Mar 27, 2015
The The KingdoKingdo
m of m of Italy Italy was was ruled by ruled by NapoleonNapoleon, Naples , Naples by his by his
brother-brother-in-law in-law and and
Rome by Rome by the Popethe Pope
The The Congress Congress of Vienna of Vienna restored restored
the the states states
and old and old monarchimonarchi
es in es in 18151815
Nationalism began to Nationalism began to rise-resorgimento- rise-resorgimento-
resurgenceresurgence
Three Three ideas for ideas for
unificationunification emerged:emerged: Republic, Republic,
Monarchy, Monarchy, The PopeThe Pope
Giuseppe Giuseppe Mazzini Mazzini formed formed
the Young the Young Italy Italy
movement movement in 1831 to in 1831 to drive out drive out foreign foreign rule and rule and create a create a Republic Republic of Italyof Italy
King Victor Emmanuel I
The Kingdom of The Kingdom of Sardinia became Sardinia became
the hope of the hope of monarchistsmonarchists
Some favored Some favored unification under the unification under the
PopePope
Vincenzo GiobertiVincenzo Gioberti Pope Pius IXPope Pius IX
1848: Italian Nationalists rose in 1848: Italian Nationalists rose in revolt against state governmentsrevolt against state governments
Mazzini and Garibaldi Mazzini and Garibaldi declared the Republic of declared the Republic of
Italy in Rome, 1848Italy in Rome, 1848
The The RevolutioRevolutio
ns of ns of 1848-49 1848-49 failed: failed:
The The French French
restored restored Pope Pius Pope Pius
IX; IX; Austria Austria
regained regained Lombardy Lombardy
and and VenetiaVenetia
Count Count Camilo di Camilo di Cavour, Cavour, Prime Prime
Minister of Minister of Sardinia, Sardinia,
became the became the leader of leader of
the the pragmatic pragmatic movement movement
to unite to unite ItalyItaly
Cavour’s goal: Unite Italy Cavour’s goal: Unite Italy under the Constitutional under the Constitutional
Monarchy of SardiniaMonarchy of Sardinia
CavourCavour and Sardinia allied with and Sardinia allied with Napoleon IIINapoleon III and France to drive and France to drive
Austria out of ItalyAustria out of Italy
1859: 1859: France France
and and SardiniSardinia drove a drove Austria Austria out of out of
LombarLombardydy
Garibaldi and his Red Garibaldi and his Red Shirts conquered Sicily Shirts conquered Sicily
and Naplesand Naples
Garibaldi Garibaldi met met
Victor Victor EmmanuEmmanu
el II; el II; Naples Naples
was was annexed annexed to Italyto Italy
British British cartoon cartoon
showing the showing the roles of roles of
Garibaldi Garibaldi and King and King
Victor Victor Emmanuel II Emmanuel II
in uniting in uniting ItalyItaly
Right foot in the boot this time.
After After the the
Seven Seven Weeks’ Weeks’
War, War, 1866, 1866, Italy Italy
gained gained Venetia Venetia as the as the ally of ally of
victoriovictorious us
PrussiaPrussia
Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was crowned King
of Italy, March 1861
The French army remained The French army remained in Italy until France in Italy until France
declared war on Prussia, declared war on Prussia, July 1870July 1870
When the When the French French
withdrew, withdrew, the Papal the Papal
States States were were
annexed annexed to the to the
Kingdom Kingdom of Italy, of Italy,
SeptembeSeptember 1870r 1870
Pope Pius Pope Pius IX IX
refused refused to to
recognize recognize the the
annexatiannexation of the on of the
Papal Papal States. States.
He He became became
the the ‘Prisoner ‘Prisoner
of the of the Vatican’.Vatican’.Italia Irredenta:
added after World War
IItalia Irredenta:
“I must surrender the sword, my son, but I keep the keys!”
Italy and the Vatican settled their Italy and the Vatican settled their differences in the Lateran Pact of 1929.differences in the Lateran Pact of 1929.
Cavour: Cavour: “The Head”“The Head”
Garibaldi: Garibaldi: “The Sword”“The Sword”
Mazzini:Mazzini:“The Soul”“The Soul”
Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II:II:
“The Sovereign”“The Sovereign”
Summary of Italian UnificationSummary of Italian Unification• Nationalism was set in motion by Napoleonic Nationalism was set in motion by Napoleonic
WarsWars• Congress of Vienna re-established separate Congress of Vienna re-established separate
states; Austria became the dominant powerstates; Austria became the dominant power• Piedmont-Sardinia emerged as the state to lead Piedmont-Sardinia emerged as the state to lead
Italian unificationItalian unification• Giuseppe Mazzini was the inspiring leader of Giuseppe Mazzini was the inspiring leader of
Italian NationalismItalian Nationalism• Giuseppe Garibaldi was the untiring, dedicated Giuseppe Garibaldi was the untiring, dedicated
creator of the force that created Italycreator of the force that created Italy• Camilo Benso di Cavour was the practitioner of Camilo Benso di Cavour was the practitioner of
realpolitikrealpolitik who made the practical moves who made the practical moves necessary for unification; Constitutional necessary for unification; Constitutional monarchy was the compromisemonarchy was the compromise
• Uprisings, revolutions and wars in 1820, 1830, Uprisings, revolutions and wars in 1820, 1830, 1848, 1859-60, 1866, 1870 and 1915-18 created 1848, 1859-60, 1866, 1870 and 1915-18 created the nationthe nation
• Not until 1929 were Italy and the Catholic Church Not until 1929 were Italy and the Catholic Church reconciledreconciled