To start the cycle, an infected female Anopheles mosquito injects sporozoites into the skin while feeding. Repeated cycles cause illness and potential death if not treated. Sporozoites enter the blood stream and are carried to the liver, where they infect liver cells. Within liver cells, the parasites develop into schizonts. In some malaria species, parasites remain in the liver, causing relapses. The schizonts rupture, releasing thousands of individual merozo- ites into the bloodstream. Merozoites infect red blood cells. The male gamete fuses with the female gamete producing a zygote. The zygotes elongate into ookinetes which move through the stomach wall. The ookinetes develop into oocysts. The oocysts grow and rupture, releasing sporozoites. The sporozoites migrate to the salivary glands, ready to be injected and renew the cycle. LIVER CELL INFECTED LIVER CELL INFECTED CELL (DORMANT) SCHIZONT SCHIZONT RUPTURED SCHIZONT TROPHOZOITE INFECTED RED BLOOD CELL RING STAGE MEROZOITES GAMETOCYTES GAMETES OOKINETE STOMACH WALL ZYGOTE SALIVARY GLANDS OOCYST SPOROZOITES SPOROZOITES 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 Some parasites change into male and female forms called gametocytes. 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 9 8 11 10 12 13 The Carter Center / Graphic by Al Granberg The Life Cycle of Malaria When the mosquito feeds, gametocytes are ingested into its stomach. The gametocytes emerge from the infected blood cells, becoming gametes. GAMETOCYTES BLOOD CELL An infected mosquito starts the cycle Another mosquito becomes infected, continuing the cycle SPOROZOITE BLOOD CELL MOSQUITO STAGES (7-10 days) HUMAN BLOOD STAGES CAUSE ILLNESS (2-3 day cycles) HUMAN LIVER STAGES (About 2 weeks)
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To start the cycle, an infected female Anopheles mosquito injects sporozoites into the skin while feeding.
Repeated cycles cause illness and potential death if not treated.
Sporozoites enter the blood stream and are carried to the liver, where they infect liver cells.
Within liver cells, the parasites develop into schizonts.
In some malaria species, parasites remain in the liver, causing relapses.
The schizonts rupture, releasing thousands of individual merozo-ites into the bloodstream.
Merozoites infect red blood cells.
The male gamete fuses with the female gamete producing a zygote.
The zygotes elongate into ookinetes which move through the stomach wall.
The ookinetes develop into oocysts.
The oocysts grow and rupture, releasing sporozoites.
The sporozoites migrate to the salivary glands, ready to be injected and renew the cycle.
LIVERCELL
INFECTEDLIVER CELL
INFECTED CELL(DORMANT)
SCHIZONT
SCHIZONT
RUPTURED SCHIZONT
TROPHOZOITE
INFECTEDRED BLOODCELL
RINGSTAGE
MEROZOITES
GAMETOCYTES
GAMETES
OOKINETE
STOMACHWALL
ZYGOTE
SALIVARY GLANDS
OOCYST
SPOROZOITES
SPOROZOITES
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
Some parasites change into male and female forms called gametocytes.
6
7
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
9
8
11
10
12
13
The Carter Center / Graphic by Al Granberg
The Life Cycle of Malaria
When the mosquito feeds, gametocytes are ingested into its stomach.
The gametocytes emerge from the infected blood cells, becoming gametes.
GAMETOCYTES
BLOOD CELL
An infected mosquitostarts the cycle
Another mosquitobecomes infected,
continuing the cycle
SPOROZOITE
BLOOD CELL
MOSQUITO STAGES(7-10 days)
HUMAN BLOOD STAGESCAUSE ILLNESS
(2-3 day cycles)
HUMAN LIVER STAGES(About 2 weeks)
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