a look of the term
shadows. Shadows is associated with darkness or negative sides and soul is
associated with strength and energy or positive side. Therefore, the lyric shows
that sometimes someone’s positive side is lost with negative one.
g. Who shines white light and wants to show.
Here the lyric has the symbol white light. White light here represents a
kindness and high power of individual. The lyric tells us there will be someone
who is kind and invites others to do good.
h. How everything still turns to gold
The lyric above has the symbol of gold. Gold here is associated as a
precious thing. Therefore, the term gold to a lyric that is everybody is precious,
everybody has meaning even they have negative side but they are priceless.
i. To be rock not to roll
This lyric has two symbols of rock and roll. In literal meaning, the
term rock means hard and solid material, the roll means flexible material. Then, as
the symbol rock is associated with strength, then roll is being unsteady and doubt.
Therefore, the lyric tells that in life, people must be strong and confident with
anything that we do. Believe that you can do this and everything is going to be
fine.
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B. The Meaning from the Figurative Language in Stairway To Heaven by Led
Zeppelin
Semantic approach has led the researcher to analyse this session. This
study helps to find the figurative meaning or non-literal meaning in the song
Stairway To heaven by Led Zeppelin. The meanings that are found will be
analysed by the semantic features. As mentioned in Yule (2010), semantic
features starts on analysing the conceptual components of word meaning (p. 115).
Yule also adds that the idea of describing part of meaning as either having (+) or
not having (-). Semantic feature helps the researcher to reveal the word meaning
or sentence meaning. In this part, the researcher shows the comparison between
literal and figurative meaning of the song. The researcher figures out the shared
semantic features through the result of comparing between literal and figurative
meaning. In this section, the researcher focuses on phrases or sentences in
figurative language.
1. Hyperbole
In the previous explanation, the researcher discussed about what types of
figurative languages that are used in the song. The following tables, shows that
the researcher found out 5 lines of the song Stairway to Heaven that consist in
hyperbole attached with the literal meaning and the figurative meaning.
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Table 5. Semantic Feature in Hyperbole
Figurative expression
Literal Meaning Figurative Meaning Semantic Feature
“buying a stairway to heaven”
Someone is buying ticket to go to heaven
Someone is doing good things to go to heaven
[+rich]
In first number, the researcher concludes the semantic feature by looking
the literal and figurative meaning based on the lyrics. In literal meaning, it shows
that someone is buying a stairway to heaven has wealthy finance. However, the
actual meaning of this expression can be analyzed by looking the figurative
meaning. In figurative meaning, the sentence refers to the wealthy heart. If we see
the entire lyrics, the songwriter wanted to say that if you want to go to heaven to
have to “enrich” your heart. Therefore, the semantic feature of the first number
of hyperboles [+rich].
Table 6. Semantic Feature in Hyperbole
Figurative Expression Literal Meaning Figurative
Meaning Semantic Feature
“a word she can get what she came
for”
She gets whatever she want just with
a word
She gets whatever she wants with
effor and struggle [+power]
The second number of hyperboles, the researcher concludes the semantic
feature also by looking the literal and figurative meaning based on the lyrics. In
literal meaning, it shows that with a word someone can get whatever he/she wants
or someone who has power. If we take a look to figurative meaning, the sentence
refers to the effort and struggle which needs “power” to do that. Therefore,
semantic features that mentioned is [+power].
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Next, the researcher wants to show what is the main point in a sentence
that the songwriters want deliver based on the semantic feature and the figurative
meaning.
a. And she's buying a stairway to heaven
Hardwork brings you to the the purpose you want to reach.
b. With A word she can get what she came for
Everything needs struggle, they do not come instantly.
2. Personification
The second type of figurative language is personification that refers to
the lyrics that has definition of personification. The researcher found four lines
that contain personification. The table below considers about the literal meaning
and also figurative meaning, and its semantic feature in the lines of
personification.
Table 7. Semantic Feature in Personification
Figurative Expression Literal Meaning Figurative Meaning
Semantic Feature
“my spirit is crying for leaving”
The spirit is sad and gone
The happiness is gone
[-please]
The first number of personification is in the lyric my spirit is crying for
leaving. In literal meaning it refers that the spirits is feeling the sadness. Then, the
actual meaning can be observed by looking the figurative meaning. In its
figurative meaning, it says that someone’s happines is already gone. As the
researcher analysed before, the literal and figurative meaning contains the
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negative statement someone is feeling sad because she/he is not ready for leaving.
Therefore, the semantic feature that fits with the meanings is [-please].
Table 8. Semantic Feature in Personification
Figurative Expression Literal Meaning Figurative
Meaning Semantic Feature
“the forest will echo”
The forest repeated original
sound
Someone tries to copy other
[+duplicate]
The second number of personification is in the lyric the forest will echo.
In literal meaning the lyric refers to the forest repeated the orignal sound. Then, in
figurative meaning it means, in life, someone get jealous and have willing to
follow or copy him/her. The researcher points out the literal and figurative
menaing by the word repeated and copy. Therefore, the researcher give
[+duplicate] in semantic feature.
Table 9. Semantic Feature in Personification
Figurative Expression Literal Meaning Figurative
Meaning Semantic Feature
“your head is humming”
The head produces continuous sounds
Someone is cannot stop thinking, overthinking
[+hesitate]
The third number of personification comes in the lyric your head is
humming. In literal meaning, the sentence means that head produces continuous
sound. Then, in figurative meaning, the researcher figures out to someone who
cannot stop think and feel doubt on something. Therefore, the researcher
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concludes that it the relation continuous and cannot stop. Since that explanation,
the researcher chose semantic feature [+hesitate] for the lyric.
Table 10. Semantic Feature in Personification
Figurative Expression Literal Meaning Figurative
Meaning Semantic Feature
“the tune will come”
Melody comes to someone
Something good will come
[+optimistic]
The last number of personification goes to the tune will come lyric. In
literal meaning it shows that melody comes to someon. In figurative or actual
meaning, the word tune refers to something good. Therefore, the lyric wants to
deliver that something good will come later. After describing the explanation, the
researcher decided to give semantic feature [+optimistic] for the lyric. It invites us
to do believe there will be good things come.
The things, the researcher wants to share is about the meaning that
researcher gets in personification, maintained to the preceding explanation.
a. And my spirit is crying for leaving
People have to be prepared for what will happen in the end of life.
b. And the forests will echo with laughter
There always be haters that are jealous with what we have done.
c. Your head is humming and it won't go, in case you don't know
Just believe in yourself and be confident with what you have.
d. The tune will come to you at last
Everything will be beautiful in its time.
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3. Symbol
The last type of figurative language is symbol. The researcher found nine
lines that used symbol. The table below considers about the literal meaning and
also figurative meaning, and its semantic feature in the lines of symbol.
Table 11. Semantic Feature in Symbol
Symbol Literal Meaning Figurative Meaning Semantic Feature
Tree Plant Life [+exist]
songbird Bird that has musical call Something beautiful [+attractive]
The first symbol comes from the word tree and songbird. In literal
meaning, the tree refers to plant, while songbird refers to bird that has musical
call. In figurative meaning, the symbol of tree is associated with life and songbird
is associated with something beautiful. Therefore, because tree is something that
is alive, it has semantic feature [+exist], then songbird is bird’s musical call which
something beautiful, the semantic feature is [+attractive].
Table 12. Semantic Feature in Symbol
Figurative Expression Literal Meaning Figurative
Meaning Semantic Feature
west direction Dark [-optimistic]
The second symbol is west. In literal meaning, west refers to direction,
furthermore, it can be said as the direction of where the sun sets. Because of that
reason, the researcher concludes that the figurative meaning of west is dark since
at that time the sun is going down and the day change to be night. Therefore, the
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researcher gives the semantic feature [-optimistic] because there is no
enlightenment.
Table 13. Semantic Feature in Symbol
Figurative Expression Literal Meaning Figurative
Meaning Semantic Feature
smoke disturbance obstacle [+distraction]
The second symbol comes from the words smoke. In literal meaning it
shows that smokes is something that disturbs people’s vision. It is such a visible
suspension. If we take a look to know more about the meaning, we have to see the
figurative meaning. In figurative meaning it refers to a disturbance. Therefore, the
researcher gives it semantic feature [+distraction].
Table 14. Semantic Feature in Symbol
Figurative Expression Literal Meaning Figurative
Meaning Semantic Feature
Path Way Choice [+selection] Road Way Choice [+selection]
The fourth and fifth symbols are shown in the term path and road. These
two different words are actually having the same literal meaning which is a way.
However, in figurative meaning, they also have same figurative meaning which is
a choice. The researcher found that the message of the word path and road
represents way. Therefore the researcher decide that their semantic features
[+selection]. It means that in life, people will fid so may options or any selection.
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Table 15. Semantic Feature in Symbol
Figurative Expression Literal Meaning Figurative
Meaning Semantic Feature
Shadows Dark area Negative side [-virtue]
Soul energy Positive side [+virtue]
The sixth symbol is shadows and soul. In literal meaning, the shadows
means the dark area and soul relates with human’s spirituality. If we take a look to
figurative meaning, the term shadows and soul are something that have to walk
side by side. In figurative meaning, shadows represent the negative side, while
spirituality refers to positive that comes from the literal meaning, which is an
energy. Therefore, for the semantic feature, the researcher give shadows [+virtue]
and soul [-virtue].
Table 16. Semantic Feature in Symbol
Figurative Expression Literal Meaning Figurative
Meaning Semantic Feature
White light Bright color Kindness [+good]
The seventh symbol is white light. In literal meaning white light has a
meaning, the light which has bright colour. Or if we separate the word white
refers to a holy colour and purity and the word light refers to bright. If we
combine it, the literal meaning will be about the purity and bright. The result is as
similar as with the noun phrase white light. It is different than in figurative
meaning, the term white light is associated with kindness. Therefore, in the
semantic feature, the researcher gives [+good].
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Table 17. Semantic Feature in Symbol
Figurative Expression Literal Meaning Figurative
Meaning Semantic Feature
Gold Chemical element that is expensive
precious [+valuable]
The eighth symbol goes to the word gold. In literal meaning gold refers
to expensive chemical element that is expensive, that it is not cheap. It is differen
thing if talk to the deeper meaning of gold. In figurative meaning by looking the
literal meaning, it refers to something precious or priceless because its value.
Therefore, the researcher mentions [+valuable] in semantic feature.
Table 18. Semantic Feature in Symbol
Figurative Expression Literal Meaning Figurative
Meaning Semantic Feature
Rock Solid material Strong [+bold]
Roll Flexible material Weak [-bold]
The last symbol comes to the word rock and roll. In literal meaning, the
word rock is solid material which is hard to be broken, while the roll is flexible
material which is easy to be shaped. The term rock and roll contain the antonym.
In figurative meaning, rock and roll are associated to strength and weakness.
Therefore, in semantic feature, the researcher mentions [+bold] and [-bold].
After describing and explaining the semantic feature that is used in the
figurative language of the symbol. The researcher tries to find the more meaning
in sentence that contains the figurative language of symbol. Below, the researcher,
adds some more meaning after discussing the semantic features.
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a. In the tree by the brook, there’s a songbird who sings
People will get a beautiful and good time to enjoy for.
b. There’s a feeling I get when I look to the west
Someone will get into the lowest situation in life
c. In my thoughts I have seen rings of smoke through the trees
People ever feel jealous of someone’s accomplishment.
d. Yes, there are two paths you can go buy, but in the long run
There must be choices in life
e. There’s still time to change the road you’re on
If you have taken the first choice and it did not work, you still have time
to fix it.
f. Our shadows taller than our soul
Sometimes, someone’s positive side is lost to the negative one
g. Who shines white light and wants to show
There will be someone who spread the kindness
h. How everything still turns to gold
Even human has mistakes in life, he/she still precious
i. To be rock not to roll
Someone have to be strong not be weak.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
This chapter tells the conclusion according to the analysis which has
been discussed in the previous chapter. The object is taken from the famous slow
rock song Stairway to Heaven by Led Zeppelin. The song was chosen because it
is one of the legend rock songs by the most famous band, Led Zeppelin. The song
has hidden meaning that interested to analyse.
At that time, the song surprised the audiences about the context of the
lyrics. It is such unusual thing that a rock band brought up something that is
slower music than before and it is something rare. According to this song, there
are still many people that do not understand what the actual meaning of the song
because the songwriter sometimes used complex word.
In this this research, the researcher finds that the songwriter use three
types of figurative language. The song consists of almost 40 lines and around 8
minutes long as the audio. In the song, the researcher obtains three types of
figurative language which are hyperbole, personification, and symbol.
In the discussion the researcher found several lines that included to the
type of figurative language. The hyperbole has two lines, personification has four
lines, and symbol has nine lines. As can be seen, the most used type of figurative
language is symbol. The second is personification and the last is hyperbole.
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The use of hyperbole produces different meanings. The researcher only
found two lines of the lyrics that is categorized as hyperbole. The meanings of the
figurative expressions are obtained by using semantic features. Semantic features
in hyperbole are [+enrich] and [+power]. The meaning resulted of hyperbole
contains exaggeration, as show in the semantic feature [+enrich] and [+power].
The other use of figurative language is personification also produces
different meanings. The researcher four lyrics that is categorized personification.
The meanings are revealed by using semantic feature. Semantic features in
personification are [-please], [+duplicate], [+hesitate], and [+optimist].
The last use of figurative language is symbol. The researcher found ten
symbol in the nine lyrics of the song. The meanings are solved also by using
semantic feature. The semantic helps the researcher to find the intended meaning
in the symbols. Semantic features in symbol are [+exist], [+attractive], [-optimist],
[+selection], [-virtue], [+virtue], [+decency], [+valuable], [+bold], and [-bold].
There are two symbols that have the same semantic feature, which are paths and
road and the semantic feature is [+selection].
Therefore, after deciding the types of figurative language and finding out
the literal and figurative meaning, the researcher concludes that the song contains
about life value and concerns with human’s lives. It delivers to audience that we
are human, we are not living alone, we need others to live. Our purpose in life is
heaven. The songs indirectly gives us statement of life and some tips how can we
go to heaven .
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The statement comes in several lines such as, no one can buy heaven,
everything does not come instantly, there will be haters that want to drop us, we
have to be ready to leave this world anytime, and so on. The tips to get heaven;
just doing the good things, helps other without asking for payment, if you did the
mistake, fix it, etc. In the end of the conclusion, the researcher hope that the
readers understand the meaning of the song based the figurative language that is
used.
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REFERENCES
Adimurti, M. Media. (2011). Eroticism in Katy Perry’s Song Lyric Hummingbird Heartbet and Peackock Through Figurative Language. Universitas Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta.
Azlyrics, October 2018. Retrieved from www.azlyrics.com
Bernhart, Wakter and Werner Wolf. (1999). Word and Music Studies Essays on the Song Cycle and on Defining the Field. Amsterdam: Radopi.
Cann, R. (1993). Formal Semantics. New York: Press Syndicate of The university of Cambridge.
Davy, D. C. (1969). Investigating English Style . London and Harlow: Longmans, Green and Co.
Deigna, Alice, Jeannette Littlemore, Elene Semino. (2013). Figurative Language, Genre, and Register. Cambridge: Cambridge university Press
Defisyani, Willia, Hazah Hamzah, Fitrawati Fitrawati. (2018). The use of Figurative Language Found in Product Advertisement for Different Genders, 7(1), 253-265.
Everett, D. L. (2012). Language the Cultural Tool . New York: Pantheon Books.
Frawley, W. (1992). Linguistic Semantics. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Leech, G. (1981). Semantics: The Study of Meaning. Bungay: The Chaucer Press.
Lyons, J. (2006). Linguistic Semantics . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mahmood, Rashid, Misbah Obaid, Aleem Shakir. (2014). A Critical Discourse Analysis of Figurative Language in Pakistani English Newspaper, 6(3), 210-216.
Perrine, Laurence. (1969). Sound and Sense. New York: Harcourt, Brace &World, Inc.
Saeed, J. I. (2009). Semantics Third Edition. Chichester: Blackwell.
Saputro, Yohanes Martin Nugroho. (2010). The Message of the Betrayal In Figurative Language of the song “Your Betrayal”. Universitas Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta.
Song Fact Retrieved from www.songfact.cm/April 2019
Yule, George (2010). The Study of Language. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1: Lyrics of “Stairway to Heaven” by Led Zeppelin
There's a lady who's sure all that glitters is gold And she's buying a stairway to heaven. When she gets there she knows, if the stores are all closed With a word she can get what she came for. Ooh, ooh, and she's buying a stairway to heaven. There's a sign on the wall but she wants to be sure 'Cause you know sometimes words have two meanings. In a tree by the brook, there's a songbird who sings, Sometimes all of our thoughts are misgiven. Ooh, it makes me wonder, Ooh, it makes me wonder. There's a feeling I get when I look to the west, And my spirit is crying for leaving. In my thoughts I have seen rings of smoke through the trees, And the voices of those who stand looking. Ooh, it makes me wonder, Ooh, it really makes me wonder. And it's whispered that soon, if we all call the tune, Then the piper will lead us to reason. And a new day will dawn for those who stand long, And the forests will echo with laughter. If there's a bustle in your hedgerow, don't be alarmed now, It's just a spring clean for the May queen. Yes, there are two paths you can go by, but in the long run There's still time to change the road you're on. And it makes me wonder. Your head is humming and it won't go, in case you don't know, The piper's calling you to join him, Dear lady, can you hear the wind blow, and did you know Your stairway lies on the whispering wind? And as we wind on down the road
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Our shadows taller than our soul. There walks a lady we all know Who shines white light and wants to show How everything still turns to gold. And if you listen very hard The tune will come to you at last. When all are one and one is all To be a rock and not to roll. And she's buying a stairway to heaven.
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Table 19. Song Lyrics with Hyperbole
No. Lyrics
1 And she’s buying a stairway to heaven
2 A word she can get what she came for
Table 20. Song Lyrics with Personification
No. Lyrics
1 And my spirit is crying for leaving
2 And the forests will echo with laughter
3 Your head is humming and it won’t go, in case you don’t know
4 The tune will come to you at last
Table 21. Song Lyrics with Symbol
No. Lyrics
1 In the tree by the brook, there’s a songbird who sings
2 There’s a feeling I get when I look to the west
3 In my thoughts I have seen rings of smoke through the trees.
4 Yes, there are two paths you can go buy, but in the long run
5 There’s still time to change the road you’re on
6 Our shadows taller than our soul
7 Who shines white light and wants to show
8 How everything still turns to gold
9 To be rock not to roll
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Table 22. Semantic Feature in Hyperbole
Figurative expression
Literal Meaning Figurative Meaning Semantic Feature
“buying a stairway to heaven”
Someone is buying ticket to go to heaven
Doing good things to get to heaven
[+enrich]
Table 23. Semantic Feature in Hyperbole
Figurative Expression Literal Meaning Figurative
Meaning Semantic Feature
“a word she can get what she
came for”
With a word, someone can get whatever she/he
want
Everything needs effort and struggle
[+power]
Table 24. Semantic Feature in Personification
Figurative Expression Literal Meaning Figurative Meaning
Semantic Feature
“my spirit is crying for leaving”
The spirit is sad and gone
The happiness is gone
[-please]
Table 25. Semantic Feature in Personification
Figurative Expression Literal Meaning Figurative
Meaning Semantic Feature
“the forest will echo”
The forest repeated original
sound
Someone tries to copy other
[+duplicate]
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Table 26. Semantic Feature in Personification
Figurative Expression Literal Meaning Figurative
Meaning Semantic Feature
“your head is humming”
The head produces
continuous sounds
Someone is cannot stop thinking,
overthinking
[+hesitate]
Table 27. Semantic Feature in Personification
Figurative Expression Literal Meaning Figurative
Meaning Semantic Feature
“the tune will come”
Melody comes to someone
Something good will come
[+optimist]
Table 28. Semantic Feature in Symbol
Symbol Literal Meaning Figurative Meaning Semantic Feature
Tree Plant Life [+exist]
Songbird Bird that has musical call Something beautiful [+attractive]