The Main Idea Although the end of World War I brought peace, it did not ease the minds of many Americans, who found much to fear in postwar years. Reading.

The Main IdeaAlthough the end of World War I brought peace, it did not ease the

minds of many Americans, who found much to fear in postwar years.

Reading Focus

• What were the causes and effects of the first Red Scare?

• How did labor strife grow during the postwar years?

• How did the United States limit immigration after World War I?

Postwar Havoc

100 Percent Americanism

• The end of World War I brought great rejoicing but also many problems.– An influenza epidemic from Europe had spread to the U.S.,

killing more than half a million Americans.– Farms and factories that had prospered during war years

closed down as demand for products fell.– Returning soldiers had trouble finding work.

• The emotional turmoil had disturbing political effects, as wartime patriotism turned to hatred of Germans.

• These sentiments gave rise to a movement known as 100 Percent Americanism, which celebrated all things American while attacking all ideas, and people, it viewed as foreign or anti-American.

The Red ScareRise of the Bolsheviks

Americans worried about a new enemy.

The Bolsheviks, a revolutionary group led by Vladimir I. Lenin, gained control of Russia during World War I.

Five years later Russia became part of a new nation called the Soviet Union.

The Bolsheviks wanted communism, a new social system without economic classes or private property.

Lenin believed all people should share equally in society’s wealth.

Soviets called for the overthrow of capitalism and predicted communism would inspire workers to rise up and crush it.

American Reaction

Many Americans were frightened by communism.

Americans embraced capitalism and feared a rise of the working class.

The picture of “the Hun,” a German symbol, Americans focused hatred on during WWI, was replaced by a new target: communists, known as Reds.

Communist parties formed in the U.S. after the war, some advocating violent overthrow of the government.

A Red Scare, or widespread fear of communism, gripped the nation.

Plots, Laws, and Raids

• Radical communists might have been behind a failed 1919 plot, in which bombs were mailed to government officials, including U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, a former Progressive.

• Though the communism threat was probably not very great, the government took it seriously.

• New York legislatures voted to bar five legally elected socialists from office and passed a law making it a crime to call for government revolution.– The Supreme Court found the law unconstitutional in the 1925 case of

Gitlow v. New York.• Palmer was a key leader in the government’s anti-Communist campaign,

attacking radicals in the Palmer raids and justifying them with wartime laws that gave the government broad power against suspected radicals.

• For aliens, or citizens of other countries living in the U.S., just belonging to certain groups considered radical could lead to deportation, or being sent back to one’s own country.

• In late 1919 Palmer's forces arrested thousands and deported hundreds.• In time, the Red Scare died down, as overseas communism began to fail.

Postwar Difficulties

• During the war, President Wilson sought good relations with workers who were keeping the troops clothed and equipped.

• Organized labor won many gains, including shorter hours and higher wages, and labor leaders hoping to build on this were frustrated by several factors.

•Wilson now focused on promoting his postwar peace plan, not labor.•The sinking postwar demand for factory goods hurt many industries.•Returning soldiers expected jobs that weren’t there.•Unhappy workers and strikers were replaced.•The Red Scare damaged labor’s reputation, making many suspicious of organized labor.

• The showdown between labor and management in 1919 devastated organized labor.

• Unions lost members and national political power.

• It took another decade and another national crisis to restore organized labor’s reputation, status, and bargaining power in the U.S.

Problems for Laborers

Labor’s Losses

Major Strikes, But Not Major Victories

• The year 1919 was one of the most explosive times in the history of the American labor movement.

• Some 4 million workers took part in over 3,000 strikes nationwide, and labor lost in nearly every case.

• A few strikes in 1919 hold a place in labor history.– In Seattle, Washington, labor unrest at the shipyards spread across the

city, igniting what became the nation’s first general strike, or one in which all industries take part.

• The conflict shut down the city yet failed.• The strike discouraged industry in Seattle for years.

– In Boston, the police force went on strike to protest low wages and poor working conditions.

• The city descended into chaos, and Governor Calvin Coolidge called in the militia to end the strike, making him a national hero.

– The United Mine Workers had a “no strikes” pledge during the war, but a strike in 1919 won a large wage increase but not better hours.

– The steel industry also struck in 1919.

Limiting Immigration

• Competition for jobs was fierce, and combined with the Red Scare, a backlash against foreigners struck the nation.

• The rise of nativism, or distrust of foreigners, produced a culture clash between the country’s earliest immigrants and its newer ones.

• Many nativists were Protestant Christians whose roots were Northern and Western European, and they targeted newer arrivals from Southern and Eastern Europe.

• Many of the newer arrivals were Catholics and Jews, and nativists argued that these groups were less willing to become “Americanized.”

• Labor leaders, along with nativists, pushed for immigration restrictions because new arrivals were usually willing to work for low wages.

Reactions to Immigration

The KKK

• Nativism produced a 1920s revival of the Ku Klux Klan.

• The Klan’s terror group had originally targeted African Americans in the South but began also to target Jews, Catholics, and radicals.

• The Klan slogan of the 1920s was “Native white, Protestant supremacy.”

• The Klan moved from the South into other parts of the country.

Government

• A 1921 law established a quota, or set number, of immigrants to be allowed into the U.S. from various nations.

• Then, the National Origins Act of 1924 set quotas for each country at 2 percent of the number of people from that country currently living in the U.S., clearly to reduce immigration from certain countries.

• The act nearly eliminated immigration from Asian countries.

Sacco and Vanzetti

• In the late 1920s a court case in Massachusetts proved nativist and anti-radical feelings.

• Two men named Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were arrested for armed robbery and murder.

• The two men were Italian immigrants and also proclaimed anarchists, or radicals who seek the destruction of government.

• The evidence against the two men was weak, but it was apparent that the two were on trial for their beliefs as much as for the crimes.

• Amid great publicity and protests in Europe and South America as well as in the U.S., the two men were convicted and sentenced to death.

• Their 1927 executions were highly controversial, but by then the nation had largely recovered from the Red Scare and the turmoil of the postwar years.

The Main Idea

New products, new industries, and new ways of doing business expanded the economy in the 1920s, although not everyone shared in the

prosperity.

Reading Focus

• What role did the Ford Motor Company and Henry Ford play in revolutionizing American industry?

• How did both the auto industry and the nation change during the 1920s?

• What were some qualities of the new consumer of the 1920s?

• What were some weak parts of the economy in the 1920s?

A New Economic Era

Washington Takes Action as PresidentWashington Takes Action as President

2. Make the process smooth, using interchangeable parts and moving belts.

Ford Revolutionizes Industry

3. Determine how workers should move, and at what speed, to be the most productive.

• The first cars appeared in the U.S. in the 1800s, but only the rich could buy them, until Henry Ford began selling the Model T in 1908.

• Ford’s vision combined three main ideas.

1. Make cars simple and identical instead of doing highly expensive custom manufacturing.

• These ideas formed the first large-scale moving assembly line, a production system in which the item being built moves along a conveyor belt to workstations that usually require simple skills.

• By the 1920s Ford made a car every minute, dropping prices so that by 1929 there were about 22 million cars in America.

• Ford raised his workers’ wages so they could also buy cars, but he opposed unions, and assembly lines were very boring.

The Effects on Industry

• The Ford Motor Company dominated auto making for 15 years, but the entire industry grew when competitors like General Motors and Chrysler tried to improve on Ford’s formula by offering new designs, starting competition.

• Other industries learned from Ford’s ideas, using assembly-line techniques to make large quantities of goods at lower costs, raising productivity, or output, by 60 percent.

• The success of businesses led to welfare capitalism, a system in which companies provide benefits to employees to promote worker satisfaction and loyalty.

• Many companies offered company-paid pensions and recreation programs hoping employees would accept lower pay, which many did.

Car Effects

• Demand for steel, rubber, glass, and other car materials soared.

• Auto repair shops and filling stations sprang up.

• Motels and restaurants arose to meet travelers’ needs.

• Landowners who found petroleum on their property became rich.

Cities and Suburbs

• Detroit, Michigan, grew when Ford based his plants there, and other automakers followed.

• Other midwestern cities, like Akron, Ohio, boomed by making car necessities like rubber and tires.

• Suburbs, which started thanks to trolley lines, grew with car travel.

Industry Changes Society

Tourism

• Freedom to travel by car produced a new tourism industry.

• Before the auto boom, Florida attracted mostly the wealthy, but cars brought tourists by the thousands.

• Buyers snatched up land, causing prices to rise.

• Some Florida swamps were drained to put up housing.

The New Consumer

Creating Demand

• Advertisers became the cheerleaders of the new consumer economy.

• Persuasive advertising gained a major role in the economy.

• Advertisers paid for space in publications, and companies sponsored radio shows.

• Advertising money made these shows available to the public, and ads gave the products wide exposure.

• During the 1920s, an explosion of new products, experiences, and forms of communication stimulated the economy.

New Products

• New factories turned out electrical appliances like refrigerators and vacuum cleaners, as more homes were wired for electricity.

• The radio connected the world, and by the late 1920s, 4 homes in 10 had a radio, and families gathered around it nightly.

• The first passenger airplanes appeared in the 1920s, and though they were more uncomfortable than trains, the thrill excited many Americans.

New Ways To Pay

In the early 1900s, most Americans paid for items in full when they bought them, perhaps borrowing money for very large, important, or expensive items like houses, pianos, or sewing machines.

Borrowing was not considered respectable until the 1920s, when installment buying, or paying for an item over time in small payments, became popular.

They bought on credit, which is, in effect, borrowing money.

Consumers quickly took to installment buying to purchase new products on the market.

By the end of the decade, 90 percent of durable goods, or long-lasting goods like cars and appliances, were bought on credit.

Advertisers encouraged the use of credit, telling consumers they could “get what they want now” and assuring them that with small payments they would “barely miss the money.”

Natural Disasters

• Boll weevil infestations ruined cotton crops.

• The Mississippi River flooded in 1927, killing thousands and leaving many homeless.

• “The Big Blow,” the strongest hurricane recorded up to that time, killed 243 people in Florida.

Weaknesses in the Economy

Land Speculation• In Florida, the wild

land boom came to a sudden and disastrous end.

• Florida sank into an economic depression even as other parts of the nation enjoyed prosperity.

• Though the “Roaring Twenties” brought prosperity to many, other Americans suffered deeply in the postwar period

Farmers

• American farmers who had good times during World War I found demand slowed, and competition from Europe reemerged.

• The government tried to help in 1921 by passing a tariff making foreign farm products more expensive, but it didn’t help much.

The Main IdeaThe United States experienced many social changes during the

1920s.

Reading Focus

• What were the new roles for American women in the 1920s?

• What were the effects of growing urbanization in the United States in the 1920s?

• In what ways did the 1920s reveal a national conflict over basic values?

• What was Prohibition, and how did it affect the nation?

American Life Changes

New Roles for Women

New Family Roles

• The 1920s brought a shift in many people’s attitudes toward men and women’s relationships.

• The basic rules defining female behavior were beginning to change.

• American women continued to have primary responsibility for caring for the home, and most still depended on men for financial support.

• More, however, sought greater equality.

New Opportunities

• The 19th Amendment allowed women to vote, and some were elected to state and local office.

• In general, however, women voted about as much as the men in their lives.

• Many women had taken jobs during World War I but lost them when men came home.

• During the 1920s women joined the workforce in large numbers, though mostly in the lowest-paying professions.

• Women attended college in greater numbers.

The Flapper

Other Women

• In much of the U.S., women only read about flappers in magazines, and many disapproved of flappers or wouldn’t dare to be so reckless.

• Some older women’s rights reformers thought flappers were only interested in fun.

• Many did not take flappers seriously.

One popular image that reflects changes for women in the Roaring Twenties was the flapper, a young woman of the era who defied traditional ideas of proper dress and behavior.

Flappers

• Flappers shocked society by cutting their hair, raising hemlines, wearing makeup, smoking, drinking, and dancing.

• The dress style was popular among young, rebellious girls.

• .The term flapper suggested an independent, free lifestyle.

• Flappers mostly lived in cities, though rural people read about them in magazines.

The flapper craze took hold mainly in American cities, but in many ways the flappers represented the rift between cities and rural areas.

Effects of Urbanization

Though the 1920s was a time of great economic opportunities for many, farmers did not share in the prosperity.

Farming took a hard hit after World War I, when demand for products went down and many workers moved to industrialized cities.

The 1920 census showed that for the first time ever, more Americans lived in cities than in rural areas, and three-fourths of all workers worked somewhere other than a farm.

The rise of the automobile helped bring the cities and the country together, and rural people were now likely to spend time in town and were less isolated.

Education also increased, and by the 1920s many states passed laws requiring children to attend school, helping force children out of workplaces.

School attendance and enrollment increased as industry grew because more people could afford to send their children to school, not to work.

Conflicts over Values

• Americans lived in larger communities, which produced a shift in values, or a person’s key beliefs and ideas.

• In the 1920s, many people in urban areas had values that differed from those in rural areas.– Rural America represented the traditional spirit of hard work, self-

reliance, religion, and independence.– Cities represented changes that threatened those values.

• The Ku Klux Klan grew dramatically in the 1920s, and many of its members were people from rural America who saw their status declining.– Members of the Klan continued to use violence, targeting African

Americans, Catholics, Jews, and all immigrants.– In the 1920s, the Klan focused on influencing politics.– The Klan’s membership was mostly in the South but spread

nationwide.– The Klan’s peak membership was in the millions, many from Indiana,

Illinois, and Ohio.– Membership declined in the late 1920s because of a series of scandals

affecting Klan leaders.

The Rise of Fundamentalism

Billy Sunday

Changing times caused uncertainty, turning many to religion for answers.

One key religious figure of the time was former ballplayer and ordained minister Billy Sunday.

Sunday condemned radicals and criticized the changing attitudes of women, reflecting much of white, rural America’s ideals.

Sunday’s Christian beliefs were based on a literal translation of the Bible called fundamentalism.

Aimee Semple McPherson

Another leading fundamentalist preacher of the time

Seemed to embrace the kind of glamour that other fundamentalists warned about

Her religion, however, was purely fundamentalist.

She was especially well known for healing the sick through prayer.

The Scopes Trial

Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution holds that inherited characteristics of a population change over generations, which sometimes results in the rise of a new species.

According to Darwin, the human species may have evolved from an ape-like species that lived long ago.

Fundamentalists think this theory is against the biblical account of how God created humans and that teaching evolution undermine religious faith.

Fundamentalists worked to pass laws preventing evolution being taught in schools, and several states did, including Tennessee in 1925.

One group in Tennessee persuaded a young science teacher named John Scopes to violate the law, get arrested, and go to trial.

Scopes was represented by Clarence Darrow, and William Jennings Bryan, three-time candidate for president, represented the prosecution.

John Scopes was obviously guilty, but the trial was about larger issues.

Scopes was convicted and fined $100, but Darrow never got a chance to appeal because the conviction was overturned due to a technical violation by the judge.

The Tennessee law remained in place until the 1960s.

Prohibition

Throughout U.S. history, groups like the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union worked to outlaw alcohol, but the drive strengthened in the early 1900s, as Progressives joined the effort.

Over the years, a number of states passed anti-alcohol laws, and World War I helped the cause when grain and grapes, which most alcohol is made from, needed to feed troops.

The fight against alcohol also used bias against immigrants to fuel their cause by portraying immigrant groups as alcoholics.

Protestant religious groups and fundamentalists also favored a liquor ban because they thought alcohol contributed to society’s evils and sins, especially in cities.

By 1917 more than half the states had passed a law restricting alcohol.

The Eighteenth Amendment banning alcohol was proposed in 1917 and ratified in 1919. The Volstead Act enforced the amendment.

Prohibition in Practice

• Enforcing the new Prohibition law proved to be virtually impossible, as making, transporting, and selling alcohol was illegal, but drinking it was not.

• Prohibition gave rise to huge smuggling operations, as alcohol slipped into the country through states like Michigan on the Canadian border.

• Newspapers followed the hunt for bootleggers, or liquor smugglers, but government officials estimated that in 1925 they caught only 5 percent of all the illegal liquor entering the country.

• Many people also made their own liquor using homemade equipment, and others got alcohol from doctors, who could prescribe it as medicine.

• The illegal liquor business was the foundation of great criminal empires, like Chicago gangster Al Capone’s crew, who smashed competition, then frightened and bribed police and officials.

• 3,000 Prohibition agents nationwide worked to shut down speakeasies, or illegal bars, and to capture illegal liquor and stop gangsters.

• Millions of Americans violated the laws, but it would be many years before Prohibition came to an end.

The Main IdeaTransformations in the African American community contributed to a

blossoming of black culture centered in Harlem, New York.

Reading Focus

• What was the Great Migration, and what problems and opportunities faced African Americans in the post–World War I era?

• What was Harlem, and how was it affected by the Great Migration?

• Who were the key figures of the Harlem Renaissance?

The Harlem Renaissance

The Great Migration

Beginning around 1910, Harlem, New York, became a favorite destination for black Americans migrating from the South.

Southern life was difficult for African Americans, many of whom worked as sharecroppers or in other low-paying jobs and often faced racial violence.

Many African Americans looked to the North to find freedom and economic opportunities, and during World War I the demand for equipment and supplies offered African Americans factory jobs in the North.

African American newspapers spread the word of opportunities in northern cities, and African Americans streamed into cities such as Chicago and Detroit.

This major relocation of African Americans is known as the Great Migration.

African Americans after World War I

Tensions Many found opportunities in the

North but also racism. Racial tensions were especially

severe after World War I, when a shortage of jobs created a rift between whites and African American workers.

This tension created a wave of racial violence in the summer of 1919.

The deadliest riot occurred in Chicago, Illinois, when a dispute at a public beach led to rioting that left 38 people dead and nearly 300 injured.

Racially motivated riots occurred in about two dozen other cities in 1919.

Raised Expectations

Another factor that added to racial tensions was the changing expectations of African Americans.

Many believed they had earned greater freedom for helping fight for freedom overseas in World War I.

Unfortunately, not everyone agreed that their war service had earned them greater freedom.

In fact, some whites were determined to strike back against the new African American attitudes.

Life in Harlem

New York City was one of the northern cities many African Americans moved to during the Great Migration, and by the early 1920s, about 200,000 African Americans lived in the city.

Most of these people lived in a neighborhood known as Harlem, which became the unofficial capital of African American culture and activism in the United States.

A key figure in Harlem’s rise was W.E.B. Du Bois, a well-educated, Massachusetts-born African American leader.

In 1909 Du Bois helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in New York City.

Du Bois also served as editor of a magazine called The Crisis, a major outlet for African American writing and poetry, which helped promote the African American arts movement.

This movement was known as the Harlem Renaissance.

Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. Du Bois

Conflict with Du Bois

• Garvey thought the NAACP discouraged African American self-confidence, and that their goal of breaking down barriers between races threatened African racial purity.

• Du Bois and the NAACP were suspicious of UNIA too, and The Crisis published an investigation of UNIA.

• The FBI charged UNIA with mail fraud, and UNIA collapsed when Garvey went to prison and then left the country upon release.

Another famous figure of the era was Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican-born American who took pride in his African heritage.

Garvey’s Rise

• Formed the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), which promoted self-reliance for African Americans without white involvement.

• Garvey wanted American blacks to go back to Africa to create a new empire.

• Garvey wanted African Americans to have economic success. His Black Star Line promoted trade among Africans around the world.

• About 2 million mostly poor African Americans joined UNIA.

Poets

• Poets like Claude McKay and Langston Hughes wrote of black defiance and hope.

• These poets recorded the distinctive culture of Harlem in the 1920s.

A Renaissance in Harlem

Artists• Black artists won

fame during this era, often focusing on the experiences of African Americans.

• William H. Johnson, Aaron Douglas and Jacob Lawrence were well known.

• Harlem in the 1920s was home to tens of thousands of African Americans, many from the South, who felt a strong sense of racial pride and identity in this new place.

• This spirit attracted a historic influx of talented African American writers, thinkers, musicians, and artists, resulting in the Harlem Renaissance.

Writers

• Little African American literature was published before that era.

• Writers like Zora Neale Hurston and James Weldon Johnson wrote of facing white prejudice.

Harlem Performers and Musicians

Musicians

• Harlem was a vital center for jazz, a musical blend of several different forms from the Lower South with new innovations in sound.

• Much of jazz was improvised, or composed on the spot.

• Louis Armstrong was a leading performer on the Harlem jazz scene.

• Other performers included Bessie Smith, Cab Calloway, and composers Duke Ellington and Fats Waller.

The Harlem Renaissance helped create new opportunities for African American stage performers, who only began being offered serious roles on the American stage in the 1920s.

Performers

• Paul Robeson came to New York to practice law but won fame onstage, performing in movies and stage productions like Othello.

• Robeson also played in the groundbreaking 1921 musical Shuffle Along, which had an all-black cast.

• Josephine Baker was also in that show, and she went on to a remarkable career as a singer and dancer in the U.S. and in Europe, where black performers were more accepted.

The Main IdeaNew technologies helped produce a new mass culture in the 1920s.

Reading Focus

• How did mass entertainment change in the 1920s?

• Who were the cultural heroes of the 1920s?

• How was the culture of the 1920s reflected in the arts and literature of the era?

A New Popular Culture is Born

Radio Drives Popular Culture

Radio Station Boom• The growing popularity of

those simple broadcasts caught the attention of Westinghouse, a radio manufacturer.

• In October 1920, Westinghouse started KDKA, the first radio station.

• By 1922 the U.S. had 570 stations.

• Technical improvements in sound and size helped popularity.

• Americans now had a shared experience.

During the 1920s, the radio went from being a little-known novelty to being standard equipment in every American home.

Rise of the Radio

• Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio in the late 1800s, and by the early 1900s the military and ships at sea used them.

• In 1920, most Americans still didn’t own radios, and there was not any programming.

• In 1920, a radio hobbyist near Pittsburgh started playing records over his radio, and people started listening.

Movies

Talkies and Cartoons

• Another important innovation was the introduction of films with sound, or “talkies.”

• In 1927 filmgoers were amazed by The Jazz Singer, a hugely successful movie that incorporated a few lines of dialogue and helped change the movie industry forever.

• In 1928, the animated film Steamboat Willie introduced Mickey Mouse and cartoons.

Movies exploded in popularity during the 1920s for several reasons.

New Film Techniques

• In early years movies were short, simple pieces.

• During World War I, filmmaker D. W. Griffith produced The Birth of a Nation, a controversial film that some consider racist.

• The film nonetheless introduced innovative movie techniques and helped establish film as an art form and widened its audience.

• Woodrow Wilson, after seeing the movie, said, “it’s like writing history with lightning.”

By the end of the 1920s, Americans bought 100 million movie tickets a week, though the entire U.S. population was about 123 million people.

Film Star Heroes

• The great popularity of movies in the 1920s gave rise to a new kind of

celebrity—the movie star.• One of the brightest stars of the 1920s was Charlie Chaplin, a

comedian whose signature character was a tramp in a derby hat and

ragged clothes.• Rudolph Valentino, a dashing leading man of romantic films, was such

a big star that his unexpected death in 1926 drew tens of thousands

of women to the funeral home where his body lay.• Clara Bow was a movie star nicknamed the “It Girl.”• Mary Pickford was considered “America’s Sweetheart” and was

married to Douglas Fairbanks Jr., a major star of action films.• Their home, called “Pickfair,” was in Hollywood, the center of the

motion picture industry.

Charles Lindbergh

• Charles Lindbergh was a daredevil pilot who practiced his skills as an airline pilot, a dangerous, life-threatening job at the time.

• Lindbergh heard about a $25,000 prize for the first aviator to fly a nonstop transatlantic flight, or a flight across the Atlantic Ocean, and wanted to win.

• He rejected the idea that he needed a large plane with many engines, and developed a very light single-engine craft with room for only one pilot.

• On May 21, 1927, Lindbergh succeeded by touching down in Paris, France after a thirty-three-and-a-half-hour flight from New York.

• Lindbergh earned the name “Lucky Lindy” and became the most beloved American hero of the time.

• A little over a year after Lindbergh’s flight, Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly across the Atlantic, returning to the U.S. as a hero.

• She went on to set numerous speed and distance records as a pilot.

• In 1937 she was most of the way through a record-breaking flight around the world when she disappeared over the Pacific Ocean.

Pilot Heroes of the Twenties

Amelia Earhart

Sports Heroes

Radio helped inflame the public passion for sports, and millions of Americans tuned in to broadcasts of ballgames and prize fights featuring their favorite athletes.

Helen Wills:Played powerful tennis, winning 31 major tournaments and two Olympic gold medals. Her nerves of steel earned her the nickname “Little Miss Poker Face.”

Red Grange:College football player who earned the nickname the “Galloping Ghost” for his speed. He turned professional after college, which was shocking at the time.

Babe Ruth: Known as the “Sultan of Swat,” Ruth was legendary on the baseball field for his home runs. His legend lives on today in baseball circles and popular culture.

Bobby Jones: Jones won golf’s first Grand Slam, meaning he won the game’s four major tournaments, and remains the only golfer to get a Grand Slam for matches in one calendar year.

Arts of the 1920s

The great economic and social changes of the 1920s offered novelists a rich source of materials.

F. Scott Fitzgerald helped create the flapper image, coined the term the “Jazz Age,” and explored the lives of the wealthy in The Great Gatsby and other novels and stories.

Sinclair Lewis wrote about the emptiness of middle-class life. Edna St. Vincent Millay wrote poems on topics ranging from celebrations

of youth to leading social causes of the day. Willa Cather and Edith Wharton produced notable works of literature. Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos were war veterans and, as part

of the so-called Lost Generation, wrote about war experiences. Gertrude Stein invented the term Lost Generation, referring to a group of

writers who chose to live in Europe after World War I. Bruce Barton’s novel compared Jesus to a modern business executive. George Gershwin was a composer best known for Rhapsody in Blue—

which showed the impact of jazz—as well as popular songs written with his brother Ira.