The Literature Review Primer CONTENTS What is a literature review? Definitions. Link to online film of how to write a lit- review (with quick notes by Alex.) Alex’s Guide: Finding material for your literature review 1) Choosing your topic 2) Collecting the most relevant (and usually “peer reviewed”) articles and books 3) Using the tools (with worked examples): (a) Subject Reference Books, (b) The Library, National and International Book Catalogues.
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The Literature
Review Primer
CONTENTS
What is a literature review? Definitions.
Link to online film of how to write a lit-
review (with quick notes by Alex.)
Alex’s Guide: Finding material for your
literature review
1) Choosing your topic 2) Collecting the most relevant (and
usually “peer reviewed”) articles and books
3) Using the tools (with worked examples):
(a) Subject Reference Books, (b) The Library, National and
International Book Catalogues.
(c) Databases of Electronic Journal Articles
(d) Thesis databases (e) Citation databases (f) Boolean Searching (g) Finding a specific Electronic
Journal (h) Setting up alerts (i) Using a Citation Database (j) RefWorks
4) Reading/Skimming the material, using their abstracts,
5) Grouping the material into the themes and sub-themes of your topic,
6) Identifying with sub-themes materials that agree, disagree, and points which are not covered at all.
2) on a specific topic, 3) grouped by theme, 4) and evaluated with regard to your
research. This evaluation would identify connections, contradictions and gaps in the literature you have found.
The purpose of a literature review, therefore, is:
1) To get a feel for the agreed academic opinion on the subject (the connections).
2) To discover the disagreements on the subject (the contradictions). 3) To find opportunities, (the gaps), for
developing and expressing your own opinions.
The classic pattern of academic arguments is
Thesis + Antithesis = Synthesis
An Idea (Thesis) is proposed, an opposing Idea (Antithesis) is proposed, and a revised
Idea incorporating (Synthesis) the opposing Idea is arrived at. This revised idea sometimes sparks another opposing idea, another synthesis, and so on…
If you can show this pattern at work in your literature review, and, above all, if you can suggest a new synthesis of two opposing views, or demolish one of the opposing views, then you are almost certainly on the right track.
Steps in compiling a literature review are:
1) Select a specific topic (the more focussed, the better, or you’ll go on for ever).
2) Collect the most relevant (usually “peer reviewed”) books and articles.
3) Read/skim them, using the abstract (a short summary attached to the article).
4) Group the articles into the sub-themes of your topic.
5) Identify within each sub-theme those points on which the articles agree, those points on which they disagree, and those points which they don’t cover at all.
7) Choosing your topic
Seek advice from a lecturer or tutor on this, if a topic is not already assigned. It is very common for students to bite off more than they can chew, simply because they have not realised the full breadth and complexity of an apparently simple topic. It is usually better to cover a tiny topic perfectly, than a huge topic superficially.
Look for a topic on which there is polarised opinion. It often helps to pick one in which a question is being asked, for example: Is a particular taxation policy beneficial or disadvantageous to a developing country?
When authors disagree, this provides an opportunity for you to enter the debate and argue for one side or another in your essay. Taking a hatchet to someone’s opinions:
(a) gives you something to write about,
(b) affords a certain amount of brutal fun,
(c) is the foundation of most modern scholarly writing (cf. points (a) and (b) above).
8) Collecting the most relevant (and usually “peer reviewed”) articles and books
The main tools for finding these books and articles are
(a) Subject Reference Books,
(b) the Library Book Catalogue, and then the National Book Catalogue and then, perhaps, International Book Catalogues.
(c) the Library Databases of Electronic Journal Articles, which usually include abstracts to Theses and to Chapters in Books,
d) Thesis databases – Local and National. Searching out OPTs (Other People’s Theses) can give you warning on whether your work has already been done, and can give you a good guide to ideas for lit reviews and layout and topics to take further, and the recent ones in particular are often a good guide to cutting
edge work and trends in scholarship – think young PhD’s anxious to make a name for themselves by breaking new ground. Also, the thesis may have some unique data, stemming from first-hand research on the ground, and unavailable anywhere else, and on those grounds at least, may be well worth including in a literature review.
e) Citation databases – for following the literature forward; i.e. finding people who have used or agreed with or disagreed with a particular core article.
Before you search these tools, spend a minute thinking about the best terms to use.
Make a list of alternative words that describe your subject, and also think about general terms and more specific terms. As you search, more terms will suggest themselves, often from the subject terms assigned to the records you find by keyword searching. Keep a running note of these for use in other catalogues. This is important because while journal databases are good for finding very specific terms in articles, book catalogues, in
local, national and international libraries, tend to use more general terms and do not search within the full text of the book.
Subject Encyclopedias can often suggest a set of search terms appropriate to that topic – or define a term as it is used in that area of specialization. A lot of our searching success or failure will revolve around our choice of search terms – so we need all the help we can get in picking them – especially if you are doing interdisciplinary research.
Words like paternal or maternal as used in Anthropology have a lot more to do with a very specific focus on kin-structures and bloodlines, than on mothering or fathering behaviours, for example, as they might in Sociology or Psychology.
It is important to be aware of this if you are a Sociologist thinking of using those terms in an Anthropology-related search…. They may not mean what you think they mean, and so your searches will bring up useless hits, which ever database you try them on.
So – whatever your level of expertise, I’d recommend starting off a lit. review by using
Subject Encyclopedias for a map of the territory
Subject Encylopedias
I’m not talking about the Britannica here, or Wikipedia, though both can be very useful in fact, even at University, when it comes to getting a bird’s eye map of the territory of your research.
I’m talking about thousands of genuinely specialized reference works – all narrowly focused and with each section written by an expert in that field.
An entry in a good subject encyclopedia can give a background history of research trends (i.e. the history of academic thought on that subject), as well as outlining likely issues for current and future research (as in the example below).
Example:
If you want to get a quick understanding of “African legal systems”, , you will find a short discussion alphabetically on pages 229-232 of International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences / editors-in-chief, Neil J. Smelser, Paul B. Baltes. (Amsterdam : Elsevier, 2001.) Vol. 1
The 4-page article is broken up into helpful headings:
Opening Definition
Customary and Religious (Non-state) Legal Systems
State Legal Systems
Past and Present Trends in Legal Development
Current and Future Issues in Legal Development, Theory and Research
Cross-references to other articles in the encyclopedia
A Bibliography of 13 major sources
The article is signed and you can check the author’s affiliation –University of Birmingham. And the articles are overseen by section editors and editors in chief, also with affiliations listed.
Above all, a good subject encyclopedia entry will have a short bibliography which usually lists the seminal works, or at least most commonly sought works, on that subject.
Indeed, some exist to do nothing but this task:
BookData Description: This volume is the first to aim at summarizing all of the scientific literature published so far regarding male-female differences and similarities, not only in behavior, but also in basic biology, physiology, health, perceptions, emotions, and attitudes. In this title, results from over 18,000 studies have been condensed into more than 1,900 tables, with each table pertaining to a specific possible sex difference. Even
research pertaining to how men and women are perceived (stereotyped) as being different is covered. Throughout this book's eleven years in preparation, no exclusions were made in terms of subject areas, cultures, time periods, or even species. The book is accompanied by a CD containing all 18,000+ references cited in the book. "Sex Differences" is a monumental resource for any researcher, student, or professional who requires an assessment of the weight of evidence that currently exists regarding any sex difference of interest.
At any rate – references from works like these can form the core of a research bibliography – the past sources which you can’t not read if you want to be taken seriously.
They can also be a very useful starting point in a citation search. We’ll come to a citation search later, but in essence it involves finding a really key article or book and seeing who has cited it more recently – either because their research supports it, or disagrees with it,
or takes it forward by adding a new dimension to it.
It might also be a good idea to do a search for any other/more recent books or articles by one of these key authors, or by the writer of that section in the encyclopedia – experts tend to write a number of other books or articles on their topic of expertise, and, if contemporary writers, may still be at it.
Note also that this article has been written in 2001 – so it gives a good background of the scholarship to that date, and leaves you at a point from which you can take it further in your own review.
How to find subject encyclopedias? Ask Us. We can usually find good ones for particular topics.
Or search for things like “Encyclopedia and violence” on the catalogue.
Searching the Library Catalogue
Start by typing in the main, simple
keywords that describe your subject,
separated by ANDs – Gender AND
Poverty AND Africa, for example, or
Violence AND Television.
Avoid typing in a phrase like Television
violence – that will call up only those
books which use exactly that phrase
(possibly very few, or none whatsoever).
The results list might be quite wide-
ranging. If you get too many results, or
they don’t seem very relevant, try adding
another word – Violence AND Television
AND Children, for example.
(Note, btw, that a useful-looking subject
encyclopaedia has come up in this
search.)
If you find a book that looks promising
(Kirsh, Children, adolescents, and media
violence, for example) you can open the
full record and see what formal subject
terms the librarians have assigned to that
record, and search again using those
formal terms, to get a more focused list of
books just like the Kirsh one.
Using simple keyword searching (in the “all fields” box) rather than restricting the catalogue search to just author, title or subject fields allows you to search the entire record – title, author, subject, and table of contents, if one is attached.
This allows you to find things you would definitely have missed if searching only in the title or subject headings, and is especially useful for more recent records which often have the tables of contents attached to them, as in the example above. This gives the book catalogue some of the advantages of a journal database, where the keyword search searches the abstracts of the articles as well as the title and assigned subject headings.
If you find a good subject heading on the catalogue, and clicking on it brings up too limited a selection of hits, try using some of the subject heading words in a keyword search – this gives you the best of both worlds; everything with that subject heading will come up, as well as everything which mentions that subject term in the title or table of contents.
Searching our book catalogue will also bring up theses on that topic written at UCT, though there are better ways of finding theses, which I’ll get to in a minute. If you are looking for a list of UCT theses in a particular subject, the best search is Thesis and Anthropology, or Thesis and Education, btw.
So - if you find a good book reference, scroll down to the bottom of the reference and you will find the subject terms the library cataloguers have assigned to it. Click on that term to call up more books just like the one you have found, or paste it into a keyword search.
Once you have the thing in your hand, quickly check the relevance by glancing at the table of contents, the introduction and any descriptive blurbs on the back cover. The index at the back of the book not only helps you dive to very narrow topics in the book, but also gives you an indication of how much attention (i.e. how many pages) the book spends on that specific topic.
If you are satisfied with the book, look at the bibliography in the back – this can help
identify other relevant sources. Following a chain of references in a bibliography like this, whether in a book or a journal article, is one of the most basic techniques of scholarship – find something that is relevant and look at the sources it used.
Often our journal databases will have reviews of that book – these are particularly useful since a good reviewer will usually try to contextualise the book in terms of the existing literature which it reinforces or challenges. So, any promising book titles you find can also be profitably typed into the journal databases.
Searching National and International Book Catalogues
The other thing to watch out for in catalogues
generally, but national and international
catalogues particularly, is the difference
between USA and British standard spelling;
words like labour/labor, behaviour/behavior or
colour/color, can radically effect your search
results. Use wildcards for these (* or ?)
Also, be especially careful about differences in terminology between American and Standard British English. Not just spelling – but actual terminology - American business databases tend to use “corn” where we would use “maize”, for example.
There are also social taboos which vary from country to country - terms for race, poverty, or social class, in particular, can vary wildly, not only from database to database but also between journals of different national origins or different disciplines within a database.
Right, back to our searches….
Searching the National Catalogue
Having done a search on UCT catalogue, it is a good idea to repeat it on the National Catalogue, SACAT, found under S on our databases list:
You can get to our A-Z database list by mousing over Search & Find on the library web page:
This covers the holdings of all the major libraries, including university and major research institution libraries in South Africa.
You will pick up titles of books, reports, papers, theses, etc. which UCT does not have, but which can usually be obtained by inter-library loans, at no cost.
Again, I find keyword searches are usually most effective since they can pick up words in title and other areas of the record – though because the national catalogue does not often give detailed contents for its book records, your keyword searches will be a bit less comprehensive than they would be on the UCT catalogue.
For this reason, although the National catalogue will show material that is in UCT library amongst its findings, it is best to search our own catalogue separately – the search on our interface can be simultaneously more comprehensive and more precise.
Also, our catalogue gives our specific shelf numbers.
Also, it works slightly differently with regard to finding phrases:
If you search the UCT catalogue for Poverty and South Africa and Gender , our catalogue will treat South Africa as a phrase. The SA Catalogue, on the other hand, will treat South and Africa as separate words, unless they are put in inverted commas.
At any rate, searching for Poverty and “South Africa” and Gender on the National Catalogue brought up 152 hits (below.) The same search on UCT catalogue (minus the inverted commas) brought up 34.
Searching WorldCat
Found under W on our Database list and does what it says on the can – searches internationally across library catalogues. Here is the blurb:
WorldCat - via OCLC FirstSearch The world's most comprehensive bibliography, with more than 44 million bibliographic records covering books, manuscripts, computer data files, maps, computer programs, musical scores, films and slides, newspapers, journals, sound recordings, magazines, and videotapes. Provides holdings information for South African libraries.
So pretty much what the SA Cat does for South Africa, only MUCH BIGGER since it includes a lot of other countries (not all, but still very many.)
A search of this for Poverty and “South Africa” and Gender - you’ll note that it also requires inverted commas around phrases - brought up 531 results. I’m glad to see that we have
some at UCT, but if we don’t have a book that your need, and it is not available in SA, then let me know and I would think about trying to buy it rather than doing an interlibrary loan from overseas.
With so many hits it might be an idea to try to use the limiting functions on this database:
Limiting by year, or range of years (e.g. 2000-2012) is often helpful, as is limiting by Number of Libraries – on the (occasionally justified) assumption that a really good book will be held by a fair number of libraries.
Incidentally – the formal subject headings used on UCT, the National Catalogue and International Catalogues are assigned by subject cataloguers all using the same rule book, so the same subject headings should work the same way across all catalogues, and in a really big international catalogue, some ruthless refinement by formal subject heading is often necessary.
Searching for Theses
Having got a sense of what books have been published, or what is available in print in South Africa, it is now time to see if there is a gap in the research industry for your own interests, and to see what is being written at the cutting edge of unpublished research.
It is useful to see what similar work has been done on your topic – you can use a thesis’s references and bibliography as a starting point and take the research further, or explore a different angle. Often the thesis itself will
constitute a body of material that is available nowhere else – results from an individual’s primary research in a local town or suburb, for example.
Most importantly, searching them allows you to check that your exact thesis has not been, or is not at this moment being, written at a university down the road.
Of course, there may often be some overlap of interests – plenty of people might be working in or close to your area, and the fact that others like you are writing on this is evidence that you are taking part in a hot debate or being part of the cutting edge on this topic – adding your own unique perspective and study and methodology. So finding similar-ish work is not automatically a train smash.
But you do not want to discover, just before, or just after, handing in, that exactly your uniquely South African, cutting edge, thesis has been written a
couple years earlier. This happens to people, and it would be soul-destroying to find
that you have spent a year or two repeating somebody else’s work; even worse if it were to lead to suspicion of plagiarism.
If a Master's or Doctoral thesis was done at UCT, you will find it on the catalogue the same way you would a book – look for the author’s last name or words from the title or both.
You can also do a very quick and dirty search for theses by subject on the UCT catalogue, just type Psychology and thesis, for example.
If it was done at another South African university we can get a copy through Inter-library loan or, increasingly, simply download it for free from that university’s web site.
This is sometimes possible for overseas theses too, but most likely we would have to buy a copy. This can often be done, but the thesis might take some time to arrive.
Some of our other databases, particularly Humanities International, SocIndex (for general social sciences), MLA for literature, EconLit for economics, and PsycInfo for psychology, provide abstracts of theses along with abstracts of books and journal articles. You will often encounter a reference to a relevant thesis when searching for journal articles or book chapters on these databases.
Interestingly – people who have written a thesis, particularly a Doctorate, on a particular topic often go on to publish articles on the same topic, so if you find a good thesis, it might be worth searching the journal databases for the writer’s name to see if they have continued to write on that theme.
Journal databases
The library subscribes to about 180 databases – containing journal articles, but also references to book chapters, theses, government documents, and miscellaneous research papers.
WorldCat Local is an interface which lies over
our catalogue and many (though not all!) of
our 180 or so databases. It allows you to
cross search them together with the
catalogue. Or rather it will allow you to do this
when we have it set up – we don’t at the
moment.
The snag is that WorldCat Local is designed
as a one-stop-shop for undergraduates. It is
good for quick searches for full text, But it is
not well suited to complex searches.
For complex searches it is better to go to our
databases directly, than to rely on the
WorldCat Local mask across them.
It is still possible to cross-search many of our
databases that if they share the same
platform (i.e. database provider.)
To do this, select “Databases by Platform”
under the SEARCH & FIND tab:
Select, as a first choice (in the Humanities),
the EBSCO set of databases since the Ebsco
platform provides some of our main subject
databases for disciplines such as Psychology,
Sociology, Literature, Economics, Film &
Media, Religion and African Studies - as well
as two good general databases – Academic
Search Premier and Humanities International
Complete.
Nice, tight, better set of results. Not always full
text on the MLA in particular – but use SFX
link to see if it is full text on any of our other
databases.
They do not, alas, share the same indexing
protocols, which are often database-specific,
but, coming from the same platform, they do
respond identically to nice, detailed, Boolean
searching:
In other words, you can do:
(SU Caribbean or SU Afric*) and
(postcolon* or decolon*) and (writing or
literat* or novel or fiction) and theor*
A quick digression on BOOLEAN
SEARCHING
Consider this search string:
(SU Caribbean or SU Afric*) and
(postcolon* or decolon*) and (writing or
literat* or novel or fiction) and theor*
The AND operator narrows a search – all listed elements must be mentioned in each article.
The OR operator expands a search – any of the listed elements must be mentioned in each article. The OR operator is useful for dealing with alternative terms which different authors might use when writing on a similar topic.
The Brackets tie the options to the required material. In this example they make sure that any articles we get on literature or fiction are concerned with the Caribbean or Africa. If we didn’t have brackets here the
search would just bring up every reference to literature in the database, whether relevant to the With Caribbean or Africa or not.
The Wildcard * expands a search: The * deals with related words. In this example theor* = theory, theories, theorists, theoretical….
The ? fills in a missing letter, and is used for covering alternative spellings in British and American English. (Labo?r and behavio?r are notorious traps, for example, and the presence or absence of a “u” in the word can radically affect your hit rate.)
NOT weeds out anything you’ve got too
much of. (I might have put NOT India*) into
this search, for example.
SU is an example of command-language
searching – it restricts the words Caribbean
or Afric* to the subject field of the record
only – in other words SU makes sure that
these are the major focus of the article, not
just mentioned in passing.
Other command-language searching
tags that are occasionally useful are “TI”
for Title and “AU” for Author.
Right, back to databases and journals….
Finding a specific Electronic Journal
The library subscribes to +- 80 000 electronic journal titles in full text. The databases are used for finding journal articles by subject.
If you are looking for a specific article, in a specific journal title, you can go click on the E-Journals tab on the library homepage.
Type in the journal title on the search screen….
…. which calls up a link to the electronic journal on whichever of our databases hosts it. You can either search that journal for the title of an article, or by keywords, or simply drill down through each issue until you find the specific article that you wanted.
This is handy both for looking for a particular article – a reference you are following up – but also for reading in its entirety, issue by issue, or for simply keeping tabs on, a particular journal that is key to your area of research.
You can also set up alerts on most electronic journals – you’ll get the table of contents e-mailed to you whenever a new issue of that journal comes out, or you can set up an RSS feed to Google Reader to achieve the same effect.
Use the Alert/Save/Share link on the Ebsco databases, or something similar on others:
You can set it up to e-mail you with new articles:
If you use the search option to search that journal for articles on a particular topic, you can set up an alert for new articles that match that topic only:
So – that saves you from missing any up-to-the minute material that you would like to include in your review (or research in general.)
Right – that’s the finding done.
Or rather, it isn’t – because we’ve still got to cover citation searching:
Using a Citation Database
Citation Databases are used for following the influence of a particular author or article forwards – seeing who has cited that work.
Once upon a time Citation databases were very specialized beasts, in fact they were printed indexes well before they became electronic. The ISI Citation database, for example, is a direct descendant of these indexes.
It is found under the ISI web of Science database, under I on our Databases list.
Click on Cited Reference Search:
Input the author’s name and the official abbreviation of the work cited as indicated. There is a list of the abbreviations.
You will then get a list of citing articles. From the list of citing articles you can see
which articles have cited them in turn – and so on down the chain:
I used to demonstrate the ISI database in some detail – but I don’t do that so much nowadays because the ISI database now has competition – which is good because the ISI database only shows citing articles from those journals which are on its own (admittedly quite big) database. It misses others, and does not do books or book chapters.
Other databases like the EBSCO databases now have a similar function – and in fact are a bit more user friendly:
In fact you don’t even have to use this search interface – simply searching for the article normally brings up a times-cited-in-this-database link:
But one of the most effective challengers by far is Google Scholar. You don’t even have to do a specialized citation search on this. Just search for the article and a link to the citing articles comes up too.
On Google Scholar there are 45 links to citing articles, on ISI there were 7, on Academic Search Premier there was 1.
Btw - you’ll notice that Google Scholar brings up a full text link to our database holdings on this search – it only does this when searched on campus or through the off campus UCT login.)
There is also a more sophisticated way of getting the citation searches out of Google Scholar – a tool called Harzing’s Publish or Perish can be downloaded to your desktop (just Google the term) and strip mines Google Scholar very efficiently indeed.
According to the blurb on this page:
Publish or Perish is a software program that retrieves and analyzes academic citations. It uses Google Scholar to obtain the raw citations, then analyzes these and presents the following statistics:
Total number of papers Total number of citations Average number of citations per paper Average number of citations per author Average number of papers per author Average number of citations per year Hirsch's h-index and related parameters Egghe's g-index The contemporary h-index The age-weighted citation rate Two variations of individual h-indices An analysis of the number of authors per
paper.
The results are available on-screen and can also be copied to the Windows clipboard (for pasting into other applications) or saved to a variety of output formats (for future reference or further analysis). Publish or Perish includes a detailed help file with
search tips and additional information about the citation metrics.
Er… Right. This is evolution……
But for a quick and dirty citation search you are probably better off with a straight Google Scholar search and a click on the cited-by link.
At any rate - it is becoming clear that there is a lot of material out there and that you are going to be generating some monster reference lists.
To keep track of them, and to generate a pain-free bibliography it helps to know about….
RefWorks RefWorks is a database on which you can open a personal account. You can save your references to RefWorks, either by typing them
in, or by exporting them directly from our databases, as we have done here. You can find RefWorks on the Library Homepage under the Research Help menu.
Once you have opened an account on RefWorks and added some citations to it, you can download a program called Write-N-Cite:
Write-N-Cite will exist as an icon on the
desktop of the PC on which you do your
writing, and will also attach itself to your Word
program, under Add-Ins:
When you open Write-N-Cite, you will be able
to search through your saved references (over
time you’ll find that it really helps if you
organize them into topic-specific folders, btw.)
and cite as you type. You can them click on
the Bibliography tab and generate in-text
citations and bibliography in any one of a
number of styles:
Viz:
My Paper
Blether Blether Blether
Blurgle, blether drone (Clukey 437), drone,
drone (Brown 568)
Works Cited
Brown, J. D. "Textual Entanglement: Jean
Rhys's Critical Discourse.(Critical Essay)."
Modern Fiction Studies 56.3: 568. . Clukey,
Amy. ""no Country really Now": Modernist
Cosmopolitanisms and Jean Rhys's
Quartet.( Critical Essay)." Twentieth Century
Literature 56.4: 437
And so done – all that remains is to
3) Read/Skim the articles, using their abstracts
Most of the articles will have an abstract. This is a short paragraph at the head of the article that lists the main facts and arguments in each article. By reading these you will quickly get the gist of what each article is about and where it fits into the pattern you are building up in your literature survey.
How many books and articles should you have? It’s wise to check this with your lecturer or tutor. In general, though, your aim is not to cover every single book or article, but every major opinion or theme on the topic. Many of the books or articles will add very little that is new.
Therefore a short list of really scholarly, relevant, comprehensive articles is often more effective than a list of hundreds of superficial or tangential articles.
What you are ideally looking for are the “seminal” articles (seed articles) on which
most of the other authors are basing their work.
4) Group the Articles into the themes and sub-themes of your topic
Obviously, it helps to have a structure in mind already, but the articles you find will often help to suggest a structure or cause you to redesign your existing one.
Herewith a hard-learned tip:
There are tides and seasons in academic publishing – a topic is often hot for a few months, then dies, then is revived to be attacked from a different angle, then dies, then is revived again to be discussed from a third angle… remember, Thesis, Antithesis and Synthesis?
This has two implications for studying the results on a database search:
Just because there is nothing much in the recent articles does not mean that it was not hot a few months or years ago, so scroll back in time down the list, or jump
right to the earliest reference and scroll up through time to look for a hot spot.
The tides of article titles often tell a story that can help you shape your literature review.
For example, in a list of journal articles on Information Technology and Employment you might find that:
The earliest articles are all about how hard it is to find skilled IT workers.
Later you get articles about UK and US firms desperately recruiting school-leavers and training them in IT skills on the job.
A year later you get articles about how countries like India and South Africa are doing the same thing.
And not long after that you get articles about India and South Africa having a huge, skilled IT workforce, working far more cheaply than the US and UK workforce, and lots of UK and US projects being outsourced to them.
Then you get complaints about unemployment in the IT sector in the UK and USA.
Then you get stories about how employers in the UK and USA have become very choosy about whom they employ, insisting on really good academic training, loads of experience and very-specialised skills.
Then you get the latest stories which are all about how new IT entrants, without that experience, start packing their bags to gain experience elsewhere…
See? Story!
Many database lists of academic articles tell this sort of story when they are looked at in date order. Either they reflect swings in world events or they are reflecting swings in academic debate and opinion. In fact, book catalogues can do this too, when the results are viewed in date order.
Seeing such a story in the literature is a great help in structuring any literature review.
In particular, look out for the major triggers of such changes: When did the first swing to a new track happen, and what event or book or article provoked it?
When you find an article that has provoked a major swing, or started a whole new debate, then you are looking at the “Seminal” (Seed) article that I mentioned earlier. This sort of article is often the best sort of article to identify in a literature review – many of the other articles will just build on, comment on, or attack its basic arguments.
5) Identify within each sub-theme those points on which the articles agree, those points on which they disagree, and those points which they don’t cover at all.
The abstracts can help with this, of course. The main trick is coming up with, or spotting, the sub themes and that is simply a matter of brain work. But if it is done well, and you have taken the trouble to find good sources, then you will find, quite magically, that you have constructed the skeleton and a good bit of the flesh and blood not only of the literature review, but of your research project itself.
In fact, a good literature review can result in a research project that virtually writes itself.