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The kinetics of mild acid hydrolysis of gluten and …...acid catalysed deamidation and peptide bond hydrolysis reactions. and to comment on the resultant changes in functional properties.

Jan 17, 2020

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Page 1: The kinetics of mild acid hydrolysis of gluten and …...acid catalysed deamidation and peptide bond hydrolysis reactions. and to comment on the resultant changes in functional properties.

Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author.

Page 2: The kinetics of mild acid hydrolysis of gluten and …...acid catalysed deamidation and peptide bond hydrolysis reactions. and to comment on the resultant changes in functional properties.

THE K I NETI C S OF M I LD A C I D HYD R O LY S I S O F GLUTEN

AND THE FUNCTI ONAL PROPERTI ES OF THE MOD I F I ED P R O TE I N S

A T VARI O U S LEVE L S O F HYD ROLY S I S

· A Th e s i s p r e s ent e d in p ar t ial ful f i lm e n t o f t h e r e q u i r em e n t s

f o r t h e d e g r e e o f D o c t o r o f Phi l o s o p hy in B i o t e c hn o l o gy

at Ma s s e y Unive r s i t y

JOHN J O S E PH H I G G I N S

1 9 8 8

Page 3: The kinetics of mild acid hydrolysis of gluten and …...acid catalysed deamidation and peptide bond hydrolysis reactions. and to comment on the resultant changes in functional properties.

AB STRACT

G l ut en i s t h e mix t ur e o f p r o t e i n s r em a ining in wh e at f l o u r a f t e r

s t arch an d .w a t e r s o l ub l e c o m p o n e nt s h a v e b e e n ext r a c t e d b y

w a shin g . I t s u n i q u e d o u gh f o r m i n g p r o p e r t i e s a r e d u e t o t h e

s t r u c t u r e o f t h e p r o t e ins . A f e at u r e o f t h e p r o t e i n i s t h e h i gh

g l ut amine c on t ent . ab o u t 3 0% o f t h e t o t a l amino a c i d s . A n umb e r

o f s t ud i e s h a v e s h o wn t h a t g l ut en ' s p r o p e r t i e s o f i n s o·l ub i l it y

and wat e r - b inding c an b e s ub s t an t ia l l y m o d i f i e d b y m i l d a c i d

hydro l y s i s . Th e p r i n c i p a l e f f e c t o f t h e m i l d a c i d t r e atment i s

t o hy d r o l y s e t h e a m i d e s i d e c h a i n o f g l u t amine s u c h t h a t t h e

a m i d e g r o u p i s r e p l a c e d b y a c ar b oxy l g r o up . I n a d d i t i o n . i t is

known that hy d r o l y s i s o f p e p t i d e b o n d s c an h ay e a l ar g e

i n f l u e n c e o n t h e f u n c t i o n a l p r o p e r t i e s o f p r o t e ins .

The aim s o f t h i s s t udy w e r e t o d e t e rm i n e t h e k in e t i c s o f t h e

a c i d c at a l y s e d de amidat i o n an d p e p t i d e b o n d hy d r o l y s i s

r e a c t i o n s . a n d t o c omment o n t h e r e s u l t ant chang e s i n f u n c t i o n a l

p r o p e r t i e s .

A s t at i s t i c a l l y d e s ign e d exp e r i m e n t w a s u s e d t o d e t e rmine t h e

e f f e c t o f t em p e r a t u r e , hy d r o g e n i o n c on c en t r at i o n a n d g l ut en

c o n c e nt r a t i o n . An init i a l r a t e an a l y s i s of the r e s u l t s s h o w e d

t h a t r e a c t i o n s c o u l d b e d e s c r ib e d b y e q u a t i o n s o f �b e f o rm :

Rat e o f ami d e b o n d hy d r o l y s i s

a n d Rat e o f p ep t i d e b o n d hy d r o l y s i s = k 2 [ P e p t i d e ] [ H+ ]

... E I wh ere k = k e

lf:"r 0

A s t o i c h i o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s o f t h e exp e r im e n t a l d a t a c o n f i r m e d

t h at hyd r o g en i o n s w e r e c o ns um e d i n b o t h r e a c t i o n s .

A nume ri c a l s o l u t i o n w a s d e v e l o p e d t o p r e d i c t t h e e x t e n t o f

r e a c t i o n w i t h t im e . A c o m p u t e r p r o g r am in c o r p o r a t i n g t h e

s o l ut i on w a s u s e d t o s im u l at e t h e r e a c t i o n a n d t e s t t h e

Page 4: The kinetics of mild acid hydrolysis of gluten and …...acid catalysed deamidation and peptide bond hydrolysis reactions. and to comment on the resultant changes in functional properties.

11

s o l ut i o n . The s imu l at i o n r e s u l t s a p p e ar e d t o o v e r e s t im a t e t h e

p r o g r e s s o f t h e r e a c t i o n w i t h t im e .

A s e r i e s o f t en g l u t en p ow d e r s . hy d r o l y s e d t o d i f f e r en t ext e n t s

w a s p r e p a r e d a t s m a l l p i l o t s c a l e . T h e c o mp o s i t i o n o f t h e

s amp l e s w a s d e t e rm in e d a n d c omp a r e d with t h e e x t e n t o f

h y d r o l y s i s p r e d i c t e d b y t h e r e a c t i o n s imu l at i o� .

a g r e em e n t w a s � c h i e v e d .

R e a s o n ab l e

A s e l e c t i o n o f t h e func t i o n a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e p r e p a r e d s amp l e s

w a s examin e d .

The quant i t y o f a l k a l i r e qu i r e� t o d i s s o l v e e a c h p r e p a r at i o n t o

t h e ext e n t o f i t s s o l ub i l it y a t p H 7 . 6 inc r e a s e d m a rk e d l y with

the e x t e n t o f h y d r o l y s i s d u e to the a d dit i o n a l c arb oxy l group s

r e qu i r i n g n e ut r a l i z at i o n .

Th e f l a v o u r o f e a c h p r ep a r a t i o n w a s e x amin e d. A c e r e a l f l a v o ur

w a s f o u n d t o d e c r e a s e with the ext ent o f hy d r o l y s i s . A

l in g e r in g b i t t e r f l a v o u r was f o und t o in c r e a s e w i t h t h e ex t ent

o f hy d r o l y s i s .

T h e s o l u b i l i t y o f a l l p r e p a r a t i o n s a t p H 7 . 6 i n 0 . 1 M p h o s p h a t e

b u f f e r i n c r e a s e d w i t h t h e e x t e n t o f t r e a t m e n t s o t h a t t h e mos t

h y d r o l y s e d s amp l e s w e r e a l m o s t c omp l e t e l y s o l ub l e . N o

( s igni f i c an t ) d i f f e r e n c e w a s f o un d b e tw e e n f r e e z e d r i e d and

s p r ay d r i e d s am p l e s . S amp l e s p r e p a r e d with o u t d i a l y s i s s h o w e d

no s o l ub i l i t y d i f f e r e n c e f r o m t h o s e p r e p a r e d w i t h d i a l y s i s a t a

s imi l a r e x t e n t o f h y d r o l y s i s .

The hy d r o p h o b i c i t y o f t h e p r e p a r a t i o n s w a s m e a s u r e d u s ing t wo

d i f f e r e n t f l u o r e s c en t p r ob e s a n d was found t o i n c r e a s e with the

e x t ent o f h y d r o l y s i s . Th e emu l s i on- f o rming p r o p e r t i e s of the

p r e p a r a t i o n s w e r e f o und to d e p e n d o n the o i l u s e d i n the t e s t .

a s w o u l d b e e x p e c t e d i f h y d r o p h o b i c i t y was e qu i v a l e n t t o t h e

hy d r o p h i l e l i p o p h i l e b a l an c e . wh i c h i s c o mm o n l y u s e d t o c l a s s i f y

e mu l s i f y i n g a g e n t s . T h e p r e p a r at io n s d i d n o t . h o w e v e r . s h o w

t h e a d d i t i v it y p r o p e r t i e s o f emu l s i f i e r s . I t w a s a l s o shown

Page 5: The kinetics of mild acid hydrolysis of gluten and …...acid catalysed deamidation and peptide bond hydrolysis reactions. and to comment on the resultant changes in functional properties.

t h a t o n l y t h e s o l ub l e p or t i o n o f th e prep arat i o n s w a s

re s p o n s ib l e f or em u l s i o n f orm a t i o n .

iii

Th e p o s s ib i l ity o f a c h i e v in g d e am i d a t i o n o f g l ut e n u s i n g t h e

e n z y m e s p e p t i d o g l ut ami n a s e I a n d I I w a s e x ami n e d . No a c t i v i t y

a g a i n s t g l u t e n or p art i a l l y hy dro l y s e d g�uten w as f o un d .

Page 6: The kinetics of mild acid hydrolysis of gluten and …...acid catalysed deamidation and peptide bond hydrolysis reactions. and to comment on the resultant changes in functional properties.

ACKNOWLED GEMENTS

I am d e e p l y g r at e f u l to t h e New Z e a l an d D a i r y R e s e a r c h I n s t i t ut1

f o r g i v i n g me the o p p o r t un i t y to c o mp l e t e t h i s w o rk . I am

i n d eb t e d to m any o f my c o l l e a g u e s t h e r e f o r a s s i s t a n c e wi t h

v ar i o u s a s p e c t s o f t h i s w o rk and many h e l p f u l di s c u s s ions .

P ar t i c u l a r m e n t i o n m u s t b e m a d e o f Ju l i e An d e r s o n f o r h e r

p at i ent a s s i s t an c e w i t h s t at i s t i c a l d e s i gn a n d int e r p r e t a t i o n .

M y s up e r v i s o rs P r o f e s s o r E ar l e . D r M a d d ox a n d D r S an d e r s o n h a v e

p r o v i d e d t h o u ght f u l g u i d an c e an d s h o wn c om m e n d ab l e p a t i e n c e .

M y f am i l y t o o h a v e b e en t o l e r ant t h r o ugho u t .

Page 7: The kinetics of mild acid hydrolysis of gluten and …...acid catalysed deamidation and peptide bond hydrolysis reactions. and to comment on the resultant changes in functional properties.

TAB LE O F C ONTENTS

Ab s t r a c t

Ackn o w l e d g e m e n t s

Tab l e o f c o nt e nt s

Li s t o f t ab l e s

Li s t o f f i g ur e s

L i s t o f ap p e nd i c e s

Symb o l s and abb r e v i a t i o n s

1

1 . 1

1 . 1 . 1

1 . 1 . 2

1 . 1 . 3

1 . 1 . 4

1 . 2

1 . 2 . 1

1 . 2 . 2

1 . 2 . 3

1 . 2 . 4

1 . 2 .s 1 . 2 . 6

1 . 2 . 7

1 .3

1 . 4

1 . 4 . 1

1 . 4 . 2

I NTRO D U CTION A ND LI TERATURE RE V I E W

Wh e a t g l u t e n

Wh e a t g l ut e n p r e p a r a t i o n

Ch emi s t ry o f g l u t e n

F un c t i ona l p r o p e r t i e s o f g l ut e n

S o l ub i l ity o f g l u t e n

A c i d hydro l y s i s

D e t e rmina t i o n o f kin e t i c d a t a

A c i d

Ac i d

A c i d

A c i d

A c i d

a c i d

hydro l y s i s

hyd r o l y s i s

hy dr o l y s i s

hy dro l y s i s

hy dr o l y s i s

o f am ide s

o f p r o t e in s

o f amide b o n d s i n p r o t e i n s

o f p e p t i d e b o n d s i n p r o t ein s

and p y r r o l i d o n e c a r b o xy l i c

Re v i ew o f p r e v i o us s t u d i e s o f a c i d hy d r o l y s i s

o f g l u t e n

G l u t aminas e e n z ym e s

F un c t i on a l it y o f p r o t eins

D e fini t i o n and r e v i ew

R e v i ew o f p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s o f fun c t io n a l i t y

o f a c i d hy dr o l y s e d g l ut e n

V

P age No .

i

iv

V

x i i

XX

x x v i

XXX

1

1

1

1

4

6

1 0

1 0

1 0

1 8

1 8

1 9

2 1

2 3

2 6

3 1

3 1

3 5

Page 8: The kinetics of mild acid hydrolysis of gluten and …...acid catalysed deamidation and peptide bond hydrolysis reactions. and to comment on the resultant changes in functional properties.

1 . 5

1 . 5 . 1

1 .5 . 2

1 . 5 . 3

1 . 5 . 4

1 . 5 . 5

1 . 5 . 6

1 . 6

2

2 . 1

2 . 2

2 . 3

2 . 4

2 .5

2 . 6

2 . 6 . 1

2 . 6 . 2

2 . 7

3

3 . 1

3 . 1 . 1

3 . 1 . 2

3 . 1 . 3

3 . 2

vi

Emu l s i o n s a n d em u l s i f i e r s 3 7

D e f in i t i o n and. r e v i e w 3 7

T h e e m u l s i o n s t ab i l i z ing p r op e r t i e s o f p r o t e i n s 4 0

p r o t e i n s

The us e o f t h e hy d r o phi l e l ip o phi l e b a l an c e 45

( H LB) c o n c e p t in f o o d sy s t ems

P r o t e i n s and t h e HLB c o n c e p t

C r i t i c i s m o f p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s

Hyp o t h e s i s f o r t e s t i n t h i s w o rk

S t a t em e n t o£ r e s e a r c h o b j e c t i v e s

EXPERI ME NTAL MATE R I A L S AND METHO D S

M a t e r i a l s

M e a s u r em e n t o f pH

P r e p a r a t i o n of b u f f e r s o l u t io n s

P r e p a r at i o n o f s o d i um do d e c y l s u l ph a t e ( S D S )

s o l u t i o n s

D e t e r m in a t i o n o f amm o n i a

D e t e r mi na t i o n o f N- t e rmin a l amino g r o u p s

D e t e r m ina t i o n u s i n g f l uo r e s cam ine

D e t e rm i n a t i o n u s in g 2 . 4 . 6 - t r init r o b e n z e n e

s u l f o n i c a c i d ( TN B S )

45

46

48

48

4 9

4 9

4 9

so s o

s o 5 2

5 2

5 4

D e t erm ina t i o n o f t o t a l a n d n o n- p r o t e i n n i t r o g e n S S

EXPERI MEN T S TO VER I F Y ANA LYTI CAL ME THOD S 5 6

The e f f e c t o f S D S in s o l ub i l iz a t i o n o f g l ut e n 5 6

Exp e r i m e n t a l me t h o d 5 6

R e s u l t s 5 7

D i s c u s s io n 5 7

T h e e f f e c t o f b u f f e r p H o n t h e d e t e rm in a t i o n o f 5 9

N- t e rmin a l amino g r o u p s u s in g f l u o r e s c am i n e

Page 9: The kinetics of mild acid hydrolysis of gluten and …...acid catalysed deamidation and peptide bond hydrolysis reactions. and to comment on the resultant changes in functional properties.

3.2. 1

3.2.2

3 . 2 . 3

3 .3

3.3. 1

3 .3 . 1 . 1

3.3 . 1 . 2

3 . 3 . 2

3 .3 . 2 . 1

3.3 .2.2

3 . 3 . 2 . 3

3.3.3

3.3.3 . 1

3 . 3 . 3 . 2

3.3.3.3

3.3 . 4

3.3 .4.1

3 . 3 . 4. 2

3.3 . 4.3

3.4

3.5

3.5 . 1

3.5 .2

Expe r iment a l me tho d

Re s u l t s

D i s c u s s i o n

The e f fe c t o f b u f fe r c o n ce n t r a t i o n a n d t he u se

o f S D S on t he de te r m inat i o n o f N- te r m i n a l am ino

g r o u p s u s in g f l u o re s c amine

The e f fe c t o f b u f fe r c o n ce nt r at i on o n t he

f l u o re s cen ce re s p o n se o f a s t an d a r d s amp le

Expe riment a l me tho d

Re s u l t s

The e f fe c t o f b u f fe r c o n cent r at i o n o n t he

f l u o re s ce n ce re s p o n se o f_ g l u te n w i t h

f l uo re s c am i ne

Expe riment a l me t h o d

Re s u l t s

D i s c u s s i o n

F u r t her expe r ime nt s w i t h b u f fe r c o n ce n t r a t i on

o n t he f l u o re s ce n ce re s p o nse f r om g l u te n

Expe rime n t a l me t h o d

Re s u l t s

D i s c u s s i on

The e f fe c t o f b u f fe r c o n cent r at i o n .

me r c ap t oe t h an o l a n d ce nt r i f u g a t io n o n t he

f l uo re s ce n ce re s p o n se f r o m g l uten

Expe riment a l me t h o d

Re s u l t s

D i s c u s s i on

C o n c l u s i o n s f r o m expe rime n t s de s c r ibe d i n

S e c t i o n s 3 • 1 t o.. 3 • 3

Me a s urement o f g l u te n c o n ce n t r at i o n u s i n g

f l u o re s c amine

Expe riment a l me t h o d

Re s u l t s

vii

5 9

5 9

5 9

6 0

6 0

6 0

6 0

6 2

6 2

6 2

6 2

6 5

6 5

6 5

6 5

6 5

6 7

6 7

6 7

7 0

7 0

7 0

7 1

Page 10: The kinetics of mild acid hydrolysis of gluten and …...acid catalysed deamidation and peptide bond hydrolysis reactions. and to comment on the resultant changes in functional properties.

3 . 6

3 . 6 . 1

3 . 6 . 2

3 . 6 . 3

3 . 7

3 . 7 . 1

3 . 7 . 2

3 . 7 . 3

3 . 8

3 . 8 . 1

3 . 8 . 2

3 . 8 . 3

3 . 9

4

4 . 1

4 . 2

4 . 2 . 1

4 . 2 . 2

4.2 . 3

4 . 2 . 4

4 . 2 . 5

4 . 3

4 . 4

4 . 4 . 1

viii

The e f fe c t o f amm o n i a o n t he de te r m i na t i o n o f 7 1

N- te rmin a l amino g r ou p s u s in g f lu o re s c am ine

Expe r ime n t a l me t h o d 7 1

Re su l t s 7 4

D i s cu s s i o n 7 7

The de te rm i n a t i o n o f N- te r m i n a l a m i n o g r ou p s o f 7 7

g lu te n u s i n g t r i n i t r obe n ze ne su l f o ni c a c i d

( TNB S )

Expe rime n t a l me t h o d

. Re su l t s

D i s cu s s i o n .

The e f fe c t o f amm o n i a o n t he de te r m i na t io n o f

N- te rminal am ino g r ou p s u s i n g TNB S

Expe r ime n t a l me t h o d s

Re su l t s

D i s cu s s i o n

C o n c lu s i o n s f r om expe r i me n t s de s c r ibe d i n

se c t i o n s 3 . 5 t o 3 . 8

EX P ERI MENTAL D ETER M I NAT ION OF THE K I NETI C S O F

A C I D HYDRO LY S I S O F GLUTEN

Ge ne r a l a p p r o a c h

Pre l iminary expe r ime n t s

De te rmina t i o n o f maximum g lu ten c o n ce n t r a t i o n

De te rmin a t i o n o f t he s pe c i f i c vo lume o f g lu te n

De termina t i o n o f t he he a t in g r a te i n re a c t i o n

b o t t le s

Mo n i t o r i n g o f g lu te n qu a l i t y f o r t he du r a t i o n

o f t he e x pe r ime n t s

Ch a r a c te r i z a t i o n o f p H e le c t r o de

Expe r ime n t a l de s i g n f o r hy d r o ly s i s expe r i me n t s

Expe r ime n t a l me t h o d s

Ac i d hy d r o l y s i s o f g lu te n

7 7

7 7

7 9

7 9

8 1

8 1

8 1

8 4

8 5

8 5

8 6

8 6

8 6

8 7

8 9

8 9

9 7

9 7

9 7

Page 11: The kinetics of mild acid hydrolysis of gluten and …...acid catalysed deamidation and peptide bond hydrolysis reactions. and to comment on the resultant changes in functional properties.

4.4.2

4.5

4.5 . 1

4.5 . 2

4.6

4.7

4.7 . 1

4. 7 . 2

4. 7 .3

4. 7 .4

4 .8

4.8. 1

4.8 . 1 . 1

4.8. 1.2

4.8. 1 .3

4.8.2

4.8. 2 . 1

4.8.2.2

4.8.2.3

4.8.3

4.8.4

4.9

Ana l y s i s o f hy d r o l y s a te

Re s u l t s o f hy d r o l y s i s expe r i ment s

P re sent a t i o n o f d a t a

D i s c u s s i o n o f s o me unexpe c te d fe at ure s

Ana l y s i s o f e xpe r iment a l e r r o r i n hy d r o l y s i s

experime n t s

De term in a t i o n o f in i t i a l c o n cent r a t i o n o f

pe p t i de a n d amide b o n d s

De te rmin at i o n o f t o t a l a v a i l ab le pe p t i de b o nds

De te rmina t io n of t he leve l of free amino g r o up s

in g l u te n

De te rm inat i o n o f t o t a l a v a i l ab le amide b o n ds

D i s c u s s i o n of init i a l c o n ce n t r a t i o n

de te rmina t i o n s

Ana l y s i s o f e xpe rime nt a l de s i gn a n d k i ne t i c

m o de l s

In it i a l r a te de te r m i n at i o n

De te rmina t i o n o f i n i t i a l r a te o f ami de b o nu

hy dr o l y s i s

De terminat i o n o f i n i t i a l r a te o f pe p t i de b o n d

hy d r o ly s i s

De terminat i o n o f i n i t i a l r a te o f hy d r o ge n i o n

c o ns um p t i o n

K i ne t i c ana ly s i s o f t he expe r iment a l d a t a

Ana l y s i s o f t he amm o n i a r a te dat a

Ana l y s i s o f t he N- te rmina l amino g r o up r a te

d a t a

Ana l y s i s o f t he hy d r o ge n i o n c o n s um p t i o n r a te

d a t a

An a l terna t i ve f o rm o f a n a l y s i s f o r s o me d a t a

Co n c l u s i o n s f r o m re s u l t s o f k inet i c a n a l y s i s

S imu l at ion o f re a c t i o n u s i n g k i ne t i c e qua t i on s

ix

1 0 1

1 0 2

1 0 2

1 1 1

1 1 5

1 1 8

1 2 3

1 2 3

1 2 6

1 2 6

1 2 9

1 2 9

1 2 9

1 3 3

1 3 6

1 4 3

1 4 4

1 5 0

1 5 4

1 6 0

1 6 5

1 6 5

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4 . 1 0

4 . 1 1

5

5 . 1

5 . 2

5 . 3

5 . 4

5 . 5

5 . 6

6

6 . 1

6 . 1 . 1

6 . 1 . 2

6 . 1 . 2 . 1

6 . 1 . 2 . 2

6 . 1 . 3

6 . 1 . 4

6 . 2

6 . 3

6 . 3 . 1

6 . 3 . 2

6 . 4

An a n a ly s i s o f t h e d a t a o f Vick e r y ( 1 9 2 2 )

Fur t h e r d i s c u s s i o n o f k in e t i c s e x p e riment s

PREPARAT I ON O F T E S T SA M P LE S FOR FUNCTI ONAL

ANALY S I S

Cho i c e o f s amp l e p r e p a r a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s

Cho i c e o f s am p l e r e c o v e ry c o nd i t i o n s

S amp l e p r e p a r a t i o n d e t a i l s

Ana l y s i s o f p roc e s s s amp l e s

Comp a r i s o n o f e x p e r iment a l and s im u l a t e d

hy d r o ly s i s

D i s c u s s i o n

FUNCTI ONAL P R O P ERT I E S O F T E S T SAM P LE S

D e t e rm i n a t i o n o f t h e a l k a l i r e qu i r em e nt o f

hy d r o ly s e d g l u t e n s

Int r o du c t i o n

M e t h o d

M e t h o d t e s t

V ar i a t i o n o f m e t h o d f o r t w o s amp l e s

Re s u l t s

D i s c u s s i o n o f r e s u l t s

F l a v o u r ana l y s i s o f s amp l e p r e p a r at i o n s

D e t e rm i n a t i o n o f s o l ub i l it y o f s amp l e

p r e p a r a t i o n s

D e t e rmin at i o n m e t h o d

Re s u l t s

Fur t h e r an a l y s i s o f a l k a l i r e q u i r ement a n d

d e g r e e o f ami d e b o n d hyd r o ly s i s r e s u lt s

X

1 7 4

1 8 2

1 8 6

1 8 6

1 8 6

1 8 9

1 9 2

1 9 8

2 0 7

2 0 8

2 0 8

2 0 8

2 0 8

2 0 9

2 1 1

2 1 1

2 1 1

2 1 1

2 1 4

2 1 4

2 1 8

2 1 8

Page 13: The kinetics of mild acid hydrolysis of gluten and …...acid catalysed deamidation and peptide bond hydrolysis reactions. and to comment on the resultant changes in functional properties.

6 . 5

6 . 5 . 1

6 . 5 . 2

6 . 5 . 3

6 . 6

6 . 6 . 1

6 . 6 . 2

6 . 6 . 3

6 . 7

6 . 8

7

7 . 1

7 . 2

7 . 3

7 . 4

8

xi

D e t erminat i o n o f em u l s i f i c a t i o n p r o p e r t i e s 2 2 0

Ex p e r iment a l m e t h o d s 2 2 0

C o n f i rmat i o n o f t h e r e q u i r e d HLB v a l u e s o f o i l s 2 2 5

Em u l s i f i c a t i o n p r o p e r t i e s o f s amp l e 2 2 5

p r ep a r a t i o n s

D e t erminat i o n o f hy d r o pho b i c i t y o f s amp l e

p r e p a r a t i o n s

Int r o du c t i o n

Te s t m e t h o d s

Re s u l t s

D i s c u s s i o n o f r e s u l t s o f f un c t i o n a l p r o p e r t y

t e s t in g

Co n c l us i o n s

A N AS S E S E M ENT O F THE P O TENT I A L O F PEPT I­

D O GLUTAMINA S E S 1 AND II I N DEAMIDAT I ON OF

GLUTEN

B a s i s of inv e s t i g a t i o n

M e t h o d o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n

R e s u l t s

D i s c u s s i o n

B I B L I O GRAPHY

2 4 9

2 4 9

2 5 3

2 5 4

2 5 6

2 6 3

2 6 4

2 6 4

2 6 4

2 6 5

2 6 9

2 7 1

Page 14: The kinetics of mild acid hydrolysis of gluten and …...acid catalysed deamidation and peptide bond hydrolysis reactions. and to comment on the resultant changes in functional properties.

L I S T O F TABLE S

1 . 1

1 . 2

1 . 3

1 . 4

3 . 1

3 . 2

3 . 3

3 . 4

3 . 5

3 . 6

Am ino a c i d c o mp o s it i o n o f g l u t e n . g l i a d i n

and g l u t e n i n

R e s e a r ch n e e d e d t o d e v e l o p an un d e r s t a n d i n g

o f t h e phy s i c o - ch emi c a l b a s i s o f f u n c t i o n a l i t y

F un c t ion a l p r o p e r t i e s o f p r o t e i n s in f o o d

ap p l i c a t i o n s

S o m e o f t h e f a c t o r s in f l u e n c ing t h e f un c t i o n a l

p r o p e r t i e s o f p r o t e i n s i n f o o d

P r o t e i n s o l ub i l i t y f o r �ach g l ut en s o ur c e and

d i l u e n t

T h e e f f e c t o f b u f f e r p H o n t h e d e t e rm i n a t i o n

o f N- t e rmin a l g r o u p s u s in g f l u o r e s c en c e

d e t e rm i n e d w i t h f l uo r e s c am i n e

Th e e f f e c t o f b u f f e r c o n c e n t rat i o n o n t h e

f l uo r e s c e n c e r e s p o n s e f r om a st a n d a r d s amp l e

Th e e f f e c t o f b u f f e r c o n c e n t r at i o n o n t h e

f l u o r e s c e n c e r e s p o n s e f r om g l ut e n

Th e e f f e c t o f b u f f e r c o n c e n t r at i o n o n t h e

f l uo r e s c e n c e r e s p o n s e f o r g l ut e n s amp l e s ( n o

S D S i n d e t e rmina t i o n b u f f e r)

Th e e f f e c t of b u f f e r c o n c e n t ra t i o n .

m e r c a p t o e t ha n o l and c e n t r i f u gat i o n o n t h e

f l uo r e s c e n c e r e s p o n s e o f g l u t e n

xii

3

3 3

3 4

3 6

5 8

5 8

6 1

6 3

6 6

6 8

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J . 7

3 . 8

4 . 1

4 . 2

4 . 3

4 . 4

4 . 5

4 . 6

4 . 7

4 . 8

4 . 9

4 . 1 0

Th e e f f e c t o f t h e c o nc ent r a t i o n o f t h e

d e t e rmin a t i o n b u f f e r o n t h e f l u o r e s c e n c e

r e s p o n s e o f g l ut e n

Th e e f f e c t o f t h e v o l ume o f H C l ad d e d t o

qu e n ch t h e r e a c t i o n with TNBS

Chem i c a l ana l y s i s o f the g l u t e n u s e d f o r

d e t e rmina t i o n o f hy d r o ly s i s k in e t i c s

Wat e r ab s o r p t i o n m e a s u r e m e nt s o n t h e

s t o r e d g l u t e n u s e d i n e x p e r im e n t s

f o r d e t e r m i n a t ion o f hydr � l y s i s kin e t i c s

p H m e as ur e m e n t s o b t aine d i n p H e l e c t r o d e

c h a r ac t e r i z at i o n exp e r i m e n t s

S e l e c t e d l e v e l s f o r e a c h i n d e p e n d e n t v a riab l e

Exp e r iment a l d e s i gn f o r d e t e rm i nat i o n o f t h e

k in e t i c s o f a c i d hy d r o l y s i s o f g l ut e n

Quant i t i e s o f g l u t en . wat e r a n d hy d r o c h l o r i c

a c i d t o g i v e r e qu i r e d c on c e n t r a t i o n s i n a

t o t a l v o l um e o f 5 . 0 m l

S ummary o f r e s u l t s o f hy d r o l y s i s e x p e r iment .

r un 1

S ummary o f r e s u l t s o f hydr o l y s i s exp e r iment .

r un 2

S ummary o f r e s u l t s o f hy d r o l y s i s e x p e r iment .

r u n 3

S ummary o f r e s u l t s o f hyd r o l y s i s exp e r iment .

r un 4

xiii

6 9

7 8

9 0

9 0

9 3

9 8

9 8

1 0 0

1 0 3

1 0 3

1 0 4

1 0 4

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xiv

4 . 1 1 S ummary o f r e s u l t s o f hy d r o l y s i s e xp e r i m e n t , 1 0 5

r un 5

4 . 1 2 S umm ary o f r e s u l t s o f hy d r o l y s i s exp e r im e nt , 1 0 5

run 6

4 . 1 3 S umm ary o f r e s u l t s o f hyd r o l y s i s e x.pe r im e n t , 1 0 6

run 7

4 . 1 4 S umm ary o f r e s u l t s o f hy d r o l y s i s exp e r im e n t , 1 0 7

r un 8

4 . 1 5 S umm a ry o f r e s u l t s o f hy d r o l y s i s exp e r i m e nt , 1 0 7

r un 9

4 . 1 6 S ummary o f r e s u l t s o f hy d r o l y s i s exp e r i m e n t , 1 0 8

run 1 0

4 . 1 7 S ummary o f r e s u l t s o f hy dr o l y s i s exp e r im e n t , 1 0 8

run 1 1

4 . 1 8 S ummary o f r e s u l t s o f h y d r o l y s i s exp e r i m e nt , 1 0 9

run 1 2

4 . 1 9 S ummary o f r e s u l t s o f hydr o l y s i s exp e r i m e n t , 1 0 9

r un 1 3

4 . 2 0 S umm ary o f r e s u l t s o f h y d r o l y s i s exp e r i m e nt , 1 1 0

r un 1 4

4 . 2 1 S ummary o f r e s u l t s o f hyd r o l y s i s exp e r i m e n t , 1 1 0

r u n 1 5

4 . 2 2 Quant i t i e s c a l c u l at e d i n h i e r a r c hi c a l ana l y s i s 1 1 7

o f v ar i an c e

4 . 2 3 V a l u e s c a l c u l a t e d by ana l y s i s o f v a r i an c e o f 1 1 9

ammo ni a d e t e rmina t i o n d a t a

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4 . 2 4

4 . 2 5

4 . 2 6

4 . 2 7

4 . 2 8

4 . 2 9

4 . 3 0

4 . 3 1

4 . 3 2

4 . 3 3

V a l u e s c a l c u l at e d b y an a l y s i s o f v a r i an c e f o r

de t e rmina t i o n o f N- t e rmin a l amino g r o u p s u s ing

f l uo r e s c am i n e

C o e f f ic i e nt o f v a r i at ion and c o n f i d e n c e

int e r va l s f o r s o u r c e s o f v a r i a t i o n i n

d e t ermina t i o n o f amm onia and N- t er mina l amino

g r o u p s u s in g f l u o r e s c amine

P e ak h e i gh t s and e quiv a l ent c o n c e nt r at i o n o f

L- g l u t am i c a c i d r e s u l t in g f r o m t o t a l

hy dr o l y s i s o f dup l i c a t e s amp l e s o f g l u t e n

Ab s o rb an c e (A3 40) and c o nc e n t r a t i o n o f

ammonia r e s u l t in g f r o m c o mp l e t e d e am i d a t i o n o f

g l u t en

R e v i s i o n o f init i a l r e a c t i o n r a t e e s t imat e s

f o r s o me amm o n i a e v o l u t i on d a t a

R e a c t ion r a t e s and r e a c t i o n r at e c o e f f i c i e nt s

c a l c u l at e d f r o m i n i t i a l r a t e m e asur e m e nt s

P ep t i d e b o n d hy dr o l y s i s r a t e s b y a l t e r n a t i v e

a n a ly s i s

D e t e rminat i o n o f t h e m e an ini t i a l p H f o r

a l t e r nat i v e a n a ly s i s

Ca l c u l at i o n o f r e a c t ion r a t e c o n s t ant s f o r

a l t e rnat ive a n a ly s i s

Regr e s s i o n e qu a t i o n s f o r ana l y s i s o f a m i d e

b o nd hyd r o l y s i s r a t e dat a. Amm o n i a

d e t ermin at i on d a t a i s t e s t e d f o r f it t o

v a r i o u s m o d e l s

XV

1 2 0

1 2 2

1 2 4

1 2 7

1 3 4

1 3 5

1 4 0

1 4 1

1 4 2

1 45

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4 . 3 4

4 . 3 5

4 . 3 6

4 . 3 7

4 . 3 8

4 . 3 9

5 • 1

5 . 2

5 . 3

5 . 4

5 . 5

xvi

Regr e s s i o n e qu a t i o n s f o r ana l y s i s o f p e p t i d e

b o n d hy d r o l y s i s r a t e d a t a . D a t a f r o m t h e

d e t e rm ina t i o n o f N- t e rm ina l amino g r o u p s us ing

f l u o r e s c am i n e i s t e s t e d f o r fit t o v a r i o u s mo d e l s

Regr e s s i o n e qu a t i o n s f o r ana l y s i s o f hy d r o g e n

i o n c o n s um p t i o n r a t e d a t a . Th e r a te d a t a i s

t e s t e d f o r f i t t o v a r i o us m o d e l s and

r e gr e s s i o n a g a i n s t o th e r r a t e d a t a

I ni t i a l c o n c e nt r a t i o n s and r e a c t i o n r a t e

c o n s t ant s f o r s imu l a t i o n o f run 6

Comb i n a t i o n s o f r e a c t i o n r a t e c o n s t ant s an d

a c t i v i t y c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r s f o r t e s t o f

r e a c t ion s i mu l a t i o n

Th e d a t a o f V i ck e r y ( 1 9 2 2)

Re a c t i o n r a t e c o e f f i c i e n t s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e

d a t a o f V i ck e ry ( 1 9 2 2)

D e s i g n and a c t u a l r e a c t i o n c o nd i t i o n s f o r t h e

p r ep a r at i o n o f hyd r o l y s e d g l ut e n p o w d e r s

Ana l y s i s o f l i qu i d s am p l e s durin g hyd r o l y s a t e

p r e p a r a t i o n

Ana l y s i s o f g l u t e n b e f o r e hydr o l y s i s

An a l y s i s o f h y d r o l y s e d g l ut e n p o w d e r s

D e t e rm i n a t i o n o f t h e d e g r e e o f am i d e b o n d

hyd r o l y s i s o f s p r ay d r i e d s amp l e s b y c om p l e t e

d e am i d a t i o n a n d a l s o b y ammoni a d e t e rmin a t i o n

o f s t o r e d l i q u i d hyd r o l y s a t e s

1 5 1

1 5 5

1 6 8

1 7 0

1 7 5

1 8 0

1 8 7

1 9 3

1 9 5

1 9 6 .

1 9 7

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5 . 6

5 • 7

5 • 8

5 . 9

6 . 1

6 . 2

6 . 3

6 . 4

6 . 5

6 . 6

6 . 7

D e t ermina t i o n o f t h e d e g r e e o f a m i d e b o nd

hy d r o l y s i s o f f r e e z e d r i e d s amp l e s d e t e rm i n e d

by c o mp l e t e d e am i d a t ion

D e t e rmina t i o n of the d e g r e e o f am i d e b o nd

hyd r o l y s i s of s amp l e s p r e p a r e d w i t h o u t

d i a ly s i s

D e t ermina t i o n o f t h e d e g r e e o f p e p t i d e b o n d

hyd r o l y s i s o f s p r ay d r i e d s amp l e s b y

d e t ermin�t i o n o f N- t e rmi n a l amin o g r o u p s

I n i t i a l -c o n d i t i o n s a n d r e a c t io n r a t e

c o e f f i c i e nt s f o r s i mu l a t i o n o f p r o du c t

p r e p arat i o n r e a c t i o n s

D e t ermina t i on o f t h e a l k a l i r e qu i r ement o f

g l ut e n a t v ar i o u s r e a c t i o n t emp e r a t u r e s

V ariat i o n i n a l k a l i r e qu i r e m e nt d e t ermin a t i o n

p r o c e d u r e f o r s amp l e s 1 2 and 1 3

S amp l e c o d e s o f s amp l e p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r

f l avour an a l y s i s

A l k a l i a d d i t i o n s , m e a s ur e d p H and n i t r o g e n

s o l ub i l i t y o f s amp l e p r e p ar a t i o n s i n O . l M

p h o s phat e b u f f e r

Reg r e s s i o n an a l y s i s .o f a l k a l i r e qui r em e n t and ­

d e g r e e o f ami d e b o n d hydr o l y s i s

Re s u l t s o f P e a r c e-Kins e l l a t e s t f o r

d e t e rmina t i o n o f r e qu i r e d HLB o f o i l s

R e s u l t s o f m i c r o-ha emat o c r i t t e s t f o r

d e t e rmina t i o n o f r e qu i r e d HLB o f o i l s

xvli

1 9 9

2 0 0

2 0 1

2 0 3

2 1 0

2 1 2

2 1 6

2 1 7

2 2 1

2 2 6

2 2 7

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6 . 8

6 . 9

6 . 1 0

6 . 1 1

6 . 1 2

6 . 1 3

6 . 1 4

6 . 1 5

R e s u l t s o f P e a r c e - K in s e l l a t e s t f o r

d e t e rmina t i o n o f emu l s i f i c a t ion p r o p e r t i e s o f

s amp l e p r e p a r a t i o n s

R e s u l t s o f m i c r o- h a emat o c r i t t e s t f o r

d e t e r m in a t i o n o f e mu l s i f i c a t i on p r o p e r t i e s o f

s amp l e p r e p a r a t i o n s

An a l y s i s o f s amp l e s p r e p a r e d f o r e m u l s i o n s

w i t h c o n s t a nt s o l u b l e t o t a l nit r o g e n

R e s u l t s o f P e a r c e - K i n s e l l a t e s t f o r

d e t e rmin a t i o n o f em u l s i f i c a t i on p r o p er t i e s o f

s amp l e p r e p a r a t i o n s w i t h c o n s t a nt s o l ub l e

t o t a l n i t r o g e n

Re s u l t s o f m i c r o - h a emat o c r i t t e s t f o r

d e t e rm i n a t i o n o f emu l s i f i c a t i on p r o p e rt i e s o f

s amp l e p r e p a r a t i o n s w i t h c o n s t a nt s o l ub l e

t o t a l n i t r o g e n

R e s u l t s o f P e a r c e-Kin s e l l a t e s t f o r

d e t e rm i n a t i o n o f emu l s i f i c a t i o n p r o p e r t i e s o f

s amp l e p r e p a r a t i o n s w i t h c o n s t ant s o l ub l e

t o t a l n i t r o g e n

R e s u l t s o f P e a r c e-Kins e l l a t e s t , p H and

s o l ub l e t o t a l n i t r o g e n d e t e rmina t i o n s f o r

d e t e r m in a t i o n o f e mu l s i f i c a t i on p r o p e r t i e s �f

s amp l e p r e p a r a t i o n s at v a r i o u s l e v e l s o f

s amp l e

R e s u l t s o f P e a r c e-Kin s e l l a t e s t f o r

d e t e rmin a t i o n o f emu l s i f i c a t i on p r o p e r t i e s o f

mixt ur e s o f s amp l e p r e p a r a t i o n s

xviii

2 2 9

2 3 0

2 3 4

2 3 6

2 3 7

2 3 9

2 4 4

2 5 1

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6 . 1 6

6 . 1 7

7 . 1

S e d im e nt and t o t a l nit rdg e n (TN) v a l u e s o f

s u p e rn a t ant s o f p r e p a rat i o n s dis p e r s e d w i t h

a n d w i t hout S D S

S ur f a c e h y d r o p h o b i c i t y o f s u p erna t a nt s o f

s amp l e pr e p ara t i o n s d i s p e r s e d witho u t S D S

The e v o lut i o n o f amm o ni a wh en N- a c e t y l - L­

g l ut amin e . c a rb o b e n z oxy- L- g l u t amin e . g l u t e n

and s amp l e w e r e r e a c t e d with

p�p t i d o g l u t amin a s e s I and I I

xix

2 5 5

2 5 7

2 6 6

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LI S T O F F I GURE S

1 . 1

1 . 2

1 . 3

3 . 1

3 . 2

3 . 3

3 . 4

3 . 5

3 • 6

3 . 7

4 . 1

Ex t e n t o f g l u t en d e am i d a t i o n a f t e r 3 0 m i n u t e s

r e a c t i o n ( d a t a f r o m v a r i o u s a u t h o r s )

E f f e c t o f t emp e r a t u r e o n d e amid a t i o n r e a c t i o n

( d a t a f r o m v ar i o u s a u t h o r s )

Emu l s i f i c a t i o n p r o p e r t i e s o f d e am i d a t e d g l u t e n

( d a t a f r o m T ab l e s 2 a n d 4 o f Wu ( 1 9 7 5 ) )

The f l u o r e s c e n c e r e s p o n s e o b t aine d w i t h g l u t e n

and f l u o r e s c am i n e

Th e f l u o r e s c e n c e r e s p o n s e o b t a i n e d w i t h L-g l u

an d L- g l u p l u s g l u t e n an d f l uo r e s c am i n e

Th e f l u o r e s c e n c e r e s p o n s e f o r amm o n i a w i t h

f l u o r e s c am i n e

Th e f l u o r e s c e n c e r e s p o n s e f o r amm o n i a w i t h

f l u o r e s c am i n e

Th e r e a c t i o n o f L- g l u a n d L-g l u p l u s g l u t e n

w i t h 2 . 4 . 6 - t r in i t r o b e n z e n e s u l f o n i c a c i d

( T N B S )

Th e e f f e c t o f ammon i a o n t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f

N- t e rm ina l amino g r o u p s u s ing TNB S

A c o r r e c t i o n f o r t h e e f f e c t o f amm o n i a �on t h e

d e t e rm in a t i o n o f N- t e rm in a l amino g r o u p s u s ing

T N B S

Th e r a t e a t wh i ch b o t t l e c o nt ent s a r e h e at e d

t o b a t h t e mp e r a t ur e

XX .

2 5

2 7

47

7 2

7 3

7 5

7 6

8 0

8 2

8 3

8 8

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4 .2

4 . 3

4 . 4

4 .5

4 . 6

4 . 7

4 . 8

4 . 9

4 .1 0

4 . 1 1

4 .1 2

4 .1 3

I l l us t r a t i on o f a c i d e r r o r data f o r p H

e l e ctr o d e

I l l u s t r at ion o f exp e r im ent a l dat a f r om Run 6

I l l u s t ra t i on o f e x p e r im e n t a l dat a f r o m Run 1 2

P l o t o f p e ak h e i g h t a g ai n s t s amp l e

c o n c en t r a t ion t o c h e c k f o r l in e a r i t y i n

m e a s ur em en t o f t o t a l p e p t i d e b onds a v a i l ab l e

f o r a c i d hy dro l y s i s o f g l u t e n

Amm o n i a e v o l u t ion w i t h t im e f o r i ni t i a l r a t e

e s t imat i o n f o r Run 7

Amm o n i a e v o l u t i o n w i t h t im e f o r i ni t i a l r a t e

e s t imat i o n f o r Run 8

Amm o n i a e v o l u t i o n w i t h t im e f o r i n i t i a l r a t e

e s t ima t i o n f o r Run 6

P ep t�de b o n d hy d r o l y s i s at r e du c e d g l u t e n

c o n c e n t r a t i o n w i t h 2 M a c i d

P e p t i d e b o n d hydro l y s i s a t r e d u c e d g l u t e n

c o n c e n t r a t i o n w i t h 0 . 2 M a c i d

P e p t i d e b o n d hy d r o l y s i s at r e du c e d g l u t e n

c o n c e n t r a t i o n w i t h 0 .0 2 M a c i d

R e a c t i o n r a t e c o e f f i c i ent s f o r ami d e b o nd

hy d r o l y s i s p l o t t e d t o s h o w t h a t th e r a t e d a t a

c an b e r e p r e s e nt e d b y Arrhenius ' L aw

R e a c t i o n r a t e c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r p e p t i d e b o n d

hy d r o l y s i s p l o t t e d t o s h o w t h a t t h e r a t e d a t a

c an b e r e p r e s en t e d b y Arrheni u s ' l aw

xxi

9 6

1 1 2

1 1 3

1 2 5

1 3 0

1 3 1

1 3 2

1 3 7

1 3 8

1 3 9

1 4 9

1 5 3

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4 . 1 4

4 . 1 5

4 . 1 6

4 . 1 7

4 . 1 8

4 . 1 9

4 . 2 0

4 . 2 1

4 . 2 2

5 • 1

5 . 2

5 . 3

6 . 1

M e a s ur e d hy d r o g e n i o n a c t i v ity

P e p t i d e b o nd hy d r o l y s i s f o r Run 6

Am i d e b o nd hyd r o l y s i s f o r Runs 2 and 9

Am i d e b o n d hy d r o l y s i s f o r �un 6

Amm o n i a dat a f r om r e p e t it i o n runs o f

e x p e r im e n t a l d e s i g n u s e d f o r t e s t o f

r e a c t i o n s im u l at i o n

N- t e rminal amino g r o up d e t ermin a t i o n_ d a t a f r o m

r e p e t i t i on r u n s o f e x p e r im e nt a l d e s i gn u s e d

f o r t e s t o f r e a c t i o n s im u l a t i o n

Hy dro g e n i o n a c t iv i t y d a t a f r o m r e p e t i t i o n

run s o f exp e r im e n t a l d e s i g n u s e d f o r t e s t

o f r e a c t i o n s t imu l a t i o n

The am i d e b o n d hy dr o ly s i s dat a o f V i c k e r y

( 1 9 2 2 )

Th e p e p t i d e b o n d hy d r o ly s i s d a t a o f V i c k e ry

( 1 9 2 2 )

P r e d i c t e d and exp e r i m e n t a l l eve l s o f p e p t i d e

b o n d hydro ly s i s f o r p r o du c t p r e p ar a t i o n s

P r e d i c t e d and e xp e r im en t a l l ev e l s o f a m i d e

b o n d hyd r o ly s i s f o r p r o du c t . p r e p a r a t i o n s

P r e d i c t e d and exp e r i m e n t a l l e v e l s o f p ep t i d e

b o n d hy d r o ly s i s f o r p r o du c t p r e p ar a t i o n s

A lk a l i r e qu i r em e n t l ev e l s o f a c i d

hy d r o ly s e d g l u t e n s am p l e s

xxii

1 5 8

1 6 2

1 6 3

1 6 4

1 7 1

1 7 2

1 7 3

1 7 8

1 7 9

2 0 4

2 0 5

2 0 6

2 1 3

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6 . 2

6 . 3

6 . 4

6 . 5

6 . 6

6 . 7

6 . 8

6 . 9

6 . 1 0

E f f e c t o f in c r e a s ing l ev e l s o f a c i d hy d r o ly s i s

o n t h e b u rning / b i t t e r at t r i b u t e o f g l u t e n

The r e lat i o n s h i p b e t w e e n alk a l i r e qu i r em ent

and s o lub i l i t y f o r a c i d hy d r o ly s e d g l u t e n

s amp l e s ·

Th e - r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n alk a l i r e q u i r e m e nt

and d e g r e e o f amid e b o n d hy d r o ly s i s f o r s amp l e

p r ep ar a t ions

D i f f e r en c e s i n a p p a r ent o p t imum d e g r e e o f

ami d e b o n d hy d r o ly s i s f o r emu l s i f i c a t i o n w i t h

d i f f e�ent o i l s u s ing t h e P e ar c e - K in s e l l a t e s t

D i f f e r enc e s i n a p p a r e n t o p t imum d e g r e e o f

a m i d e b ond hy d r o ly s i s f o r emu l s i f i c a t i o n w i t h

d i f f e r e nt o i l s u s in g t h e m i c r o h a e m a t o c r i t t e s t

S ep ar at ion un d e r g r av i t y o f c a s t o r o i l

e m u l s i f i e d w i t h s amp l e p r e p ar a t i o n s

Th e e f f e c t o f t h e d e g r e e o f ami d e b o nd

hy d r o ly s i s o n e m u l s i f i c at i o n p r o p e r t i e s o f

s amp l e p r ep ar at i o n s w i t h c o n s t ant s o l ub l e

t o t a l n it r o g e n a s d e t e rm in e d b y t h e P e a r c e­

K in s e l l a t e s t

S ep ar a t ion un d e r g r av i t y o f c a s t o r o i l

e mu l s i f i e d w i t h d i f f e r e n t l eve l s o f s amp l e

R e s u l t s o f P e a r c e-Kins e l l a t e s t f o r

d e t e rminat i o n o f emu ls i f i c a t i o n p r o p e r t i e s o f

s amp l e p r ep a r a t i o n at v a r i o u s l ev e l s o f s am p l e

xxili

2 1 5

2 1 9

2 2 2

2 3 1

2 3 2

2 3 3

2 3 8

2 4 1

2 4 2

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6 . 1 1

6 . 1 2

6 . 1 3

6 . 1 4

6 . 1 5

6 . 1 6

6 . 1 7

6 . 1 8

Re s u l t s o f P e a r c e-Kin s e l l a t e st f o r

d e t e rmin a t i o n o f emu l s i f ic a t i o n p r o p e r t i e s o f

s amp l e p r e p a r at ion a t var i o us l eve l s o f

s o l ub l e t o t a l n i t r o g e n

S ep a r a t i o n u n d e r g r av i t y o f c a s t o r o i l

emu l s i f i e d w i t h d i f f er e nt l ev e l s oL s am p l e

w i t h and w i t h o ut ins o l ub l e mat e r i a l r em o v e d b y

c e n t r i fu g a t i o n

Re s u l t s o f P e a r c e-Kin s e l l a t e s t f o r

d e t e rmina t i o n o f emu l s i f i c at i o n p r o p e r t i e s o f

s am p l e p r e p a r a t ions a t v a r i o u s l e� e l s o f

s amp l e w i t h a n d wi t h o u t i n s o lub l e mat e r ial

r em o v e d b y c e n t r i f u g a t i o n

Re s u lt s o f P e a r c e-Kin s e l l a t e s t f o r

d e t e rmin a t i o n o f emu l s i f i c at i on p r o p e r t i e s o f

s amp l e p r e p a r a t ions a t v ar i o u s l e v e l s o f

s o l ub l e n i t r o g e n w i t h and w i t h o u t i n s o l ub l e

ma t e r i a l s r em o v e d b y c en t r i fu g a t i o n

To t a l n i t o g e n in s o l u t i o n at var i o us l ev e l s

o f s amp l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n

S e p a r a t i o n u n d e r g r a v i t y o f c a st o r o i l

e mu l s i f i e d w i t h mixt ur e s o f p r o d u c t

p r e p a r a t i o n s

S u r f a c e hy d r o phob i c i t y o f t h e s o l ub l e p o r t i o n

o f s amp l e p r e p arat i o n s m e a s ur e d w i t h 8-

ani l in o - 1 - na p h t h al e n e s u l f o n a t e ( AN S )

S u r f a c e h y d r o phob i c i t y o f t h e s o l ub l e p o r t i o n

o f s amp l e p r ep a rat i o n s m e a s ur e d w i t h

c i s p ar i n a r i c a c i d ( CPA)

xxiv

2 43 .

2 45

2 47

2 4 8

2 5 0

25 2

25 8

25 9

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7 . 1

7 . 2

The e v o lut ion o f ammonia wh en N- a c e t y l- L­

glut amine and c a rbob e n z o xy- L- g lu t am i n e w e r e

r e a c t e d with p e p i t i d o g l u t aminas e I

Th e e v o lut i o n o f ammon i a wh e n g l u t e n a n d

s amp l e I I w e r e r e act e d w i t h p ep t i d o g l u t amin a s e

I a n d p e p t i d o g lu t ami n a s e I I

XXV

2 6 7

2 6 8

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L I S T OF A P P EN D I C E S

1 . 1

1 . 2

1 . 3

3 . 1

3 . 2

3 . 3

3 . 4

3 . 5

3 . 6

3 . 7

4 . 1

4 . 2 *

4 . 3

Th e s o l u t i on p r o p e r t i e s o f ammo nia

D e r i v a t i o n o f r a t e e q u a t i o n s f o r ami d e

hy d r o l y s i s u s ing t h e s t e a dy- s t a t e t r e at m ent

F u r t h e r d e r i v a t i o n o f am i d e hy d r o l y s i s r a t e

e q u a t i o n s

N i t r o g e n a n a l y s i s r e s u l t s t o show

s o l ub i l i z a t i o n o f g l ut e n by SDS in v a r i o u s

b u f f e r s

P e ak h e i ght d a t a o f f l uo r e s c e n c e r e s p o n s e f o r

L- g l u s t an d a r d s and g l ut e n with f l u o r e s c amin e

P e ak h e i gh t dat a o f f l uo r e s c e n c e r e s p o n s e f o r

amm o ni a w i t h f l u o r e s c am i n e

F u r t h e r p e ak h e ight d a t a o f f l uo r e s c e n c e

r e s p on s e f o r ammo ni a wit h f l u o r e s c am i n e -

T h e r e a c t io n o f L- g l u a n d L-g l u p l u s g l ut e n

w i t h TNB S

Th e r e a c t i o n o f L- g l u a n d ammoni a w i t h TNB S

Th e r e a c t ion o f L- g l u . g l u t e n an d amm o n i a w i t h

T N B S

C a l c u l a t i o n o f p H v a l u e s f r om o t h e r a ut h o r s

R aw d a t a f r o m e a c h hyd r o l y s i s exp e r im e n t

C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e am o un t o f r e a c t i o n d u e t o

a c i d i f i e d g l ut e n s t an d i n g at r o o m t emp e r a t u r e

xxvi

3 0 1

3 0 2

3 0 3

3 0 5

3 0 6

3 0 7

3 0 8

3 0 9

3 1 0

3 1 1

3 1 2

3 1 6

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4 . 4

4 . 5 *

4 . 6 *

4 . 7

4 . 8

4 . 9

4 . 1 0

4 . 1 1

4 . 1 2

4 . 1 3

4 . 1 4

4 . 1 5

M e t h o d and examp l e o f c a l c u l a t ion o f

c o n f i d en c e l imit s f o r c om p o n e nt s o f v a r i an c e

An a l y s is o f s t and a r d s f o r d e t ermin a t i o n o f N­

t e r m i n a l amino g r o u p s u s in g f l u o r e s c am i n e f o r

d e t erminat i o n o f t o t a l a v ai l ab l e p e p t i d e b o n d s

An a l y s i s o f s t an d ar d s f o r amm o ni a in

d e t e rminat i o n of t o t a l a v a i l ab l e am i d e b o n d s

Ex amp l e o f i n f o rma t i o n g e n e r a t e d bj t h e

M i ni t ab p r o g r amme a n d c a l c u l at ion o f l a ck o f

f i t ( L O F )

Ca l c u l at i o n o f t - t e s t f o r k i n e t ic e qu a t i o n

c o e f f i c i e nt s

C a l c u l a t i o n o f a c t i v a t i o n e n e rgy f o r

hy d r o l y s i s r e a c t i o n s

Ca l c u l a t i o n o f s t an d a r d d e v i a t i on f o r hy dr o g e n

i o n s t oi c h i o m e t ry d a t a

F u r t h e r c a l c u l at i o n o f s t o i c h iome t ry o f

hy d r o g e n i o n c o n s um p t i o n

M a n i p u l a t i o n o f d a t a f r o m r un s 2 . 6 a n d 9 t o

t e s t f o r r e a c t i o n m o d e l

A p r o g r amm e tp s imu l a t e t h e mi� d a c i d

hy d r o l y s i s o f g l u t e n

C a l c u l a t i o n o f r e a c t i o n r at e c o e f f i c i en t s f r o m

t h e d a t a o f F i g u r e s 4 . 1 5 a n d 4 . 1 7

D a t a f r om r e a c t i o n s imu l a t ion f o r t e s t o f f i t

t o e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a f r o m r u n 6 o f t h e

e x p er iment a l d e s i gn

xxvii

3 1 7

3 1 9

3 2 9

3 3 2

3 3 3

3 3 4

3 3 5

3 3 6

3 3 8

3 3 9

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4 . 1 6

4 . 1 7

4 . 1 8

5 . 1 *

5 . 2 *

5 . 3 *

5 . 4 *

5 . 5 *

5 . 6 *

5 . 7 *

S m o o t h e d d a t a f r o m r e p e t i t i on run s o f t h e

e x p e riment a l d e s i g n

D a t a f r o m r e a c t i o n s im u l a t i on f o r t e s t o f f i t

t o exp e r iment a l d a t a f r o m r e p e t i t i o n r u n s o f

t h e exp e r iment a l d e s i gn

C a l c u l a t io n o f s l o p e s o f l in e s f r o m F i g ur e s

4 . 2 1 a n d 4 . 2 2

Ab s o rb an c e (A3 4 0 ) f o r ammonia s t a nd a r d s f o r

t o t a l d e ami d a t i o n o f s p r a y dr i e d p r o d u c t

p r ep a r at i ons

Ab s o rb an c e (A3 4 0 ) f o r s amp l e s f r om t o t a l

d e am i d a t i o n o f s p r ay d r i e d p r o d u c t

p r e p a r a t ions

Ab s o rb an c e (A3 4 0 ) f o r ammo nia s t a n d a r d s f o r

s t o r e d l i quid hy d r o l y s a t e s

Ab s o rb a n c e ( A3 40 ) f o r s amp l e s f o r s t o r e s­

l i q u i d hy d r o ly s a t e s

Ab s o rb an c e (A3 40 ) f o r amm o n i a s t an d a r d s f o r

t o t a l d e ami d a t i o n o f f r e e z e d r i e d p r o d u c t

p r e p a r a t i o n s and hy d r o l y s at e o f s amp l e s

p r e p a r e d with o u t d i a l y s i s

Ab s o rb an c e (A3 40 ) f o r s amp l e s f r om to t a l

d e am i d a t i o n of f r e e z e d r i e d p r o du c t

p r ep a r a t i o n s

Ab s o rb an c e (A3 40 ) f o r ammonia in hy d r o l y s a t e

o f s amp l e s p r e p ar e d w i t h o u t d i a l y s i s

xxviii

3 40

3 4 1

3 4 3

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5�8 *

5 . 9 *

5 . 1 0

6 . 1

7 . 1 *

7 . -2 *

P e ak h e ight s o f L- g l u s t a n d a r d s f o r

d e t e rminat i o n o f N- t e rmin a l amino g r o up s ,

u s i n g f l uo r e s c amine o f s p r ay d r i e d p r o d u c t

p r e p a r a t ions

P e ak h e i ght s for s amp l e s f o r det e rminat i o n o f

N- t e rmin a l amino g r o u p s , u s in g f l uo� e s c am i n e

o f s p r ay d r i e d p r o du c t p r ep a r a t i o n s

R e a c t i o n p r o g r e s s c a l c u l a t e d from s imu l a t i o n

f o r F i gu r e s 5 . 1 . 5 . 2 and 5 . 3

E v a l u a t ion o f the f l a v o u r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f

s amp l e p r e p a r at ions by P r o du c t U s e and

E v a l u a t ion S e c t i o n of th e New Z e a l an d D ai r y

R e s e a r ch I n s t it ute

Ab s o rb an c e (A3 4 0) f o r amm o n i a st and a r d s f o r

m e a s u r ement o f r e a c t i o n w i t h

p e p t i d o g l u t aminas e e n z y m e s

Ab s o rb an c e (A3 4 0 ) f o r s amp l e s f o r m e a s u r ement

of r e a c t i on w i t h p e p t i d o g l u t aminas e e n z ym e s

* I n f i che

xxlx

3 4 4

3 45

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S YMBOLS AND ABBREVIAT I ONS

a

ANS

c c

CJ:

CPA

E

E

E o'

F

GD R

g o r gm

HLB

k

L- g l u

a c t i v it y ( e .g . aH+ i s hy d r o g e n i o n a c t i v i t y )

Ab s o rb an c e m e a s u r e d at a w a v e l e n g t h o f 3 4 0 n m

8 - ani l ino- l - nap h th a l e n e s u l f o n a t e

d e g r e e s c e n t i g r a d e

c ub i c . c en t im e t r e

c o n f i d e n c e int e r v a l

c i s p arina r i c a c i d

a c t i v at i o n e n e r g y

t h e o b s e r v e d e l e c t r o d e p o t�n t i a l i n t h e N e r n s t

e qu a t i o n

t h e s t ab l e f ix e d p o t en t i a l i n c l u d in g r e f e r e n c e

p o t e n t i a l

t h e F a r a d ay

L- g l ut am at e d ehy d r o g en a s e

g r am

hy d r o phi l e l ip o ph i l e b a l an c e

r e a c t i o n r a t e c o n s t ant

d e g r e e s K e l v in

L- g l ut am i c a c i d

X X X

Page 33: The kinetics of mild acid hydrolysis of gluten and …...acid catalysed deamidation and peptide bond hydrolysis reactions. and to comment on the resultant changes in functional properties.

1n

LOF

1 o g e

M

m l

m m

m M

NAo

NAD

NAD H

n m

P CA

S D S

t

T

T N

TNB S

xxxi

l o g a r i t h m t o b a s e e

l a ck o f f i t

l o gar i t hm t o b a s e e

l o g ar i thm t o b a s e 1 0

mo l ar

mi l l i l i t r e

m i l l im e t r e

mi l l imo l a r

numb e r o f m o l e s o f c om p o n e n t A

init i a l n u mb e r o f m o l e s o f c o mp onent A

n i c o t in am i d e ad enin e d e n u c l e o t i d e

· ni c o t in am i d e adenine d e nuc l e o t i d e r e du c e d

nanom e t r e

p y r r o l i d o n e c ar b o xy l i c ac i d

s o d i um d o d e c y l s u l ph a t e

s t at i s t ic � a l c u l at e d in S trid e n t s t t e s t

t em p e r a t u r e . ° K

t o t a l n i t r o g e n c o nt ent

t rinit r o b e n z e n e s u l f o n i c a c i d

Page 34: The kinetics of mild acid hydrolysis of gluten and …...acid catalysed deamidation and peptide bond hydrolysis reactions. and to comment on the resultant changes in functional properties.

. R

w/v

V

6 n - 1

p.

p l

i d e a l g as l aw c o n s t an t

w a t t

w e ight p e r u n i t v o l u m e

m o l e f r a c t i o n o f c om p o n e n t A

t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n v o l t ag e m e as u r e d b y a p H

e l e c t r o d e o v e r t h e r an g e of f H

s t an d a r d d e v i at i o n e s t im a t e d u s in g a

p o p u l at i on s amp l e o f s i z e n

i o n i c s t r en g t h

m i c r o l i t r e

xxxii