The living world

The Living The Living WorldWorld

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• What are the characteristics of the living things ?

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•What is reproduction ?

•Is reproduction is the feature of living organisms ?

•What are the types of reproduction?

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Asexual Reproduction

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What is What is NomenclatureNomenclature ??Nomenclature is the standardization Nomenclature is the standardization of naming of living things so that of naming of living things so that a particular organism is known by a particular organism is known by the same name all over the worldthe same name all over the world

Classification is also known as Classification is also known as taxonomytaxonomy

Taxonomists Taxonomists are scientists that are scientists that identify & name organismsidentify & name organisms

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Benefits of ClassifyingBenefits of Classifying

•Accurately & uniformlyAccurately & uniformly names names organisms organisms

•Prevents Prevents misnomersmisnomers such as such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish really fish

•Uses Uses same language (Latin or same language (Latin or some Greek)some Greek) for all names for all names

Sea”horse”??Sea”horse”??

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Confusion in Using Different Confusion in Using Different Languages for NamesLanguages for Names

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Latin Names are Understood by Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomistsall Taxonomists

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Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus1707 – 17781707 – 1778

•18th century taxonomist

•Classified organisms by their structure

•Developed naming system still used today

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Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus

•Called the Called the “Father of “Father of Taxonomy”Taxonomy”

•Developed the modern Developed the modern system of naming known system of naming known as as binomial nomenclaturebinomial nomenclature

•Two-wordTwo-word name (Genus & name (Genus & species)species)

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Standardized NamingStandardized Naming

•Binomial Binomial nomenclature nomenclature usedused

•Genus speciesGenus species

•Latin or GreekLatin or Greek

•ItalicizedItalicized in print in print

•Capitalize genusCapitalize genus, , but NOT speciesbut NOT species

•UnderlineUnderline when when writingwriting

Turdus migratoriusTurdus migratorius

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ICBN (International Code for Botanical Nomenclature)

It is the organization for naming plants.

ICZN (International Code for Zoological Nomenclature) It is the organization for naming animals.

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Rules for Naming OrganismsRules for Naming Organisms

•The The International Code for International Code for Binomial Nomenclature Binomial Nomenclature contains contains the rules for naming organismsthe rules for naming organisms

•All names must be approved by All names must be approved by International Naming CongressesInternational Naming Congresses (International Zoological (International Zoological Congress)Congress)

•This This prevents duplicatedprevents duplicated names names

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Hierarchy-Taxonomic GroupsHierarchy-Taxonomic Groups

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family

Genus Species

BROADEST TAXONBROADEST TAXON

Most Specific

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KKinging

PPhilliphillip

CCameame

OOverver

FForor

GGooseberryooseberry

SSoup!oup!

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Panthera tigris (Tiger)

Solanum tuberosum (Potato)

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Mangifera indica (mango)

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Homo sapience (man)

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Canis familiaris (dog)

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Hibiscus rosasinensis (shoe flower)

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Felis domestica (cat)

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Classification Groups - Classification Groups - TaxonamyTaxonamy•TaxonTaxon ( ( taxataxa-plural) is a -plural) is a

category into which related category into which related organisms are placedorganisms are placed

•There is a There is a hierarchyhierarchy of groups of groups (taxa) from broadest to most (taxa) from broadest to most specificspecific

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Family, Genus, speciesGenus, species

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TA XONOMICAL AIDS HERBARIUM

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BOTANICAL GARDENS

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botanical gardens are at Kew (England),

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botanical gardens are at Kew (England),

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Indian Botanical Garden-Howrah

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Palode Tropical Botanical Garden

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MUSEUMS

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ZOOLOGICAL PARKS

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KEY Key is a taxonomical aid used for identification of plants and animals based on their similarities and dissimilarities.

The keys are based on the contrasting characters generally in pair called couplet.

Each statement in a key is called a lead.

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