The Italian States Unite, 1859-1870. Barriers to Italian Nationalism Prosperous developed north vs. rural agricultural south Cultural and linguistic.

The Italian States Unite, 1859-1870The Italian States Unite, 1859-1870

Barriers to Italian NationalismBarriers to Italian Nationalism

Prosperous developed north vs. rural Prosperous developed north vs. rural agricultural southagricultural south

Cultural and linguistic disconnect btwn N & SCultural and linguistic disconnect btwn N & S North = Liberal, South = ConservativeNorth = Liberal, South = Conservative After the Congress of Vienna, Italy was made After the Congress of Vienna, Italy was made

up of nine different states:up of nine different states: Piedmont-Sardinia (the largest state)Piedmont-Sardinia (the largest state) Venetia and Lombardy belonged to Venetia and Lombardy belonged to

AustriaAustria the Pope ruled the Papal States in central the Pope ruled the Papal States in central

ItalyItaly the other states were ruled by foreign the other states were ruled by foreign

princes under Austrian control princes under Austrian control

Barriers to Italian NationalismBarriers to Italian Nationalism

Geography - mountains split Italy West Geography - mountains split Italy West and East; the Po river, North and South and East; the Po river, North and South

Illiteracy – as most of the population Illiteracy – as most of the population could not read and write, nationalistic could not read and write, nationalistic propaganda was difficult to spread propaganda was difficult to spread

Lack of consensus - Italian states Lack of consensus - Italian states disagreed on a leader and type of disagreed on a leader and type of government government

Lack of European support - European Lack of European support - European nations felt a strong Italy would nations felt a strong Italy would interfere with their plansinterfere with their plans

Factors That Led to Italian UnificationFactors That Led to Italian Unification

GeographyGeography• Geographic isolation allows Italy to Geographic isolation allows Italy to

develop its own ways, customs.develop its own ways, customs. HistoryHistory

• Italians are very proud of their heritage, Italians are very proud of their heritage, including the Italian Renaissance.including the Italian Renaissance.

• Napoleon’s conquest of Italian states led Napoleon’s conquest of Italian states led to a desire not to be conquered again →to a desire not to be conquered again → Italian unity.Italian unity.

Efforts of Three Men: Mazzini, Garibaldi, Efforts of Three Men: Mazzini, Garibaldi, CavourCavour

Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872),Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872),“Prophet of Italian Unification”“Prophet of Italian Unification”

Member of the Member of the Carbonari.Carbonari.

secretive group that used violence to fight for Italian Unity (terrorists?)

1820 uprising in Two Sicilies

1831-32: Revolt in Piedmont

Both crushed by Austrians

Left Carbonari because he saw the group as too secretive and detached from the people

Mazzini1831 ish: forms Young Italy

Nationalist group of middle-class intellectualsFights for unification of Italian states through popular uprising

1849: Roman RepublicPope out... Mazzini in as leaderUltimately fails. Goes into exile.

Unification effort shifts to Sardinia-Piedmont

Count Camillo Benso di Cavour (1810-1861), Count Camillo Benso di Cavour (1810-1861), “Architect of Italian Unification”“Architect of Italian Unification”

Prime Minister under King Prime Minister under King Victor Emmanuel from 1852-Victor Emmanuel from 1852-18611861

– Moderate nationalistModerate nationalist– Believed in Realpolitik rather Believed in Realpolitik rather

than romantic illusionsthan romantic illusions Editor of Il RisorgimentoEditor of Il Risorgimento

– Argued that Sardinia should Argued that Sardinia should be the foundation for a be the foundation for a unified Italyunified Italy

Some liberal gov. reforms Some liberal gov. reforms The Law on Convents and the The Law on Convents and the

Siccardi Law greatly reduced Siccardi Law greatly reduced the influence of the Popethe influence of the Pope

Count Camillo Benso di Cavour (1810-1861), Count Camillo Benso di Cavour (1810-1861), “Architect of Italian Unification”“Architect of Italian Unification”

The Law on Convents and the The Law on Convents and the Siccardi Law greatly reduced the Siccardi Law greatly reduced the influence of the Catholic Churchinfluence of the Catholic Church

– Pope Pius IX issues “Syllabus of Pope Pius IX issues “Syllabus of Errors” (1864) in responseErrors” (1864) in response

1855: Joined Britain and France in 1855: Joined Britain and France in the Crimean War against Russiathe Crimean War against Russia

Pact of PlombièresPact of Plombières (1859) (1859)– Napoleon III promises to support Napoleon III promises to support

Sardinia in a war against Austria Sardinia in a war against Austria for a northern Italian kingdomfor a northern Italian kingdom

• Sardina gets Venice, Sardina gets Venice, Lombardy, Parma, Modena Lombardy, Parma, Modena and a few othersand a few others

• France gets Savory and NiceFrance gets Savory and Nice

Austro-Sardinian War of Austro-Sardinian War of 18591859

War started by Austrians after Piedmontese begin War started by Austrians after Piedmontese begin mobilizing an armymobilizing an army

– Ultimatum to Piedmont: Demobilize army of Austria will fight

– Piedmont won’t demobilize, Austria declares WAR

– France intervenes on Piedmont’s side Short war, significant battles

– Battle of Magenta

– Battle of Solferino Austrians pushed out of Lombardy; forces march into

Venetia

Outcomes of War in 1859Outcomes of War in 1859

Napoleon III signs armistice with Austria

– Armistice agreement:• Sardinia receives Lombardy • Austria keeps Venetia, returns to power in

Tuscany, Modena, and Parma• Napoleon III gets Nice and Savoy

Italian patriots in Tuscany, Modena, and Parma overthrew Austrian rulers and asked to be annexed to kingdom of Sardinia

– 1860: Cavour annexes Parma, Modena, Romagna, and Tuscany with French support

Italian States by 1860Italian States by 1860

1 Sardinia-Piedmont

2 Venetia

3 Papal States

4 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882), Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882), “The Sword of Italian Unification”“The Sword of Italian Unification”

Garibaldi was a Romantic Garibaldi was a Romantic Nationalist like his friend Nationalist like his friend Mazzini.Mazzini.

Cavour distrusts Cavour distrusts Garibaldi, but Victor Garibaldi, but Victor Emmanuel II encourages Emmanuel II encourages him.him.

Garibaldi and the Red Garibaldi and the Red Shirts led the Nationalist Shirts led the Nationalist effort in the South.effort in the South.

– May 1860: Invaded May 1860: Invaded SicilySicily

– Sept. 1860: Takes Sept. 1860: Takes Naples and Two SiciliesNaples and Two Sicilies

Garibaldi handed over all Garibaldi handed over all conquered lands to Victor conquered lands to Victor Emmanuel.Emmanuel.

Italy is born!Italy is born! February 1861: Victor

Emmanuel declared King of Italy

1866: Italy supports Prussia in Austro-Prussian War

– Austria is defeated. Italy gets Venice

1871: Italy gets Venice as a result of an alliance with Bismarck

– France had just lost to Germany in the Franco-Prussian War.

• Could not defend the Papal States

Summary

1 Mazzini forms New Italy; failed attempts at revolting (1830s, 1840s)

2 Cavour & Napoleon III make Pact of Plombières, 1858

3 Austro-Sardinian War, 1859

4 Austro-Prussian War, 1866

5 Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

6 French Troops Leave Rome, 1870

Italy is United Under Victor Emmanuel II

More Problems ahead for ItalyMore Problems ahead for Italy Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy is a Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy is a constitutional constitutional

monarch. monarch.

– Right to vote is limited to upper and middle class Right to vote is limited to upper and middle class property holders.property holders.

• Bribery and corruption rife in lower classes Bribery and corruption rife in lower classes

– Many Catholics refuse to participate in new nation Many Catholics refuse to participate in new nation (as did the Pope). (as did the Pope).

• Some Italian speaking areas were not united Some Italian speaking areas were not united with the central government.with the central government.

Social, cultural and economic gap between Industrial Social, cultural and economic gap between Industrial North and Agrarian SouthNorth and Agrarian South

– Prices were high, people could not afford Prices were high, people could not afford manufactured goods.manufactured goods.

Some felt Italy should become a world power and Some felt Italy should become a world power and fight for colonies. fight for colonies.