The Louisiana Purchase In 1801, France gained Louisiana from Spain & seemed ready to create an empire in North America – But, the Haitian revolution &

The Louisiana PurchaseIn 1801, France gained Louisiana

from Spain & seemed ready to create an empire in North America–But, the Haitian revolution & cost

of European wars led Napoleon to lose interest in America

–In 1803, Jefferson negotiated with France to buy New Orleans, but Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million

The Louisiana PurchaseJeffersonian contradictions:

–The Constitution was vague on which branch had the authority to purchase new lands

–Jefferson abandoned “strict construction” to buy Louisiana

–Jefferson signed the Louisiana Gov’t Act which denied self-rule to Louisiana residents

Republicans feared giving the mostly French & Spanish residents of New

Orleans authority in a territorial assembly

The Louisiana Purchase & the Lewis & Clark Expedition

Left St. Louis in May 1804 & reached the Pacific in Nov 1805

Meriwether Lewis & William Clark were commissioned to explore the Louisiana territory

Goal #1: Determine if the Missouri River flowed to

the Pacific Ocean

Goal #2: Collect data on flora & fauna

The report from the Lewis & Clark expedition reaffirmed faith in the future

economic prosperity of the U.S.

Native American ResistanceThe Louisiana Purchase

increased tensions with Indians:– Americans rejected coexistence

with Indians – Tecumseh swayed the Shawnee

& other tribes to stop selling land & to avoid contact with whites

– Jefferson hoped to “civilize” Indians into yeoman farmers & planned for a vast reservation west of the Mississippi River

The Road to the War of 1812The focus of Madison’s presidency

was foreign policy:–In 1809, the Non-Intercourse Act Non-Intercourse Act

promised the U.S. will resume trade with England & France once U.S. neutrality is respected

–In 1810, Congress replaced this with Macon’s Bill #2Macon’s Bill #2 offering exclusive trade to whichever nation 1st honored U.S. neutrality

Madison eagerly reopened trade with England

…but England continued to seize

U.S. ships

France agreed to end all trade restrictions (but never stopped

seizing ships or impressing sailors)

Which region would have supported a declaration of war the most?

Most calls for war centered on British interference with U.S. trade rights.

"Free Trade & Sailors' Rights" was a popular battle cry

NE Federalists thought war with Britain as a mistake: they feared the U.S. could

not defeat England & a war would bankrupt the country

Americans in the West & South wanted war to gain Canada & Spanish Florida

By 1810, War Hawks in Congress, led by Henry Clay (KY) & John C. Calhoun (SC),

demanded war with England

Madison eventually gave in & asked Congress for a declaration

of war in June 1812

Patriotism surged as War Hawks claimed the War of 1812 the “Second American Revolution”

The War of 1812

War of 1812Despite increased patriotism, the

U.S. was unprepared for war:– Congress refused to raise taxes– The army was small & state

militias were inadequate – The government was incapable

of directing a full-scale warThe U.S. goal for the war was to

attack British Canada & force England to respect U.S. rights

The U.S. did not fare well against the better-trained British troops

The U.S. navy was a little more successful but only because the bulk of British navy

was still fighting Napoleon in Europe

The War of 1812

In 1814, the British took the offensive in a

3-pronged attack

British were turned back at Plattsburg on Lake Champlain & gave up their Canadian offensive

The British attacked the undefended Chesapeake & burned Washington, DC

& laid siege to Baltimore

The American army under Andrew Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans (after a peace treaty was drawn up ending the war)

Hartford ConventionFederalists opposed the war by

not paying taxes or sending troopsIn 1814, Federalists met at the

Hartford Convention to discuss altering the U.S. Constitution to:–Restrict Congress’ war powers –Supported a one-term president –Abolish the 3/5 clause

They discussed seceding from the USA if they did not get their way

The War of 1812 is still going on!! In order to reduce southern

control of Congress

In order to break the Virginia presidential dynasty

Treaty of GhentTreaty of GhentTreaty of Ghent did not address

U.S. neutrality but was ratified unanimously by the Senate

Effects of the war:–Ended all Indian-British

alliances in western lands–Scared Spain into signing the

Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819 –The lack of Federalist loyalty

was the fatal blow to the party

Spain ceded Florida to the USA

Effects of the War of 1812 Though the US might not have gained any lands

or major concessions from the war, the War of 1812 did have a number of significant effects on the young nation…– The US gained incredible respect from foreign

nations for fighting the world’s greatest power, England, to two stalemates

– There was an incredible growth in nationalistic feelings across the US, especially in the west

– The idea that the future of the US lay in westward expansion

– The death of the Federalist party