The Invisible Poor: A Portrait of Rural Poverty in Argentina

8/9/2019 The Invisible Poor: A Portrait of Rural Poverty in Argentina

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Wnh Fmvfsfclh TjjrA Tjrtraft j` Sural Tjvhrty fm Arkhmtfma

WNH [JSLG CAMB

A [ J S L G C A M B E J X M W S V U W X G V


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A [ J S L G C A M B E J X M W S V U W X G V

Wnh Fmvfsfclh Tjjr

A Tjrtraft j` Sural Tjvhrty fm Arkhmtfma


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Ejpyrfknt 3414

Wnh Fmthrmatfjmal Camb jr Shejmstruetfjm amg Ghvhljpihmt / Wnh [jrlg Camb

1>1> N Utrhht, M.[.

[asnfmktjm, G.E. 34755, X.U.A.

All rfknts rhshrvhgIamu`aeturhg fm tnh Xmfthg Utaths j` Aihrfea

@frst Trfmtfmk? @hcruary 3414

Trfmthg jm rheyelhg paphr

1 3 5 7 15 13 11 14

[jrlg Camb Ejumtry Utugfhs arh aijmk tnh iamy rhpjrts jrfkfmally prhparhg `jr fmthrmal ush

as part j` tnh ejmtfmufmk amalysfs cy tnh Camb j` tnh hejmjife amg rhlathg ejmgftfjms j` fts

ghvhljpfmk ihichr ejumtrfhs amg tj `aeflftath fts gfaljks wftn tnh kjvhrmihmts. Ujih j` tnh

rhpjrts arh puclfsnhg fm tnfs shrfhs wftn tnh lhast pjssfclh ghlay `jr tnh ush j` kjvhrmihmts, amg

tnh aeaghife, cusfmhss, fimamefal, amg ghvhljpihmt ejiiumftfhs. Wnh iamuserfpt j` tnfs paphr

tnhrh`jrh nas mjt chhm prhparhg fm aeejrgameh wftn tnh prjehgurhs apprjprfath tj jrially-hgfthg

thxts. Ujih sjurehs efthg fm tnfs paphr iay ch fm`jrial gjeuihmts tnat arh mjt rhagfly avaflaclh.

Wnh fimgfmks, fmthrprhtatfjms, amg ejmelusfjms hxprhsshg nhrhfm arh tnjsh j` tnh autnjr(s)

amg gj mjt mhehssarfly rhffihet tnh vfhws j` tnh Fmthrmatfjmal Camb `jr Shejmstruetfjm amg

Ghvhljpihmt/Wnh [jrlg Camb amg fts astlfathg jrkamfzatfjms, jr tnjsh j` tnh Hxheutfvh Gfrhetjrs

j` Wnh [jrlg Camb jr tnh kjvhrmihmts tnhy rhprhshmt.

Wnh [jrlg Camb gjhs mjt kuaramthh tnh aeeuraey j` tnh gata fmelughg fm tnfs wjrb. Wnh

cjumgarfhs, ejljrs, ghmjifmatfjms, amg jtnhr fm`jriatfjm snjwm jm amy iap fm tnfs wjrb gj

mjt fiply amy ougkihmt jm tnh part j` Wnh [jrlg Camb j` tnh lhkal status j` amy thrrftjry jr tnhhmgjrshihmt jr aeehptameh j` suen cjumgarfhs.

Wnh iathrfal fm tnfs puclfeatfjm fs ejpyrfknthg. Ejpyfmk amg/jr tramsiftfmk pjrtfjms jr all

j` tnfs wjrb wftnjut phrifssfjm iay ch a vfjlatfjm j` applfeaclh law. Wnh Fmthrmatfjmal Camb

`jr Shejmstruetfjm amg Ghvhljpihmt/Wnh [jrlg Camb hmejurakhs gfsshifmatfjm j` fts wjrb amg

wfll mjrially kramt phrifssfjm prjiptly tj rhprjgueh pjrtfjms j` tnh wjrb.

@jr phrifssfjm tj pnjtjejpy jr rhprfmt amy part j` tnfs wjrb, plhash shmg a rhquhst wftn

ejiplhth fm`jriatfjm tj tnh Ejpyrfknt Elharameh Ehmthr, Fme., 333 Sjshwjjg Grfvh, Gamvhrs,

IA 41635, XUA, Whl? 6;>-;84->744, @ax? 6;>-;84-77;4, www.ejpyrfknt.eji.

All jtnhr quhrfhs jm rfknts amg lfehmshs, fmelugfmk sucsfgfary rfknts, snjulg ch aggrhsshg

tj tnh Jsteh j` tnh Tuclfsnhr, Wnh [jrlg Camb, 1>1> N Utrhht M[, [asnfmktjm, GE 34755, XUA,

@ax? 343-833-3733, hiafl? pucrfkntsDwjrlgcamb.jrk.

FUCM-15? 6;>-4->315->34;-5

hFUCM? 6;>-4->315->346-;

FUUM? 4385-3135 GJF? 14.1860/6;>-4->315->34;-5

Lfcrary j` Ejmkrhss Eataljkfmk-fm-Tuclfeatfjm Gata

Wnh fmvfsfclh pjjr ? a pjrtraft j` rural pjvhrty fm Arkhmtfma.

p. ei.

FUCM 6;>-4->315->34;-5 (pcb.) FUCM 6;>-4->315->346-; (hcjjb)

1.TjvhrtyShsharenArkhmtfma.3.TjjrShsharenArkhmtfma.5.ArkhmtfmaHejmjifeejmgftfjms31st ehmtury.7.ArkhmtfmaUjefal ejmgftfjms31st ehmtury.F.[jrlg Camb.

NE1>4.T0F8> 3446

548.8'0546>3ge33 344647506>


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fff

Ejmthmts

Aebmjwlhgkihmts ....................................................................................................................... vff

Trhàeh ...........................................................................................................................................vfff

Accrhvfatfjms amg Aebrjmyis ................................................................................................... fx

Hxheutfvh Uuiiary ........................................................................................................................ x

Wnh Maturh j` Sural Tjvhrty fm Arkhmtfma ........................................................................... x

A Qualftatfvh Utugy j` Sural Tjvhrty fm Arkhmtfma .........................................................xfvIhasurfmk Tjvhrty amg [hlàrh fm Sural Tjvhrty Amalysfs ...........................................xvf

1. Fssuhs amg Enallhmkhs `jr Sural Tjvhrty fm Arkhmtfma ....................................................... 1

Cy Kacrfhl Ghijicymhs, Ojnammhs Ihtlhr, amg Gjrth Phrmhr

Fmtrjguetfjm ............................................................................................................................... 1

Ghijkrapnfe Wrhmgs ............................................................................................................... 3

Ihasurfmk Tjvhrty ................................................................................................................... ;

A Tjvhrty Trjfilh `jr Sural Arkhmtfma ................................................................................. 13

Wnh Mhhg `jr Gata? Tjvhrty Ijmftjrfmk amg Hvaluatfjm j` Sural Trjkrais ................ 3;3. A Qualftatfvh Utugy j` Sural Tjvhrty fm Arkhmtfma ........................................................... 36 Cy Fkmaefj Lljvht amg Gjrth Phrmhr

Fmtrjguetfjm ............................................................................................................................. 36

Ihtnjgjljky `jr Qualftatfvh Uurvhy ................................................................................... 54

Ujefjghijkrapnfe Enaraethrfstfes ....................................................................................... 54

Aspfratfjms, Ejmffifet, amg Gfserfifmatfjm .......................................................................... 85

Hxtrhih Tjvhrty ..................................................................................................................... 80

5. Ihtnjgjljky `jr tnh Amalysfs j` Sural Tjvhrty fm Arkhmtfma ......................................... 04 Cy Kacrfhl Ghijicymhs amg Lhjpjlgj Wjrmarjllf

Fmtrjguetfjm ............................................................................................................................. 04

Tast Sural Njushnjlg Uurvhys fm Arkhmtfma ...................................................................... 04

Sural Uurvhys fm Jtnhr Ejumtrfhs j` Latfm Aihrfea ......................................................... 07

Enjfeh j` [hlàrh Ihasurh? Jptfjms `jr Arkhmtfma .......................................................... 0>

Ejmelusfjms ............................................................................................................................. ;1

Sh`hrhmehs ....................................................................................................................................... ;7

Ammhxhs ........................................................................................................................................... ;6

Ammhx A. Tjvhrty / XCM .............................................................................................................. >1

Aeehss tj Uhrvfehs ................................................................................................................... >5


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fv A [jrlg Camb Ejumtry Utugy

Lfvfmk / Njusfmk ..................................................................................................................... >7

Tjpulatfjm Utatfstfes ............................................................................................................... >>

[jrb Shlathg ........................................................................................................................... 61

Ammhx C. Ejmtaet Thrsjms Lfst `jr @fhlg Aetfvftfhs amg @jeus Krjup Ihichrs .............. 67

Enaej Trjvfmeh ....................................................................................................................... 67

Enaej prjvfmeh ....................................................................................................................... 67

Ououy Trjvfmeh ......................................................................................................................... 68

Wueuim Trjvfmeh .................................................................................................................. 60

Ihmgjza Trjvfmeh .................................................................................................................. 60

Ammhx E. Tjcrhza Sural hm Arkhmtfma Hstugfj Eualftatfvj (AcrflIayj 344;) ............. 143

Kua gh prhkumtas ................................................................................................................ 143

Waclhs

Waclh 1.1. Tjpulatfjm fm Arkhmtfma amg fts Shkfjms, 1661 amg 3441 ......................................... 5Waclh 1.3. @ari Shsfghmts fm tnh 166> amg 3443 Akrfeultural Ehmsushs ................................. 11Waclh 1.5. Fmefghmeh j` Tjvhrty jr Uhlhethg Trjvfmehs, 3445 ................................................... 17Waclh 1.7. Iaxfiui Lhvhl j` Hgueatfjm Atafmhg fm Arkhmtfma (Threhmt) ............................ 18Waclh 1.8. Uenjjl Athmgameh fm Sural amg Xrcam Arkhmtfma, 3441 (Threhmt) ....................... 10Waclh 3.1. Fmgfeatjrs `jr Uaiplhg Sural Arhas fm Arkhmtfma ................................................... 51Waclh 3.3. Uuiiary j` Ujefal Fssuhs cashg jm Qualftatfvh Njushnjlgs Uurvhy (344;) ....... 53

Waclh 3.5. Uuiiary j` @jeus Krjup @fmgfmks ........................................................................... 57Waclh 3.7. Uuiiary j` @jeus Krjups .......................................................................................... 50Waclh 5.1. Paluhs j` tnh Fmvhrsh Hmkhl Ejhstefhmt Xshg fm Latfm Aihrfea ............................ ;1Waclh A.1. Tjvhrty Aeejrgfmk tj Xmsatfsfihg Casfe Mhhgs cy Trjvfmeh (Threhmt) ................ >1Waclh A.3. Tjvhrty Aeejrgfmk tj Xmsatfsfihg Casfe Mhhgs cy Hgueatfjm j`

Njushnjlg Nhag (Threhmt) .................................................................................................... >3Waclh A.5. Tjvhrty Aeejrgfmk tj Xmsatfsfihg Casfe Mhhgs cy Akh j`

Njushnjlg Nhag (Threhmt) .................................................................................................... >3Waclh A.7. Tjvhrty Aeejrgfmk tj Xmsatfsfihg Casfe Mhhgs cy Ufzh j`

Njushnjlg (Threhmt)............................................................................................................... >3

Waclh A.8. Xmsatfsfihg Casfe Mhhgs Fmgfeatjrs (Threhmt) .......................................................... >5Waclh A.0. Aeehss tj Tuclfe Uhrvfehs (Threhmt)............................................................................ >5Waclh A.;. Aeehss tj [athr (Threhmt)............................................................................................ >5Waclh A.>. Ujureh j` [athr jr Grfmbfmk amg Ejjbfmk (Threhmt) ............................................ >7Waclh A.6. Nhaltn Fmsurameh (Threhmt) ......................................................................................... >7Waclh A.14. Wyph j` Njusfmk (Threhmt)........................................................................................ >7Waclh A.11. Qualfty j` Iathrfal j` Njusfmk (Threhmt) ............................................................... >8Waclh A.13. Sjjis Thr Thrsjm (Threhmt) ..................................................................................... >8Waclh A.15. Ejmtraetual Njusfmk Uftuatfjm (Threhmt) ............................................................... >8

Waclh A.17. Uamftatfjm (Threhmt).................................................................................................... >0Waclh A.18. Tjsshssfjm j` Asshts (Threhmt) .................................................................................. >0Waclh A.10. Bftenhm (Threhmt) ........................................................................................................ >0


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Ejmthmts v

Waclh A.1;. Tjsshssfjm j` Sh`rfkhratjr (Threhmt) ....................................................................... >0Waclh A.1>. Trfiary @uhl Xshg jr Ejjbfmk (Threhmt) .............................................................. >;Waclh A.16. Tjsshssfjm j` [asnfmk Iaenfmh (Threhmt) ............................................................. >;Waclh A.34. TE amg Fmthrmht Ejmmhetfjm (Threhmt) .................................................................... >;Waclh A.31. Tnjmh Aeehss (Threhmt) ............................................................................................. >;Waclh A.33. Tjpulatfjm Gfstrfcutfjm, 1661 amg 3441 ................................................................. >>Waclh A.35. Njushnjlg Muichr amg Ufzh................................................................................... >>Waclh A.37. Lfthraey Sath (Threhmt) .............................................................................................. >6Waclh A.38. Vhars j` Hgueatfjm Ejiplhthg (Threhmt) ................................................................ >6Waclh A.30. Vhars j` Hgueatfjm Ejiplhthg `jr Fmgfvfguals Akhs 3154 (Threhmt) ............... >6Waclh A.3;. Avhrakh Vhars j` Hgueatfjm cy Akh Krjup ........................................................... >6Waclh A.3>. Shsfghmeh 8 Vhars Akj (Threhmt) .............................................................................. 64Waclh A.36. Cjrm fm Arkhmtfma (Threhmt)...................................................................................... 64

Waclh A.54. Shlatfjm tj Njushnjlg Nhag (Threhmt) ................................................................... 64Waclh A.51. Khmghr Gfstrfcutfjm (Threhmt).................................................................................. 61Waclh A.53. Iarftal Utatus (Threhmt) ............................................................................................. 61Waclh A.55. Lfvfmk Wjkhtnhr wftn Upjush/Tartmhr (Threhmt) .................................................... 61Waclh A.57. Fmgustry (Threhmt) ...................................................................................................... 61Waclh A.58. Jeeupatfjmal Eathkjrfhs (Threhmt) .......................................................................... 63Waclh A.50. Jeeupatfjmal Eathkjrfhs [ftnfm Akrfeultural Uhetjr (Threhmt) .......................... 63Waclh A.5;. Ufzh j` @fri jr Hstaclfsnihmt j` Ualarfhg fm Akrfeulturh (Threhmt) ................... 65Waclh A.5>. Wyph j` Trj`hssfjm (Threhmt) .................................................................................... 65

Waclh A.56. Ufzh j` @fri jr Hstaclfsnihmt [nhrh Hipljyhg (Threhmt) ................................. 65Waclh A.74. Ujefal Uheurfty Ejmtrfcutfjms (Threhmt) .................................................................. 65Waclh C.1 Uaiplfmk Xmfts Ghijkrapnfes ................................................................................... 6>

@fkurhs

@fkurh 1. Sural Tjvhrty Aeejrgfmk tj Xmsatfsfihg Casfe Mhhgs ............................................... xf@fkurh 3. Ljmk-Whri Wrhmgs fm Sural amg Xrcam Tjpulatfjm fm Arkhmtfma ..........................xff@fkurh 5. Ualarfhg Akrfeultural [jrbhrs cy Muichr j` [jrbhrs at Tlaeh j`

Hipljyihmt ...........................................................................................................................xfff@fkurh 1.1. Ljmk-Whri Wrhmgs fm Sural amg Xrcam Tjpulatfjm fm Arkhmtfma ......................... 3@fkurh 1.3. Sural Tjpulatfjms as a Threhmtakh j` Wjtal cy Trjvfmeh, 3441 .............................. 7@fkurh 1.5. Xmsatfsfihg Casfe Mhhgs Fmgfeatjrs cy Haen Ejipjmhmt ....................................... >@fkurh 1.7. Tjvhrty Aeejrgfmk tj Xmsatfsfihg Casfe Mhhgs ........................................................ 6@fkurh 1.8. Trjpjrtfjm j` Sural Shsfghmts wftn Xmsatfsfihg Casfe Mhhgs cy

Trjvfmeh, 1661 amg 3441 ......................................................................................................... 14@fkurh 1.0. Trjpjrtfjm j` @aris Wnat Arh Tjjr cy Trjvfmeh, 16>> amg 3443 ........................ 13@fkurh 1.;. Tjjr @aris (3443) amg Gfsphrshg Sural Njushnjlgs wftn Xmsatfsfihg

Casfe Mhhgs (3441) cy Trjvfmeh ............................................................................................ 15@fkurh 1.>. Xmsatfsfihg Casfe Mhhgs cy Hgueatfjm j` Njushnjlg Nhag ................................ 18

@fkurh 1.6. Uenjjl Atafmihmt Trjfilh `jr Fmgfvfguals Akhs 3154 ......................................... 10@fkurh 1.14. Avhrakh Vhars j` Uenjjlfmk cy Akh Krjup amg Arha.......................................... 1;@fkurh 1.11. Tjpulatfjm Tyraifg jr Xrcam Tjpulatfjm fm Arkhmtfma, 3441 ......................... 1>


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vf A [jrlg Camb Ejumtry Utugy

@fkurh 1.13. Tjpulatfjm Tyraifg jr Sural Wjwms Tjpulatfjm fm Arkhmtfma, 3441 ............. 16@fkurh 1.15. Tjpulatfjm Tyraifg jr Gfsphrshg Sural Tjpulatfjm fm Arkhmtfma, 3441 ....... 34@fkurh 1.17. Xmsatfsfihg Casfe Mhhgs cy Akh j` Njushnjlg Nhag ......................................... 34@fkurh 1.18. Xmsatfsfihg Casfe Mhhgs cy Njushnjlg Ufzh ........................................................ 31@fkurh 1.10. Njusfmk Qualfty Fmghx cy Unarh j` Tjpulatfjm fm Gffflhrhmt Arhas .................. 31@fkurh 1.1;. Aeehss tj Fm`rastrueturh Uhrvfehs ............................................................................ 33@fkurh 1.1>. Nhaltn Fmsurameh cy Arha ........................................................................................ 35@fkurh 1.16. Ujefal Uheurfty Ejmtrfcutfjms cy Arha ................................................................... 37@fkurh 1.34. Uhetjr j` Hipljyihmt cy Arha ............................................................................... 37@fkurh 1.31. Wyph j` Hipljyihmt cy Arha ................................................................................. 38@fkurh 1.33. Wyph j` Hipljyihmt cy Arha, Akrfeultural [jrbhrs Jmly ............................... 38@fkurh 1.35. Ualarfhg Akrfeultural [jrbhrs cy Muichr j` [jrbhrs at Tlaeh j`

Hipljyihmt ............................................................................................................................ 30

@fkurh 1.37. Threhmtakh j` Tjpulatfjm wftn Xmsatfsfihg Casfe Mhhgs cy Uhetjr j`Hipljyihmt j` Njushnjlg Nhag ........................................................................................ 3;

Cjxhs

Cjx 1.1. [nat Gjhs Sural Iham fm Arkhmtfma: ....................................................................... 8Cjx 1.3. Gata Ujurehs `jr Sural Tjvhrty fm Arkhmtfma ................................................................ ;Cjx 1.5. Wnh 3445 Sural Njushnjlg Uurvhy ............................................................................... 15Cjx 3.1. Am Hxaiplh j` a Eash Utugy fm Enaej Trjvfmeh ........................................................ 74Cjx 3.3. Am Hxaiplh j` a Eash Utugy fm Ououy Trjvfmeh .......................................................... 73

Cjx 3.5. Am Hxaiplh j` a Eash Utugy fm Wueuim Trjvfmeh ................................................... 78Cjx 3.7. Enakas Gfshash ................................................................................................................ 70Cjx 3.8. Am Hxaiplh j` am Fmgfkhmjus Eash Utugy fm Ihmgjza Trjvfmeh ........................... 84Cjx 5.1. Jrkamfzatfjm j` tnh Hmeuhsta gh Njkarhs fm Cjlfvfa ................................................. 00


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vff

Aebmjwlhgkihmts

Wnfs rhpjrt was prhparhg ojfmtly cy a TSHI-UG thai lhg cy Kacrfhl Ghijicymhs(LEUTT) amg Gjrth Phrmhr (LEUUJ). Wnh qualftatfvh fihlgwjrb was ejmguethg cyFkmaefj Lljvht (ejmsultamt), Fsachl Wjiagfm (ejmsultamt), amg Hlsa Amghriam (ejmsultamt).Ojnammhs Ihlhr ejmtrfcuthg fmvaluaclh amalysfs j` tnh 3441 Tjpulatfjm Ehmsus. Wnhihtnjgjljky enapthr fs cashg jm a caebkrjumg paphr wrfthm cy Lhjpjlgj Wjrmarjllf,(ejmsultamt, Xmfvhrsfgag gh la Tlata.) Amh Thrhz Jrsf gh Eastrj (LEUTT) prjvfghg hxehllhmtassfstameh fm tnh prhparatfjm j` tnh fimal rhpjrt.

Wnh wjrb fs part j` am jmkjfmk amalytfeal prjkrai jm pjvhrty fssuhs wftn tnh Arkhmtfmh

kjvhrmihmt.Wnfs tasb fs umghr tnh Camb kufgameh amg suphrvfsfjm j` Oafih Uaavhgra (Uhetjr Iamakhr,LEUTT), IeGjmalg Chmoaifm (Uhetjr Iamakhr, LEUUJ), Oaihs Tarbs (Lhag Hejmjifst amgUhetjr Lhaghr, LEUTS), amg Earthr Cramgjm (Ejumtry Uhetjr Lhaghr, LEUUJ). Wnh phhrrhvfhwhrs arh Chrb Jzlhr (Hejmjifst, GHESK), Bhm Ufilhr (Uhmfjr Hejmjifst, TSITS),amg Ifenahl [jjlejeb (Uhmfjr Ujefal Uefhmtfst, GHESK).

Pfeh Trhsfghmt? Taihla EjxEjumtry Gfrhetjr? Axhl vam WrjtshmcurkUhetjr Gfrhetjr? Hrmhstj Iay

Uhetjr Iamakhr? Oafih Uaavhgra/IeGjmalg ChmoaifmLhag Hejmjifst? Oaihs TarbsUG Uhetjr Lhaghr? Earthr CramgjmWasb Iamakhr? Kacrfhl Ghijicymhs/Gjrth Phrmhr


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vfff

Trhàeh

Wnfs stugy fs part j` a shrfhs j` prjkraiiatfe amalyshs jm pjvhrty-rhlathg fssuhs cyrhsharenhrs at tnh [jrlg Camb. Wnh khmhral jcohetfvh j` tnh wjrb wftnfm tnfs prjkraifs tj stfiulath gfseussfjm wftnfm tnh kjvhrmihmt j` Arkhmtfma, amg alsj chtwhhm tnhkjvhrmihmt amg stabhnjlghrs, jm ways tj fiprjvh tnh whlàrh j` tnh ejumtrys pjjrtnrjukn hvfghmeh-cashg pjlfey.

Wnh first pnash j` tnfs rhsharen prjkrai aggrhsshs lacjr iarbht fm`jrialfty. Wnh [jrlgCamb thai hxaifmhg fm`jrialfty fssuhs usfmk hxfstfmk gata fm eljsh ejllacjratfjm wftn tnhLacjr Ifmfstry amg FMGHE. Fm tnfs ejmthxt, tnh autnjrftfhs ghsfkmhg amg fiplhihmthg a

sphefal ijgulh jm fm`jrialfty as part j` tnh Thriamhmt Njushnjlg Uurvhy (HTN) fm lath3448. Wnh [jrlg Cambs jrtnejifmk rhpjrt hxaifmhs tnh trhmgs fm fm`jrialfty jvhr tfih amghxpljrhs tnh pjssfclh eaushs j` tnh fmerhash fm fm`jrial salarfhg hipljyihmt jvhr tfih.

Wnh shejmg pnash j` tnfs rhsharen prjkrai ghals wftn rural pjvhrty. Wnfs rhpjrtrhprhshmts a first sthp fm tnfs shejmg pnash. Wnh wjrb krjws jut j` gfseussfjms wftnejumthrparts at tnh Ifmfstry j` Akrfeulturh, Lfvhstjeb, @fsnhrfhs, amg @jjg (Uherhtarfa ghAkrfeultura, Kamaghrfa, Thsea y Alfihmtjs RUAKTyAY) amg FMGHE. Shejkmfzfmk tnh ghartnj` fm`jriatfjm jm rural arhas, tnh [jrlg Camb thai akrhhg tj rhvfhw bmjwlhgkh jm ruralpjvhrty amg prjvfgh kufgameh jm ùturh gata-ejllhetfjm hffljrts. A prfiary jcohetfvh j`tnfs stugy fs tj rafsh tnh prjfilh j` tnh rural pjjr fm Arkhmtfma. Trj`jumg kaps hxfst fm tnhumghrstamgfmk j` rural pjvhrty fm Arkhmtfma larkhly cheaush j` gata lfiftatfjms, fm partfeular

tnh HTNs laeb j` ejvhrakh fm rural arhas. As a rhsult, tnh rural pjjr navh sjihtfihs chhmmhklhethg fm pjlfey gfseussfjms.As a first sthp fm nfknlfkntfmk tnh sftuatfjm j` tnh rural pjjr, tnfs rhpjrt tabhs stjeb

j` hxfstfmk rhsharen, hxpljfts prhvfjusly umtapphg fm`jriatfjm `rji tnh 3441 TjpulatfjmEhmsus, amg prhshmts fimgfmks `rji a mhw qualftatfvh stugy jm tnh sucohet.

@jr tnh uturh, ft fs eruefal tnat tnh HTN ch hxpamghg tj ull matfjmal ejvhrakh. Sjuknly5> phrehmt j` tnh ejumtrys pjpulatfjm, ejmsfstfmk j` 7 ifllfjm rural rhsfghmts amg amjtnhr13 ifllfjm wnj lfvh fm siallhr urcam arhas, lfh jutsfgh tnh eurrhmt rhaen j` tnh survhy. Amhxpamghg HTN wjulg ch valuaclh cjtn `jr chthr hvaluatfmk hxfstfmk prjkrais amg `jrnhlpfmk tnh kjvhrmihmt ghsfkm mhw prjkrais amg pjlfefhs. Shejkmfzfmk tnh enallhmkhstnat hxpamsfjm j` tnh HTN wjulg crfmk, tnh fimal enapthr j` tnfs rhpjrt hxpljrhs tnh bhy

thenmfeal fssuhs fmvjlvhg.As tnh kjvhrmihmt j` Arkhmtfma ijvhs `jrwarg wftn fts ejmsfghratfjm j` njw tj chstfiprjvh gata jm rural fssuhs amg aggrhss rural pjvhrty, tnh [jrlg Camb stamgs rhagy tjassfst fm suppjrtfmk tnh mhxt sthps. Wnfs rhpjrt fs jfflhrhg fm tnh njph tnat wfll stfiulathgfaljkuh acjut amg fmthrhst fm aggrhssfmk tnh matfjms fmvfsfclh pjjr.


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fx

Accrhvfatfjms amg Aerjmyis

EALIAW Ealfgag gh ljs Iathrfalhs gh La PfvfhmgaEHTAL Ejifsfm Hejmifea para Airfea Latfma y hl EarfchEMWA Ejifsfm Maefjmal gh Wracaoj Akrarfj (Matfjmal Ejiifssfjm `jr

Akrfeultural [jrb)HAT Hxpljtaefjmhs Akrjpheuarfas TjcrhsHMKN Hmeuhsta Maefjmal gh Kastjs gh ljs NjkarhsHTN Hmeuhsta Thriamhmth gh Njkarhs

@AJ @jjg amg Akrfeulturh Jrkamfzatfjm j` tnh Xmfthg MatfjmsFMGHE Fmstftutj Maefjmal gh Hstagfstfeas y EhmsjsFMWA Matfjmal Fmstftuth j` Akrfeultural WhenmjljkyFTE Ejmsuihr Trfeh FmghxTSJFMGHS Trjyhetj gh Ghsarrjllj gh Thquhjs Trjguetjrhs AkrjpheuarfjsTSJUAT Trjvfmefal Trjkrai j` Akrfeultural UhrvfehsTUA @arihrs Ujefal TrjkraiTUX Trfiary Uaiplfmk XmftSHMAWSH Matfjmal Shejrgs Jsteh `jr Sural Hipljyhrs amg [jrbhrs

SNU Sural Njushnjlg UurvhyUAKTyA Uherhtarfa gh Akrfeultura, Kamaghrfa, Thsea y AlfihmtjsUUX Uhejmgary Uaiplfmk XmftXCM umsatfsfihg casfe mhhgsXM Xmfthg Matfjms[NJ [jrlg Nhaltn Jrkamfzatfjm

Eurrhmey Hqufvalhmts

Eurrhmey Xmft 9 Ejumtry EurrhmeyXU$1 9 Ark$5.4;(As j` Oumh 7, 344;)

@fseal Vhar

Oamuary 1Ghehichr 51


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Hxheutfvh Uuiiary

Iamy j` tnh pjjrhst Arkhmtfmhs arh fmvfsfclh fm jstefal statfstfes. @jur ifllfjm ruralrhsfghmts amg amjtnhr 13 ifllfjm fm siall urcam arhas lfh jutsfgh tnh rhaen j` tnhThriamhmt Njushnjlg Uurvhy (HTN), wnfen fs tnh casfs `jr pjvhrty fikurhs amg ijst gatajm sjefal ejmgftfjms fm tnh ejumtry. Aeejrgfmk tj tnh chst hstfiath, rjuknly a tnfrg j` ruralrhsfghmtsijrh tnam a ifllfjm phjplhlfvh fm pjvhrty. Wnh urcam cfas ejiijm tj iamyejumtrfhs nas chhm aeehmtuathg cy tnh laeb j` gata jm tnh rural pjjr. [ftn lftlh fm`jriatfjmjm tnhfr ejmgftfjm, ft fs hxehhgfmkly gfst eult `jr pjlfey iabhrs tj ghsfkm pjlfefhs amgprjkrais tj nhlp ijvh phjplh jut j` pjvhrty.

Wnh jcohetfvhs j` tnfs stugy arh tj rafsh tnh prjfilh j` tnh rural pjjr fm Arkhmtfma,tj prjijth gfaljkuh jm rural pjvhrty fssuhs, tj prjvfgh tnh chst eurrhmtly avaflaclhfm`jriatfjm acjut rural pjvhrty, amg tj jfflhr a casfs `jr gfseussfjms jm njw tj hxpamgnjushnjlg survhy gata ejllhetfjm tj rural arhas. Ijst prhvfjus wjrb nas chhm cashg jmeash stugfhs jr jmh-tfih survhys fm a `hw prjvfmehs amg ejmshquhmtly nas chhm j` lfifthgush `jr grawfmk ejmelusfjms acjut rural ejmgftfjms jvhrall. Wnfs stugy gjhs mjt gfrhetlyaggrhss pjlfey rhspjmshs. Satnhr, ft shhbs tj prjvfgh am amalytfeal casfs `jr umghrstamgfmktnh ejmgftfjms j` rural lf`h, wftn tnh ultfiath kjal j` nhlpfmk pjlfey iabhrs fiprjvh tnhwhl`arh j` tnh ejumtrys pjjr tnrjukn hvfghmeh-cashg pjlfey.

Wnh twj iafm gata sjurehs jm wnfen tnfs rhpjrt fs cashgtnh 3441 TjpulatfjmEhmsus amg a 344; qualftatfvh stugycjtn navh lfiftatfjms. Jm tnh jmh namg, tnh ehmsus

fm`jriatfjm fs gathg, was ejllhethg gurfmk a phrfjg j` hejmjife erfsfs, amg gjhs mjtrhffihet tnh hfflhets j` kjvhrmihmt prjkrais fmtrjguehg sfmeh 3441, suen as tnh Nhags j`Njushnjlg Trjkrai amg Tlam Maehr. Jm tnh jtnhr namg, tnh qualftatfvh stugy ejllhethggata `jr jmly a siall saiplh j` pjjr njushnjlgs amg fs mjt statfstfeally rhprhshmtatfvh.Altnjukn tjkhtnhr tnh ehmsus fm`jriatfjm amg tnh qualftatfvh stugy prhshmt a valuaclhpjrtraft j` rural pjvhrty, tnhfr snjrtejifmks alsj nfknlfknt tnh mhhg tj hxpamg tnhejvhrakh j` tnh HTN fm jrghr tj khmhrath am jmkjfmk sjureh j` gata jm tnh pjpulatfjm fmall arhas j` tnh ejumtry.

Wnh rhpjrt fs jrkamfzhg as jlljws? Enapthr 1 prjfilhs rural pjvhrty cashg jm tnh lfifthghxfstfmk gata, fmelugfmk tnh first fm-ghptn amalysfs j` rural pjvhrty hvhr ejmguethg wftn tnh3441 Tjpulatfjm Ehmsus. Enapthr 3 prhshmts fimgfmks `rji tnh mhw qualftatfvh stugy j`

tnh rural pjjr ejmguethg fm tnh first nal` j` 344;. Enapthr 5 ejmelughs wftn a gfseussfjmj` ihtnjgjljky `jr rural pjvhrty amalysfs, `jeusfmk jm tnh fssuhs rhlathg tj hxpamgfmk tnhHTN tj `ull matfjmal ejvhrakh.

Wnh Maturh j` Sural Tjvhrty fm Arkhmtfma

Tjvhrty raths arh sfkmffieamtly nfknhr fm rural Arkhmtfma tnam fm tnh ejumtrys urcam zjmhs.Aeejrgfmk tj ijst rhehmt ejiprhnhmsfvh gata avaflaclh jm tnh rural pjpulatfjm `rji tnh3441 Tjpulatfjm Ehmsus, 53 phrehmt j` rural Arkhmtfmhs arh pjjr, wftn pjvhrty ghfimhg asnavfmk at lhast jmh umsatfsfihg casfe mhhg (XCM). Fm ejmtrast, jmly 10 phrehmt j` Arkhmtfmhsfm urcam arhas arh pjjr fm thris j` XCM. Altnjukn oust 11 phrehmt j` tnh pjpulatfjm lfvhs fm

rural arhas, mharly jmh fm fivh pjjr Arkhmtfmhs fs a rural rhsfghmt.Aerjss all avaflaclh fmgfeatjrs j` whll-chfmk, tnjsh lfvfmk fm gfsphrshg rural arhas arhwjrsh jffljm avhrakh tnam tnjsh lfvfmk fm rural tjwms. Saths j` XCM arh 50 phrehmt `jrrhsfghmts j` gfsphrshg rural arhas vhrsus 37 phrehmt jr tnjsh lfvfmk fm rural tjwms. Fm thris


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Hxheutfvh Uuiiary xf

j` all avaflaclh ihasurhshgueatfjm lhvhls, njusfmk qualfty, aeehss tj shrvfehs j` all typhs,amg aeehss tj nhaltn fmsuramehtnhrh fs a elhar rambfmk cy khjkrapnfe arha? Wnh avhrakh

urcam rhsfghmt fs chthr jffltnam tnh avhrakh fmnacftamt j` a rural tjwm, wnj fs chthr jffltnam tnh avhrakh Arkhmtfmh lfvfmk fm gfsphrshg rural arhas.Wnhrh fs trhihmgjus rhkfjmal varfatfjm fm tnh whl`arh j` rural rhsfghmts. [nflh tnh

urcam-rural ejmtrast fm XCM fs starb, tnhrh arh alsj larkh varfatfjms wftnfm rural arhas aerjssprjvfmehs. Fm tnh ejumtrys fivh mjrtnhrmijst prjvfmehsUalta, Enaej, Ououy, @jrijsa, amgUamtfakj ghl Hsthrjijrh tnam nal` j` tnjsh lfvfmk fm gfsphrshg rural arhas navh at lhastjmh umsatfsfihg casfe mhhg. Wnhsh saih fivh plus Ejrrfhmths navh tnh nfknhst fmefghmeh j`XCM fm rural tjwms. Fm ejmtrast, `hwhr tnam 34 phrehmt j` tnjsh lfvfmk fm gfsphrshg ruralarhas j` Cuhmjs Afrhs, Uamta Eruz, amg Uamta @h arh pjjr fm thris j` XCM.

Altnjukn nfknly fiphr`het, tnh umsatfsfihg casfe mhhgs ihasurh fs tnh chst avaflaclhihasurh j` pjvhrty jr rural arhas j` Arkhmtfma. [nflh tnh XCM apprjaen nas chhm applfhg

fm a muichr j` ejumtrfhs, ft fs vulmhraclh tj a muichr j` erftfefsis. Ijst fipjrtamtly, tnhghfimftfjms j` tnh ejipjmhmts j` tnh fmghx arh ultfiathly arcftrary amg mjt tfhg tj amy elharejmehptual mjtfjm j` pjvhrty. Cjtn jvhr tfih amg spaeh, a shmsh j` wnat ejmstftuths casfemhhgs iay vary krhatly, yht tnh saih ghfimftfjm fs applfhg tj all njushnjlgs. Mjmhtnhlhss,

@fkurh 1. Sural Tjvhrty Aeejrgfmk tj Xmsatfsfihg Casfe Mhhgs

Ujureh? [jrlg Camb sta`` ealeulatfjms cashg jm 3441 Tjpulatfjm Ehmsus

Mjth? Wnh vhrtfeal gjtthg lfmh snjws tnh jvhrall matfjmal lhvhl j` XCM `jr urcam amg rural arhas ejicfmhg? 1;.; phrehmt.


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xff A [jrlg Camb Ejumtry Utugy

XCM fmgfeatjrs arh wfghly ushg amg arh am aeehptaclh althrmatfvh wnhm mhftnhr ejmsuiptfjmmjr fmejih gata arh avaflaclh.

Altnjukn tnh acsjluth sfzh j` tnh jvhrall rural pjpulatfjm nas chhm fm ejmtfmujusghelfmh sfmeh tnh 1674s, tnh pjpulatfjm j` rural tjwms krhw gurfmk tnh 1664s. Chtwhhm 167;

amg 3441, tnh sfzh j` tnh rural pjpulatfjm grjpphg cy jmh-tnfrg, wnflh tnh urcam pjpulatfjmijrh tnam trfplhg. Wnh rural pjpulatfjm rhprhshmthg 11 phrehmt j` tjtal pjpulatfjm fm 3441,tnh ijst rhehmt ehmsus yhar, gjwm `rji 15 phrehmt fm 1661 amg 3> phrehmt fm 1604. Astnh rural pjpulatfjm snramb gurfmk tnh 1664s, tnh acsjluth muichrs j` cjtn pjjr ruralrhsfghmts amg pjjr `aris ghelfmhg. At tnh saih tfih tnhrh was a snf`t j` pjpulatfjm wftnfmrural arhas. Gfsphrshg rural arhas ljst 17.8 phrehmt j` tnhfr pjpulatfjm jvhr tnh last gheagh,ghelfmfmk tj 3.0 ifllfjm fm 3441, wnflh tnh pjpulatfjm j` siall tjwms krhw cy > phrehmt,rhaenfmk a tjtal j` 1.3 ifllfjm. [nflh tnh pjpulatfjm j` gfsphrshg rural arhas fs fm ghelfmh, ftstfll rhprhshmts 0> phrehmt j` tnh jvhrall rural pjpulatfjm.

Wnh ejmtfmufmk ljmk-thri ghelfmh fm tnh rural pjpulatfjm fs guh iafmly tj ifkratfjm,hsphefally cy wjihm. Cjtn rural gfsphrshg arhas amg rural tjwms navh larkh muichrs

j` enflgrhm amg agjlhsehmts, wnfen fs fmgfeatfvh j` ejmtfmuhg nfkn `hrtflfty raths fm ruralarhas. Cut tnh pjpulatfjm pyraifgs snjws a nukh grjp jfflfm tnh rural pjpulatfjm j` yjumkagults. Wnh shx ratfj (muichr j` wjihm phr ihm) snjws strfbfmk gffflhrhmehs cy akh krjupfm gfsphrshg rural arhas. Aijmk enflgrhm umghr akh 14, tnhrh arh oust slfkntly ijrh cjystnam kfrls? 147 cjys phr 144 kfrls, rhffihetfmk tnh matural shx ratfj at cfrtn. Cut aijmk enflgrhm18 tj 16 yhars j` akh, cjys jutmuichr kfrls cy 11; tj 144, amg `jr tnjsh fm tnhfr 34s amg 54s

@fkurh 3. Ljmk-Whri Wrhmgs fm Sural amg Xrcam Tjpulatfjm fm Arkhmtfma

Ujureh?FMGHE, Matfjmal Tjpulatfjm Ehmsushs.


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Hxheutfvh Uuiiary xfff

tnhrh arh 133 ihm phr 144 wjihm. Wnhsh hxtrhihly nfkn shx ratfjs ijst lfbhly sthi `rjinfknhr hifkratfjm raths j` yjumk wjihm. Ft iay alsj rhffihet thipjrary ifkratfjm j` yjumkihm wnj ejih `jr akrfeultural wjrb. Wnh maturh j` tnfs khmhral ficalameh fs am fipjrtamttjpfe `jr ùturh rhsharen.

Fm thris j` hipljyihmt (cut mjt mhehssarfly prjguetfjm), Arkhmtfmh akrfeulturh fsgjifmathg cy siall-sealh prjguehrsàifly àrihrs amg àris wftn a siall muichrj` hipljyhhs. Akrfeulturh gfrhetly aeejumts `jr 07 phrehmt j` wjrbhrs fm gfsphrshg ruralarhas. Aijmk tnhsh, nal` arh wakh wjrbhrs2 tnh rhiafmghr fs splft chtwhhm hipljyhrs,fmghphmghmt wjrbhrs, amg aifly wjrbhrs. Wnh larkh iaojrfty j` wakh wjrbhrs (07 phrehmt)wjrb jm siall àris tnat hipljy 1 tj 8 phjplh, amg jmly ; phrehmt wjrb jm larkh àris

tnat hipljy 74 jr ijrh phjplh. Wnh crhabgjwm j` akrfeultural hipljyihmt fs sfiflar `jrrural tjwms.Altnjukn akrfeulturh fs elharly gjifmamt, tnh rural shetjr nas a gfvhrsh hejmjiy tnat

chlfhs sfiplh enaraethrfzatfjm as a ijmjlftnfe àrifmk sjefhty. Ehmsus gata snjw tnat ijstphjplh fm gfsphrshg rural arhasgj wjrb fm akrfeulturh amg rhlathg aetfvftfhs. @fkurhs `rji alfifthg 3445 survhy fm `jur prjvfmehs ejmfiri tnat fm gfsphrshg rural arhas tnh pjjr amgmjmpjjr rhehfvh tnh larkhst snarh j` tnhfr tjtal fmejih87 amg 0> phrehmt, rhsphetfvhly`rji akrfeultural aetfvftfhs. Njwhvhr, fm ruraltjwms, jmly jmh fm `jur arh gfrhetly hmkakhgfm akrfeulturh. Wnh rhst j` rural tjwm hipljyihmt fs sprhag aerjss all shetjrs2 ejiiumfty,sjefal, amg phrsjmal shrvfehs hipljy tnh larkhst krjup.

Am umghrstamgfmk j` rural pjvhrty fm Arkhmtfma fs ejiplfeathg cy tnh laeb j` gata. Wnh

rural pjjr arh fmvfsfclh fm iamy pjlfey gfseussfjms guh tj tnh aet tnat tnhy arh mjt eapturhgfm tnh HTN. Wnh `hw past stugfhs j` rural pjvhrty fm Arkhmtfma navh chhm cashg jm eashstugfhs jr siall-sealh rural survhys fm oust a hw prjvfmehs. Kfvhm tnh ejumtrys trhihmgjusfmthllhetual rhsjurehs, krhathr puclfe avaflacflfty j` gata ejulg yfhlg sucstamtfal gfvfghmgs

@fkurh 5. Ualarfhg Akrfeultural [jrbhrs cy Muichr j` [jrbhrs at Tlaeh j` Hipljyihmt

Ujureh? [jrlg Camb sta`` ealeulatfjms cashg jm 3441 Tjpulatfjm Ehmsus.


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xfv A [jrlg Camb Ejumtry Utugy

fm tnh `jri j` pjlfey-rhlhvamt amalysfs. Wwj sthps ejulg lhag tj valuaclh mhw rhsharen jmrural pjvhrty. @frst, rhlhash j` tnh puclfe-ush vhrsfjm j` tnh 344748 Hmeuhsta Maefjmal ghKastjs gh ljs Njkarhs (HMKN), tnh ejumtrys first njushnjlg survhy wftn ùll matfjmalejvhrakh, wjulg alljw `jr fmvaluaclh amalysfs j` tnh eurrhmt stath j` rural pjvhrty amg

whlàrh. Uhejmg,ùturhumghrstamgfmk j` rural Arkhmtfma wjulg ch fiihasuracly agvamehgcy tnh hxpamsfjm j` tnh HTN tj ùll matfjmal ejvhrakh. Ujih j` tnh fssuhs surrjumgfmk tnfsshejmg sthp arh ejmsfghrhg fm Enapthr 5 j` tnfs rhpjrt.

A `jeus jm arhas ghfimhg as rural cy tnh jstefal ghfimftfjm, altnjukn umavjfgaclhwftn eurrhmtly avaflaclh gata, jcseurhs tnh iamy snaghs j` krhy jm tnh urcam-ruralejmtfmuui tnat lfh chtwhhm gfsphrshg rural arhas amg iaojr urcam ehmthrs. Cy jstefalghfimftfjms, Arkhmtfmas rural pjpulatfjm ejmsfsts j` tnjsh wnj lfvh fm gfsphrshg ruralarhas amg fm ljealftfhs j` up tj 3,444 fmnacftamts. Xmghr tnfs ghfimftfjm, jmly 11 phrehmt jÀrkhmtfmhs lfvh fm rural arhas, rhffihetfmk jmh j` tnh nfknhst raths j` urcamfzatfjm fm LatfmAihrfea. Cut cy jmh althrmatfvh ghfimftfjm cashg jm pjpulatfjm ghmsfty amg prjxfiftytj a efty, 77 phrehmt j` Arkhmtfmhs lfvh fm rural arhas. Wnh 5> phrehmt j` Arkhmtfmhs

wnj lfvh jutsfgh j` ihtrjpjlftam arhas wftn pjpulatfjms j` 144,444 jr krhathr arh mjtsurvhyhg fm tnh HTN. Wnjsh wnj lfvh fm tjwms wftn pjpulatfjms chtwhhm 3,444 144,444arh mjt survhyhg cy tnh HTN, amg fm ehmsus taculatfjms tnhy arh mjt gfstfmkufsnhg`rji tnh rhst j` tnh urcam pjpulatfjm. Ejmshquhmtly, tnhy lfh fm a partfeular gataclfmg spjt. @uturh gata ejllhetfjm snjulg ch ghsfkmhg tj snhg lfknt jm tnh sftuatfjm fmtnhsh arhas.

A Qualftatfvh Utugy j` Sural Tjvhrty fm Arkhmtfma

A qualftatfvh stugy was ejmguethg fm rural arhas j` `jur prjvfmehs fm harly 344; tj snhglfknt jm tnh lfvhs j` tnh rural pjjr. Wnh stugy was fmthmghg tj ejiplhihmt tnh avaflaclh

quamtftatfvh gata prhshmthg fm Enapthr 1 j` tnfs rhpjrt amg tj fm`jri ùturh gata-ejllhetfjm hffljrts fm rural arha, suen as tnh hxpamsfjm j` tnh HTN gfseusshg fm Enapthr5. Eash stugfhs fm `jur prjvfmehs whrh ejmguethg tj prjgueh a systhiatfe amalysfs j`varfaclhs tnat iay hxplafm tnh lfvhlfnjjgs amg enamkhs jvhr tfih fm tnh lfvhs j` tnhrural pjjr. Wnh eash stugfhs whrh earrfhg jut fm tnh prjvfmehs j` Enaej, Ououy, Ihmgjza,amg Wueuim.

Ghserfptfjm j` Utugy

Wnh qualftatfvh stugy grhw jm bhy fm`jriamts fmthrvfhws, fm-ghptn fmthrvfhws, `jeuskrjups, amg shejmgary sjurehs. Wnh bhy fm`jriamt fmthrvfhwhhs whrh hxphrt jcshrvhrsj` haen prjvfmefal sftuatfjm amg prjvfghg ghtaflhg fm`jriatfjm ch`jrh fihlg rhsharen was

umghrtabhm. @jeus krjups whrh earrfhg jut fm twj gffflhrhmt ejiiumftfhs fm haen prjvfmehamg whrh ejipjshg j` shvhm tj hfknt phjplh. Aggftfjmal fm-ghptn fmthrvfhws whrhejmguethg wftn fmgfvfguals fghmtffihg as chfmk pjjr fm thris j` umsatfsfihg casfe mhhgs.

Wnh saiplh was shlhethg sj as tj fmelugh a gfvhrsh sht j` fmgfvfguals cy khjkrapny,aeehssfcflfty, ghijkrapny, amg prjguetfvh aetfvftfhs. Wnh shlhetfjm j` saiplfmk arhas wascashg jm tnh nfstjry, prjguetfvh prjfilh, sjefal gfvhrsfty, amg htnmfe, fmstftutfjmal, amghejmjife enaraethrfstfes j` tnh gffflhrhmt arhas j` tnh prjvfmehs. Apprjxfiathly 14 ruralpjjr njushnjlgs whrh shlhethg fm haen j` `jur prjvfmehsEnaej, Ououy, Ihmgjza, amgWueuimtjtalfmk 75 njushnjlgs.

Ft fs fipjrtamt tj rhejkmfzh tnat wnflh tnh stugy prjvfghs a kjjg asshssihmt j` tnhvarfhty j` njushnjlg typhs fm tnhsh `jur prjvfmehs, tnh stugy was mjt ghsfkmhg tj ch

statfstfeally rhprhshmtatfvh j` tnh rural pjjr as a wnjlh. Aggftfjmally, wnflh ejiparfsjmschtwhhm tnh qualftatfvh stugy rhsults amg tnh 3441 Tjpulatfjm Ehmsus fikurhs eam jfflhrfmsfknts, jmh snjulg rhejkmfzh tnh twj sjurehs j` fm`jriatfjm graw `rji twj gffflhrhmtpjfmts fm tfih2 tnh ehmsus was ejmguethg mharly sfx yhars ch`jrh tnfs qualftatfvh stugy,


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Hxheutfvh Uuiiary xv

umghr sucstamtfally gffflhrhmt hejmjife amg sjefal ejmgftfjms. Fm partfeular, tnh ehmsusfikurhs gj mjt rhffihet tnh prhshmeh j` sjefal prjkrais suen as tnh Nhags j` NjushnjlgTrjkrai amg Tlam Maehr, wnfen navh chhm fmtrjguehg sfmeh 3441.

@fmgfmks `rji tnh UtugyWnh àiflfhs fmthrvfhwhg whrh khmhrally larkh fm sfzh, amg hxthmghg àiflfhs whrh `jumgtj ch ejiijm. Wnhrh fs a ejhxfsthmeh j` gfvhrsh amg hlacjrathg àifly arramkhihmts,fmelugfmk tnh jlljwfmk?

enflgrhm tnat arh earhg `jr cy kramgparhmts, jr jtnhr rhlatfvhs2shvhral àiflfhs lfvfmk wftnfm a njushnjlg, wftn shparath hxphmshs2 amgfmgfkhmjus phjplhs njushnjlgs wftn ijrh ejiplhx amg hxthmghg àiflyarramkhihmts.

Thriamhmt ifkratfjm fs a wfghsprhag pnhmjihmjm fm tnh lfvhs j` tnh rural pjjr

fmthrvfhwhg. Wnh ifkratjry prjehss fs ejmgftfjmhg cy eultural, hejmjife, amg rhlatfjmalàetjrs. Ujih j` tnh bhy eaushs `jr ifkratfjm fmelugh tnh sharen `jr hipljyihmt jr urcamhxphrfhmeh amg tnh mhhg `jr nhaltn earh. Wnh ehmsus gata prhshmthg fm Enapthr 1 sukkhsttnat ifkratfjm jut j` rural arhas fs ejiijm `jr yjumk agults, iatenfmk fimgfmks `rji tnhqualftatfvh stugy. Njushnjlgs fmthrvfhwhg `jr tnh qualftatfvh stugy ghserfchg njw àiflytfhs arh bhpt alfvh ghspfth ifkratfjm amg tnhy wjrb as sjefal amg hejmjife mhtwjrbs.Ifkramts shmg rhiftamehs caeb njih, j`thm fmthrifthmtly. Ifkratfjm fs cfgfrhetfjmal,njwhvhr, amg a wfgh array j` aetjrs fmffiuhmeh tnh ghefsfjm tj ejih caeb tj tnh rural arhas,suen as fmacflfty tj agapt jr fllmhss.

Sural lacjr aetfvftfhs j` tnh pjjr wnj whrh fmthrvfhwhg eam ch eathkjrfzhg fmtj tnrhhcrjag krjups? hipljyihmt, prjguetfjm jr tnhfr jwm ejmsuiptfjm, amg iarbht prjguetfjm.

Iamy wjrbhrs gfvhrsf`y aijmk tnh tnrhh aetfvftfhs. Fm tnh first eathkjry, hipljyihmt j`rural pjjr njushnjlgs fs j`thm fm`jrial, amg iamy wjrbhrs arh fmghphmghmt jr umpafgàifly wjrbhrs. Uhasjmal wjrb fs a wfghsprhag lacjr arramkhihmt. Uhejmg, arjumg twj-tnfrgs j` tnh rural njushnjlgs fmthrvfhwhg hmkakh fm prjguetfjm jr tnhfr jwm ejmsuiptfjm.Wnjsh wnj hmkakh fm prjguetfjm `jr tnhfr jwm ejmsuiptfjm navh sjih aeehss tj lamg amgarh typfeally tnh lhss pjjr aijmk tnh pjjr. Wnfrg, a typjljky j` iarbht prjguehrs snjwstnrhh krjups j` njushnjlgs? (1) iarbht-jrfhmthg njushnjlgs, (3) njushnjlgs wftn cjtniarbht amg gjihstfe prjguetfjm, amg (5) njushnjlgs fm wnfen prjguetfjm `jr tnh iarbhtsuppjrts tnh njushnjlg hejmjiy hvhm tnjukn fmejih fs harmhg wjrbfmk fm varfjus bfmgsj` jffl-àri hipljyihmt.

Aijmk njushnjlgs fm tnh stugy, aeehss tj nhaltn shrvfehs fs gfsteult amg tnhrh fs a nfkn

fmefghmeh j` nhaltn prjclhis. Sural rhsfghmts fmthrvfhwhg fmgfeathg tnhy khmhrally gj mjtnavh aeehss tj nhaltn fmsurameh (mjt fmelugfmk prjkrais prjvfghg tnrjukn tnh puclfe nhaltnearh systhi, lfbh Tlam Maehr) amg as a rhsult, tnhy arh strjmkly ghphmghmt jm tnh puclfenhaltn earh systhi. Wnfs fimgfmk ejfmefghs wftn tnh ehmsus fikurhs prhshmthg fm Enapthr 1 j`tnfs rhpjrt, wnfen snjw tnat fm 3441 iamy rural rhsfghmts laebhg nhaltn fmsurameh ejvhrakh.Aijmk njushnjlgs fmthrvfhwhg `jr tnh qualftatfvh stugy fm 344;, a ljeal nhaltn ehmthr fstypfeally aeehssfclh `jr ijst casfe nhaltn shrvfehs, cut ft fs mhehssary tj travhl tj njspftalsfm mharcy eftfhs jr ijrh ejiplhx nhaltn earh. Wnh ejst j` tramspjrt fs j`thm a nhavy curghm`jr pjjr àiflfhs. Laeb j` fmsurameh alsj afflhets tnh aeehss tj ihgfeatfjm tnat tnh àiflfhsnavh tj purenash tnhishlvhs. Iamy enflgcfrtns jeeur at njih, amg rhprjguetfvh nhaltnearh aeehss varfhs aijmk prjvfmehs. Eultural valuhs ejumthraet shxual amg rhprjguetfvh

nhaltn pjlfefhs amg lfift tnh agjptfjm j` àifly plammfmk. Ijrhjvhr, tnhrh fs a krhat rfsbj` fm`hetfjm guh tj tnh laeb j` tjflht àeflftfhs fm tnh gwhllfmks, Enakas gfshash, gfsacflfty,jr enrjmfelh nhaltn prjclhis. Ghspfth tnhsh gfsteultfhs, pjjr rural phjplh navh a pjsftfvhatftugh tjwargs puclfe nhaltn shrvfehs.


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xvf A [jrlg Camb Ejumtry Utugy

Wnh mutrftfjmal status j` fmgfvfguals fs eljshly lfmbhg tj tnh hejmjife ejmgftfjm j`tnh njushnjlg. Gfht fs ghthrifmhg cy tnh njushnjlgs eapaefty tj cuy amg/jr prjgueh`jjgs. Gjihstfe prjguetfjm prjvfghs gfht gfvhrsffieatfjm amg fs tnhrh`jrh rhlathg tjlamg aeehss. Uenjjl lumenhs arh am fipjrtamt sjureh j` `jjg `jr senjjl enflgrhm. Sural

njushnjlgs navh lfifthg aeehss tj ihats, iflb, `rufts, amg vhkhtaclhs, amg a nfkn rath jèarcjnygraths ejmsuiptfjm j`thm lhags tj a laeb j` mutrfhmts. Wnhrh arh `hw gffflhrhmehs fmtnh gfht chtwhhm tnh fmgfkhmjus amg mjmfmgfkhmjus pjpulatfjms, altnjukn tnh `jrihr fsijrh fmelfmhg tj numtfmk.

Tjjr rural njushnjlgs fmthrvfhwhg fm tnh survhy rhehfvh partfal sjefal assfstamehejvhrakh. Arjumg nal` j` tnh njushnjlgs fmthrvfhwhg navh sjefal prjthetfjm chmhfits,altnjukn ijrh qualf`y. Wnhrh fs a laeb j` bmjwlhgkh acjut tnh sjefal prjthetfjmihenamfsis aijmk tnh rural pjjr. A larkh muichr j` njushnjlgs fmthrvfhwhg chmhfit`rji prjkrais suen as Nhags j` Njushnjlg, tnh @aifly Trjkrai, ljeal nhaltn sucsfgfhs,amg `jjg ratfjms jfflhrhg cy tnh iumfefpalftfhs as whll as `jjg prjvfghg tj enflgrhm wnjathmg senjjl. Aijmk njushnjlgs fm tnh stugy, fmgfkhmjus pjpulatfjms whrh lfbhly tj

chmhfit `rji sjefal prjkrais.Njusfmk ejmgftfjms j` fmthrvfhwhg njushnjlgs vary ejmsfghracly, cut iamy ruralpjjr sufflhr `rji a shrfjus ghkrhh j` prhearfjusmhss. Iamy àiflfhs lfvh fm ejmgftfjms j`jvhrerjwgfmk (tnrhh phjplh jr ijrh tj a rjji). Gfstameh fs a ejmstrafmt as njushs arh ljeathgàr `rji njspftals, snjps, amg ejiiumfty àeflftfhs, wnfen afflhets nhaltn amg sjefacflfty.Alsj, agvhrsh whatnhr sjihtfihs fsjlaths rural njushnjlgs. Wnh 3441 Tjpulatfjm Ehmsusfikurhs prhshmthg fm Enapthr 1 snjw tnat tnh pjjr njusfmk ejmgftfjms jcshrvhg gurfmk tnhqualftatfvh stugy arh ejiijm fm rural arhas as a wnjlh.

Aijmk tnh enaraethrfstfes hmejumthrhg fm shvhral pjjr rural njushnjlgs fmthrvfhwhgarh (1) am acshmeh j` staclh wjrbfmk rhlatfjms amg `rakflh lacjr mhtwjrbs2 (3) lftlh jr mjaeehss tj lamg2 (5) larkh amg hxthmghg àiflfhs2 (7) ljw lhvhls j` senjjlfmk jr fllfthraey,

wftn iamy agults wnj navh mjt fimfsnhg prfiary senjjl2 amg (8) a nhavy curghm j` nhaltnprjclhis. @jr iamy j` tnh hxtrhih pjjr, fiprjvfmk mutrftfjm fs tnhfr first prfjrfty f` ijrhrhsjurehs chejih avaflaclh fm tnh njushnjlg.

Ihasurfmk Tjvhrty amg [hlàrh fm Sural Tjvhrty Amalysfs

Wnfs enapthr ejmsfghrs quhstfjms j` ihtnjgjljky `jr rural pjvhrty amalysfs, wftn amhyh tjwargs tnh pjssfclh ùturh hxpamsfjm j` tnh HTN tj matfjmwfgh ejvhrakh. Wnh HTNeurrhmtly ejvhrs ihtrjpjlftam arhas wftn pjpulatfjms j` 144,444 jr krhathr, hxelugfmksiallhr urcam arhas amg alsj tnh arhas jstefally elassffihg as rural? gfsphrshg rural arhas amgrural tjwms wftn lhss tnam 3444 fmnacftamts. Wnh aggftfjm j` tnhsh arhas wfll rafsh shvhral

fssuhs j` saiplfmk, gata amalysfs, amg survhy jphratfjm. Wnfs enapthr `jeushs fm partfeularjm fssuhs assjefathg wftn hxpamgfmk tnh survhy tj rural arhas.Qualftatfvh amg quamtftatfvh hvfghmeh snjw tnat tnh rural shetjr eammjt ch ejmsfghrhg

njijkhmhjus. Fm gffflhrhmt rhkfjms j` tnh ejumtry, tnh rural shetjr fs enaraethrfzhg cygffflhrhmt aetfvftfhs, fmejih sjurehs, amg ghkrhh j` fmthkratfjm wftn tnh ijmhtfzhghejmjiy. Wnhrh arh alsj sucstamtfal gffflhrhmehs wftnfm rhkfjms chtwhhm rural tjwmsamg gfsphrshg rural arhas fm tnh ghkrhh j` fmthkratfjm fm tnh hejmjiy amg tnh enjfeh j`lfvhlfnjjg strathkfhs.

A bhy thenmfeal arha `jr gfseussfjm rhkargfmk am hxpamghg HTN fs tnh enjfeh j`whlàrh ihasurh. Iultfplh stugfhs snjw tnat tnh enjfeh amg ghfimftfjm j` whlàrh fmgfeatjream sucstamtfally fmffiuhmeh tnh rhsults j` pjvhrty amalysfs. Jwm-ejmsuiptfjm (j` kjjgs

prjguehg cy tnh njushnjlg), wnfen fs mjt ejmsfghrhg as a sjureh j` fmejih fm urcamnjushnjlg survhys lfbh tnh HTN, fs fipjrtamt `jr iamy rural njushnjlgs. As a rhsult, ftfs eruefal tnat rural pjvhrty amalysfs tabh jwm-ejmsuiptfjm fmtj aeejumt. Ejmsuiptfjmfs khmhrally prh`hrrhg tj fmejih `jr purpjshs j` pjvhrty ihasurhihmt. At tnh saih tfih,


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Hxheutfvh Uuiiary xvff

tnhrh fs a àfrly strjmk arkuihmt tj ch iagh `jr iafmtafmfmk tnh ush j` tnh eurrhmt fmejihihasurh `jr urcam arhas. Wnh eurrhmt fmejih ihasurh nas chhm ushg `jr tnh HTN sfmeh3445, amg ft fs crjagly sfiflar tj tnh fmejih ihasurhs applfhg fm vhrsfjms j` tnh HTN kjfmkcaeb tj tnh harly 16;4s. Uwftenfmk `rji am fmejih ihasurh tj a ejmsuiptfjm ihasurh fm

am hxpamghg HTN wjulg ejiplfeath ejiparfsjms j` pjvhrty fikurhs cashg jm tnh mhwihasurh tj tnjsh ealeulathg wftn tnh nfstjrfeal gata.Ft fs elhar tnat fmejih aljmh as ejllhethg cy tnh urcam HTN wjulg ch am fmaghquath

ihasurh j` whlàrh j` iamy rural njushnjlgs. Wnfs fs cheaush fm rural Arkhmtfma, as fmrural arhas fm ijst parts j` tnh wjrlg, a sucstamtfal part j` fmejih/ejmsuiptfjm ejmsfsts j`jwm-prjguehg kjjgs, tnat fs, jwm-ejmsuiptfjm. A whlàrh ejiparfsjm cashg jm tnh urcamfmejih ihasurh, wnfen gjhs mjt fmelugh jwm-ejmsuiptfjm, wjulg umghrstath tnh rhlatfvhwhlàrh j` rural njushnjlgs.

Ejmshquhmtly, ft fs erftfeal tnat jwm-ejmsuiptfjm ch fmelughg fm sjih `jri fm tnhquhstfjmmafrh fm am hxpamghg HTN `jr rural arhas. Wnhrh arh `jur iafm jptfjms? (1) ejllhetejiplhth ejmsuiptfjm gata jr rural njushnjlgs jmly2 (3) ejllhet gata jm jwm-ejmsuiptfjm

(cut mjt jtnhr ejmsuiptfjm) `jr rural njushnjlgs jmly2 (5) ejllhet ejiplhth ejmsuiptfjmgata `jr all njushnjlgs, rural amg urcam2 (7) ejllhet gata jm jwm-ejmsuiptfjm `jr allnjushnjlgs, urcam amg rural. Wj alljw ejiparacflfty chtwhhm urcam amg rural arhas, ftwjulg ch prh`hraclh tj ejllhet tnh saih gata fm rural amg urcam zjmhs (jptfjm 5 jr 7).[nflh `jr amalysfs purpjshs ft wjulg ch jptfial tj ejllhet ejiplhth ejmsuiptfjm gatafm tnh hmtfrh ejumtry (jptfjm 5), tnfs wjulg rhqufrh sucstamtfally hxpamgfmk tnh lhmktn j`tnh quhstfjmmafrh amg tnus tnh ejst j` tnh survhy. Jptfjm 7 wjulg ch lhss ejstly, amg tnhrhsultfmk akkrhkath (urcam HTN fmejih plus jwm-ejmsuiptfjm) ejulg stfll ch ushg `jrurcam-rural ejiparfsjms.

Njw tnh pjvhrty lfmhs wjulg ch ghthrifmhg fs a shejmg bhy thenmfeal arha jr gfseussfjmrhkargfmk am hxpamghg HTN. A muichr j` àetjrs hmthr tnfs gfseussfjm. Jmh hlhihmt fs

tnh ghthrifmatfjm j` tnh stamgarg ealjrfh casfs ushg `jr tnh pjvhrty lfmh ealeulatfjms. Wnhfmejrpjratfjm j` rural arhas fmtj tnh pjvhrty ealeulatfjms iabhs ft mhehssary tj ejmsfghrwnhtnhr tnh ealjrfh casfs snjulg ch ghthrifmhg cashg jmly jm akh amg shx, jr wnhtnhr tnhfmthmsfty j` fmgfvfguals aetfvftfhs snjulg ch ejmsfghrhg fm aggftfjm, kfvhm tnat tnh strueturhj` rural jeeupatfjms fs vhry gffflhrhmt tnam tnat fm rural arhas.

Njw typhs amg quamtftfhs j` kjjgs `jr tnh ejmsuiptfjm `jjg casbht snjulg chghthrifmhg fs am fipjrtamt fssuh rhlathg tj tnh pjvhrty lfmhs. Wnh quhstfjm fs wnat tnhrh`hrhmeh krjup snjulg ch `jr tnh ghthrifmatfjm j` tnh `jjg casbht. Wnh aggftfjm j` ruralarhas tj tnh HTN wfll lhavh twj jptfjms? (1) ghthrifmh a mhw rh`hrhmeh krjup jr tnh ejumtryas a wnjlh, jr (3) hstaclfsn shparath rh`hrhmeh krjups (amg tnhrh`jrh shparath `jjg casbhts)`jr urcam amg rural arhas. [nflh tnhrh arh prjs amg ejms tj cjtn jptfjms, hftnhr jptfjm

wjulg ch vfaclh.Wnh prfeh agoustihmts tj fmejih ejulg ch iagh usfmk tnh matfjmal ejmsuihr prfeh fmghx(FTE), cut tnat wjulg rhqufrh hxthmgfmk tnh ejvhrakh j` gata ejllhethg `jr tnh ealeulatfjmj` tnh FTE. Am althrmatfvh sjlutfjm wjulg ch tj ejllhet prfeh gata usfmk ejiiumftyquhstfjmmafrhs fm rural zjmhs at tnh saih tfih tnh njushnjlg survhy gata arh ejllhethg.

Am aggftfjmal quhstfjm rhlhvamt tj tnh ghthrifmatfjm j` pjvhrty fs tnh ihtnjg ushgtj ealeulath tnh valuh j` tnh tjtal ejmsuiptfjm casbht, fmelugfmk cjtn `jjg amg mjm`jjgejipjmhmts. FMGHE nas fm tnh past ushg tnh fmgfrhet ihtnjg, `jlljwfmk stamgargprjehgurhs `jlljwhg cy a muichr j` ejumtrfhs. Wnfs fmvjlvhs usfmk tnh valuh j` tnh `jjgcasbht (as bmjwm as tnh `jjg pjvhrty lfmh) amg tnh fmvhrsh j` tnh Hmkhl ejhstefhmt, asghthrifmhg usfmk am hxphmgfturh survhy. Fm`jriatfjm rji tnh 344748 Hmeuhsta Maefjmal

gh Kastjs gh ljs Njkarhs (HMKN) eam ch ushg tj ealeulath tnh rhlhvamt Hmkhl ejhstefhmt`jr tnh saih rh`hrhmeh krjup ushg tj ghthrifmh tnh `jjg casbht. A lhss atraetfvh varfatfjmjm tnh apprjaen fs tj tabh fixhg valuhs j` tnh fmvhrsh j` tnh Hmkhl ejhstefhmt `rji amjtnhrsjureh, ratnhr tnam ghthrifmh tnhi wftn a matfjmal survhy.


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xvfff A [jrlg Camb Ejumtry Utugy

Wnh typh j` saiplfmk tnat ejulg ch ushg wnhm tnh HTN fs hxpamghg tj `ull matfjmalejvhrakh fs a fimal bhy thenmfeal arha `jr gfseussfjm rhkargfmk am hxpamghg HTN. Wnh ijstatraetfvh jptfjm `jr FMGHE wjulg prjcacly ch tj iafmtafm tnh eurrhmt saiplfmk senhih`jr larkhr urcam arhas amg fiplhihmt a shparath iultfstakh saiplfmk rjutfmh `jr mhw

arhas, wftn shparath urcam amg rural strata. @jr rural arhas, tnh hxaet `jri j` stratffieatfjmwfll ghphmg jm tnh partfeular jcohetfvhs ghefghg upjm `jr tnh rural survhy. F` ft fs ghefghgtnat hstfiaths wftn nfkn lhvhls j` prhefsfjm `jr gffflhrhmt rural rhkfjms arh ghsfraclh, tnhstratffieatfjm ejulg ch gjmh at tnh rhkfjmal lhvhl. Ft iay alsj ch ghsfraclh tj stratf`y cy typhj` rural arha (h.k., gfsphrshg arhas amg rural tjwms). Wnh fimal ghefsfjm rhkargfmk tnfs iathrwfll ghphmg jm tnh prhefsh jcohetfvhs j` tnh mhw survhy as whll as tnh ejst tnat gffflhrhmtghsfkms fiply.


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1

E N A T W H S 1

Fssuhs amg Enallhmkhs `jrSural Tjvhrty fm Arkhmtfma

Cy Kacrfhl Ghijicymhs, Ojnammhs Ihtzlhr, amg Gjrth Phrmhr

Fmtrjguetfjm

Wnfs enapthr hxaifmhs wnat fs bmjwm acjut tnh stath j` rural pjvhrty fm Arkhmtfma. Tjvhrtyraths arh sfkmffieamtly nfknhr fm rural Arkhmtfma tnam fm tnat ejumtrys urcam zjmhs. Aeejrgfmktj 3441 ehmsus gata, 53 phrehmt j` Arkhmtfmhs lfvfmk fm rural arhas navh umsatfsfihg casfemhhgs (XCM), ejiparhg tj 10 phrehmt fm urcam arhas. Ihasurhg cy XCM, tnh rural pjjraeejumt `jr 16 phrehmt j` all pjjr phjplh, altnjukn jmly 11 phrehmt j` all Arkhmtfmhs lfvh fmrural arhas. Jvhr tnh ejursh j` tnh 1664s, tnh acsjluth muichrs j` cjtn pjjr rural rhsfghmtsamg pjjr àris ghelfmhg.

Fm part, tnh rural-urcam whgkh fm Arkhmtfma nas chhm tnh ejmshquhmeh j` a sbhwhgpuclfe fmvhstihmt gfstrfcutfjm tnat gfsàvjrhg rural phjplh amg pjlfefhs tnat prjijthggjihstfe fmgustry at tnh hxphmsh j` akrfeulturh jr iamy yhars. Wnh prjvfsfjm j` hgueatfjm,nhaltn earh, fm`rastrueturh, amg amtfpjvhrty prjkrais nas ljmk chhm fm`hrfjr fm rural arhas.

At tnh saih tfih, tnh rural pjpulatfjm sufflhrhg `rji nfkn tarfffls amg fipjrt ejmtrjls jmakrfeultural fmputs, wnfen whrh ejicfmhg wftn hxpjrt taxhs amg qujtas tnat whrh ushg tjljwhr fmthrmal prfehs amg hmejurakh gjihstfe prjehssfmk.

Wnh jutwarg-jrfhmthg iaerjhejmjife rhkfih fmtrjguehg fm tnh 1664s aeehmtuathgejiphtftfjm amg tnh rhqufrhihmts j` hstefhmey amg qualfty fm prjguetfjm (Jcsenatbj ht al.3440). Fm tnh wabh j` tnh ghvaluatfjm `jlljwfmk tnh 344143 erfsfs, akrfeultural prjguetfjmnas fmerhashg2 fm partfeular, sjycham prjguetfjm fm 3448 rhaenhg jutput mharly gjuclh ftslhvhl fm 3444 (@AJ, @AJUWAW). [nflh gata arh lfifthg jm enamkhs jvhr tfih fm tnh whlàrhj` tnh rural pjpulatfjm, sjih navh sukkhsthg tnat tnh ejiphtftfvh prhssurhs navh fipaethgmhkatfvhly jm siall lamgnjlghrs (Mhfiam 34442 Jcsenatbj ht al. 3440). Aparfefj amgChmhmefa (1666) amg jtnhrs navh arkuhg tnat ijghrmfzatfjm j` hmtrhprhmhur akrfeulturh

nas cjjsthg prjguetfvfty j` akrfeultural wjrbhrs cut nas mjt fmerhashg tnh ghiamg `jrwakh-lacjrhrs. Wnfs nypjtnhsfs fs crjagly ejipatfclh wftn tnh ljmk-thri ghelfmh fm tnhrural pjpulatfjm tnat ejmtfmuhg gurfmk tnh 1664s.

Altnjukn tnh ljmk-thri grjp fm tnh ghiamg `jr akrfeultural wjrbhrs fs ijst lfbhly tnhrhasjm jr tnh snrfmbfmk rural pjpulatfjm, tnh lfvhlfnjjg aetfvftfhs j` rural Arkhmtfmhs arh mjtlfifthg tj akrfeulturh. @fkurhs rji a 3445 survhy fm jur prjvfmehs snjw tnat rural pjjr amgmjmpjjr gj rhehfvh tnh larkhst snarh j` tnhfr tjtal fmejih87 amg 0> phrehmt, rhsphetfvhly`rji akrfeultural aetfvftfhs suen as àrifmk amg akrfeultural lacjr. Cut tnh rural mjmàrishetjr fs alsj fipjrtamt `jr fmejih amg hipljyihmt. Shsfghmts j` gfsphrshg rural arhasrhehfvh lhss tnam 34 phrehmt j` tnhfr tjtal fmejih `rji tnh mjmàri shetjr. Shiftamehs amgtrams`hrs aeejumt `jr 3; amg 16 phrehmt j` tnh pjjr amg mjmpjjrs tjtal fmejih, rhsphetfvhly.

Wnh enapthr fs jrkamfzhg as `jlljws? Ft chkfms wftn a gfseussfjm j` tnh ghijkrapnfetrhmgs. Uhejmg, ft gfseusshs wnat fs bmjwm acjut tnh lhvhls j` rural pjvhrty cashg jmpjpulatfjm amg akrfeultural ehmsushs. Wnfrg, ft prjvfghs a prjfilh j` rural pjvhrty, grawfmk`rji cjtn tnh pjpulatfjm ehmsus amg a lfifthg 3445 njushnjlg survhy. @fmally, ft survhys


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3 A [jrlg Camb Ejumtry Utugy

tnh sjefal prjkrais tnat arh avaflaclh fm rural arhas, wftn am hipnasfs jm tnh Nhags j`Njushnjlg wjrb`arh prjkrai.

Ghijkrapnfe Wrhmgs

Wnh acsjluth sfzh j` tnh rural pjpulatfjm fm Arkhmtfma nas chhm fm ejmtfmujus ghelfmhsfmeh tnh 1674s. Chtwhhm 167; amg 3441, tnh sfzh j` tnh rural pjpulatfjm grjpphg cy jmh-tnfrg, wnflh tnh urcam pjpulatfjm ijrh tnam trfplhg (@fkurh 1.1). Wnh rural pjpulatfjm,ghfimhg `jr ehmsus purpjshs as phjplh lfvfmk fm hftnhr gfsphrshg arhas jr fm ejiiumftfhswftn pjpulatfjms umghr 3,444, rhprhshmthg 11 phrehmt j` tjtal pjpulatfjm fm 3441, gjwm`rji 15 phrehmt fm 1661 amg 3> phrehmt fm 1604. As j` 3441, rural Arkhmtfma was njih tjapprjxfiathly 5.6 ifllfjm phjplh.

[nflh tnh rural pjpulatfjm ejmtfmuhg tj snrfmb gurfmk tnh 1664s, at tnh saih tfih tnhrhwas a snf`t j` pjpulatfjm wftnfm rural arhas. Gfsphrshg rural arhas ljst 17.8 phrehmt j` tnhfrpjpulatfjm jvhr tnh last gheagh, ghelfmfmk tj 3.0 ifllfjm fm 3441, wnflh tnh pjpulatfjm j`

siall tjwms krhw cy > phrehmt, rhaenfmk a tjtal j` 1.3 ifllfjm. Wnh ghelfmh fm tnh gfsphrshgrural pjpulatfjm `rji 1661 tj 3441 aijumts tj 744,444 phjplh (Waclh 1.1). Sjuknly jmh-quarthr j` tnfs ghelfmh eam ch aeejumthg jr cy tnh fmerhash fm tnh pjpulatfjm j` rural tjwms.Wnh rhiafmghr fs hxplafmhg cy ifkratfjm tj urcam arhas.1

Ghijkrapnfe ghvhljpihmts fm rural arhas navh mjt chhm njijkhmhjus aerjssprjvfmehs. Wnh rural Mjrtnhast rhkfjm hxphrfhmehg a mht ljss j` pjpulatfjm (13.1 phrehmt)

@fkurh 1.1. Ljmk-Whri Wrhmgs fm Sural amg Xrcam Tjpulatfjm fm Arkhmtfma

Ujureh?FMGHE, Matfjmal Tjpulatfjm Ehmsushs.


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Wnh Fmvfsfclh Tjjr 5

Waclh 1.1. Tjpulatfjm fm Arkhmtfma amg fts Shkfjms, 1661 amg 3441

1661 3441

Wjtal

Xrcam

as %j` tjtal

Sural

as %j` tjtal

Sural

tjwms as% j` tjtal

Gfsphrshg

rural as% j` tjtal Wjtal

Xrcam

as %j` tjtal

Sural

as %j` tjtal

Sural

tjwms as% j` tjtal

Gfsphrshg

rural as% j` tjtal

Taiphama rhkfjm

Cuhmjs Afrhs 13,867,6;7 68.3 7.> 1.7 5.7 15,>3;,345 60.7 5.0 1.8 3.1

Hmtrh Sjs 1,434,38; ;;.0 33.7 7.6 1;.8 1,18>,17; >3.8 1;.8 8.4 13.8

La Taipa 386,660 ;7.3 38.> 17.5 11.8 366,367 >1.5 1>.; 11.0 ;.1

Ergjca 3,;00,0>5 >0 17 8.5 >.; 5,400,>41 >>.; 11.5 8.3 0.1

Efty j` Cs. Afrhs 3,608,745 144 4 4.4 4.4 3,;;0,15> 144 4 4.4 4.4

Uamta @h 3,;6>,733 >0.> 15.3 8.7 ;.> 5,444,;41 >6.3 14.> 8.1 8.;

Wjtal Taiphama 16,774,553 61.8 >.8 3.6 8.0 37,13>,3>7 67.1 8.6 3.8 5.7

Euyj rhkfjm

Ihmgjza 1,713,7>1 ;;.> 33.3 3.6 16.5 1,8;6,081 ;6.5 34.; 5.7 1;.5

Uam Ouam 83>,;18 >4.5 16.; 0.6 13.> 034,435 >0 17 7.6 6.1

Uam Lufs 3>0,78> >1.1 1>.6 >.4 14.6 50;,655 >;.1 13.6 0.; 0.3

Wjtal Euyj 3,33;,087 ;>.> 31.3 7.8 10.; 3,80;,04; >3 1> 7.5 15.;

Mjrtnwhst rhkfjm

Eataiarea 307,357 06.> 54.3 16.6 14.5 557,80> ;7 30 1;.6 >.1

Ououy 813,536 >1.0 1>.7 0.4 13.7 011,>>> >8 18 0.4 6.4

La Sfjoa 334,;36 ;8.; 37.5 18.8 >.> 3>6,6>5 >5.1 10.6 14.8 0.7Ualta >00,185 ;6 31 8.7 18.0 1,4;6,481 >5.7 10.0 8.; 14.6

Uamtfakj ghlHsthrj

0;1,6>> 04.; 56.5 >.6 54.7 >47,78; 00.1 55.6 >.1 38.>

Wueuim 1,173,148 ;0.0 35.7 5.5 34.1 1,55>,835 ;6.8 34.8 5.5 1;.3

Wjtal Mjrtnwhst 5,0;;,85> ;7.7 38.0 ;.1 1>.8 7,78>,7;4 ;>.0 31.7 0.; 17.;

Mjrtnhast rhkfjm

Ejrrfhmths ;68,867 ;7.1 38.6 7.4 31.6 654,661 ;6.7 34.0 5.7 1;.3

Enaej >56,0;; 0>.0 51.7 5.; 3;.; 6>7,770 ;6.; 34.5 5.0 10.;

@jrijsa 56>,715 0;.> 53.3 7.0 3;.0 7>0,886 ;;.; 33.5 5.7 1>.6

Ifsfjmhs ;>>,618 03.8 5;.8 8.0 51.6 608,833 ;4.7 36.0 7.7 38.3

Wjtal Mjrtnhast 3,>33,866 0>.5 51.; 7.8 3;.3 5,50;,81> ;0.; 35.5 5.> 16.8

Tatakjmfa rhkfjm

Enucut 58;,1>6 >;.> 13.3 0.4 0.3 715,35; >6.8 14.8 8.> 7.;

Mhuqum 5>>,>55 >0.5 15.; 7.1 6.0 7;7,188 >>.0 11.7 5.> ;.0

Sj Mhkrj 840,;;3 ;6.6 34.1 ;.1 15.4 883,>33 >7.7 18.0 0.0 6.4

Uamta Eruz 186,>56 61.7 >.0 7.5 7.5 160,68> 60.1 5.6 1.8 3.7

Wfhrra ghl @uhkj 06,506 6; 5 4.; 3.5 141,4;6 6;.1 3.6 1.3 1.;

Wjtal Tatakjmfa 1,7>3,443 >8.8 17.8 8.8 6.4 1,;5>,381 >>.> 11.3 7.; 0.8

Wjtal Arkhmtfma 53,018,83> >;.3 13.> 5.8 6.5 50,304,154 >6.7 14.0 5.7 ;.3

Ujureh? Phrmhr 3440a cashg jm 1661 amg 3441 Tjpulatfjm Ehmsushs.


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wnflh tnh rural Mjrtnwhst hxphrfhmehg pjpulatfjm krjwtn (1.7 phrehmt). Ujih prjvfmehs,suen as Ihmgjza, Eataiarea, amg Wfhrra ghl @uhkj, hxphrfhmehg pjsftfvh rural pjpulatfjmkrjwtn raths j` 7.8, >.6, amg 75.; phrehmt, rhsphetfvhly. Wnfs ejiparhs tj Enaej amg UamtaEruz, wnfen hxphrfhmehg mhkatfvh rural pjpulatfjm krjwtn raths j` 37.5 amg 77.> phrehmt,

rhsphetfvhly.Ghspfth tnh snf`t `rji gfsphrshg rural arhas tj siall tjwms, tnh larkh culb j` ruralrhsfghmts0> phrehmt matfjmallystfll rhsfgh fm gfsphrshg rural arhas. Wnh rural pjpulatfjmfs ejmehmtrathg fm gfsphrshg rural arhas wftnfm ijst prjvfmehs, as whll. @fkurh 1.3 snjws tnhrural pjpulatfjm cy prjvfmeh, crjbhm gjwm fmtj gfsphrshg rural amg rural tjwm rhsfghmts.Jmly fm Eataiarea, La Taipa, amg La Sfjoa prjvfmehs arh tnh iaojrfty j` rural gwhllhrsfm tjwms. Wnh fikurh alsj snjws tnat tnh prjvfmehs vary wfghly fm tnh hxthmt j` tnhfr ruralpjpulatfjms. Wnh larkhst rural pjpulatfjmsas a phrehmtakh j` prjvfmefal pjpulatfjmarhfm mjrtnhrm prjvfmehs? Uamtfakj ghl Hsthrj, Ifsfjmhs, amg Eataiarea, haen j` wnfen navhijrh tnam jmh fm `jur rhsfghmts lfvfmk fm rural zjmhs. Wnh ijst urcamfzhg prjvfmehs arhCuhmjs Afrhs amg tnjsh `artnhst sjutn? Wfhrra ghl @uhkj, Uamta Eruz, amg Enucut.

@fkurh 1.3. Sural Tjpulatfjms as a Threhmtakh j` Wjtal cy Trjvfmeh, 3441



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Cjx 1.1. [nat Gjhs Sural Iham fm Arkhmtfma:

Wnfs rhpjrt hipljys tnh j`fiefal rural-urcam elassffieatfjms ushg cy tnh Arkhmtfmh kjvhrmihmt, wnfengfvfghs tnh pjpulatfjm fmtj tnrhh krjups? urcam, krjuphg rural (rh`hrrhg tj as rural tjwms fm tnfs rh-

pjrt), amg gfsphrshg rural. Sural tjwms arh ljealftfhs j` up tj 3,444 phjplh. Gfsphrshg rural rh`hrstj rural arhas tnat gj mjt qualf`y as ljealftfhs. Xmghr tnhsh ghfimftfjms, 14.0 phrehmt j` tnh Arkhmtfmhpjpulatfjm lfvhg fm rural arhas as j` tnh 3441 Ehmsus. Aijmk rural gwhllhrs, ijst (0>.4 phrehmt)lfvhg fm gfsphrshg rural arhas, wftn tnh rhiafmghr fm rural tjwms.

J`fiefal ghfimftfjms j` rural vary fiihmshly aerjss ejumtrfhs, as tnh fikurh chljw snjws. Wypfeally,kjvhrmihmts apply erfthrfa cashg jm tnh maturh j` tnh agifmfstratfvh gfstrfet jr jm tnh shttlhihmtspjpulatfjm. Cut sjih ejumtrfhs alsj ush erfthrfa rhlathg tj tnh prhshmeh j` fm`rastrueturh amg shr-vfehs suen as pavhg rjags, strhhtlfknts, senjjls, amg ihgfeal elfmfes. Sjuknly sphabfmk, ijst ejum-trfhs elassf`y amy shttlhihmt j` ijrh tnam 1,844 tj 3,444 phjplh as urcam. Wnh JHEG, njwhvhr,rhejiihmgs tnat pjpulatfjm ghmsfty ch tnh iafm erfthrfjm jr ghthrifmfmk urcam vhrsus rural status.Upheffieally, tnh JHEG sukkhsts tnat a tnrhsnjlg j` 184 phrsjms phr squarh bfljihthr ch ushg astnh first sthp fm ghfimfmk ruralfty.

Sural fs ghthrifmhg cy

Ejumtry

Tjpulatfjm

sfzh

Tjpulatfjm

ghmsfty

Uhrvfeh

prjvfsfjm

% j` prfiary

aetfvfty

Agifmfstratfvh

gfvfsfjm

Njush

akkljihratfjm

Arkhmtfma ^

Cjlfvfa ^

Crazfl ^

Enflh ^ ^

Ejljicfa ^

Ejsta Sfea ^ ^

Euca ^ ^

GjifmfeamShpuclfe

^

Hgeuagjr ^

Hl Ualvagjr ^

Kuathiala ^

Naftf ^

Njmguras ^ ^

Ihxfej ^

Mfearakua ^ ^

Tamaia ^ ^

Tarakuay ^

Thru ^

Xrukuay ^ ^

Phmhzuhla,S.C. gh

^

JHEG ^

Ujureh? [jrlg Camb 3448.

(ejmtfmuhg)


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Cjx 1.1. [nat Gjhs Sural Iham fm Arkhmtfma: (ejmtfmuhg)

As part j` caebkrjumg wjrb `jr a [jrlg Camb stugy jm rural ghvhljpihmt fm tnh rhkfjm, Enjiftz,Cuys, amg Wnjias (3447) ealeulathg rural pjpulatfjms jr ejumtrfhs fm Latfm Aihrfea amg tnh Earfc-

cham usfmk a ejmsfsthmt urcam-rural ghfimftfjm aerjss ejumtrfhs. Fm jmh eash, tnhy ghfimh rural arhasas tnjsh iumfefpalftfhs tnat navh pjpulatfjm ghmsfty j` lhss tnam 184 phrsjms phr squarh bfljihthramg tnat arh ijrh tnam jmh njur travhl tfih `rji tnh mharhst efty j` 144,444 jr ijrh phjplh. Wnhfikurh chljw snjws tnh prjpjrtfjm j` tnh matfjmal pjpulatfjm tnat fs rural, usfmk cjtn j`fiefal ghfimf-tfjms amg tnfs ejmsfsthmt ghfimftfjm.

Cy j`fiefal ghfimftfjms, Arkhmtfma nas jmh j` tnh ijst urcamfzhg pjpulatfjms fm tnh rhkfjm. Njwhvhr,usfmk tnh fmthrmatfjmally ejmsfsthmt ghfimftfjm, Arkhmtfmas rural rhsfghmts ejmstftuth 77 phrehmt j` tnhmatfjmal pjpulatfjm, oust acjvh tnh avhrakh j` 73 phrehmt jr all j` Latfm Aihrfea.

Ujureh? [jrlg Camb 3448.

Wnfs amalysfs gjhs mjt fmgfeath tnat tnh j`fiefal ghfimftfjm `jr ruralfty fm Arkhmtfma fs fmejrrhet.Satnhr, ft shrvhs tj nfknlfknt tnh `aet tnat tnh sfiplh urcam-rural gfenjtjiy jcseurhs tnh iamysnaghs j` krhy. Wnjsh arhas fm Arkhmtfma tnat arh urcam cy j`fiefal erfthrfa cut rural cy tnh ejm-sfsthmt ghfimftfjm arh njih tj jmh-tnfrg j` tnh matfjmal pjpulatfjm. Wnhy arh rhsfghmts j` tjwms

tnat navh ijrh tnam 3,444 phjplh cut arh fm sparshly pjpulathg ghpartihmts amg lfh `ar `rji tnhmharhst efty.

Wnhsh arhas arh wftnfm a partfeular gata clfmg spjt. Wnhy arh khmhrally mjt survhyhg fm tnh Thr-iamhmt Njushnjlg Uurvhy (HTN), tnh prfmefpal sjureh j` fm`jriatfjm acjut njushnjlg ejmgftfjmsamg pjvhrty fm`jriatfjm fm Arkhmtfma, wnfen jmly ejvhrs urcam arhas wftn ijrh tnam 144,444fmnacftamts.3Cut fm tnh pjpulatfjm ehmsus, tnhy arh ghfimhg as urcam arhas. Ejmshquhmtly, vhrylfttlh shparath fm`jriatfjm hxfsts jm tnh stath j` pjvhrty fm shifrural arhas.

Enfhffiy guh tj gata ejmstrafmts, tnfs rhpjrt `jeushs jm arhas tnat arh ejmsfghrhg rural cy tnh j`-fiefal ghfimftfjm. @uturh rhsharen, amg fm partfeular gata-ejllhetfjm h``jrts, snjulg alsj nfknlfknt tnhfipjrtamt j` shifrural arhas.


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Wnh Fmvfsfclh Tjjr ;

Ihasurfmk Tjvhrty

Fmejih- jr ejmsuiptfjm-cashg pjvhrty ihasurhs arh tnh prh`hrrhg casfe fmgfeatjrs `jrpjvhrty. Arkhmtfmas iafm matfjmal pjvhrtyfikurhs arh cashg jm fmejih gata ejllhethg fm tnhThriamhmt Njushnjlg Uurvhy (Hmeuhsta Thriamhmth gh Njkarhs RHTNY), wnfen gjhs mjtejvhr rural arhas. @jr rural arhas, a varfhty j` fiphr`het althrmatfvh ihasurhs arh avaflaclh?Casfe Mhhgs Fmgfeatjrs cashg jm tnh 1661 amg 3441 Matfjmal Tjpulatfjm Ehmsushs, tnh Tjjr@aris (Hxpljtaefjmhs Akrjpheuarfas Tjcrhs RHATY) ejumt `rji tnh Matfjmal AkrfeulturalEhmsus, amg fmejih- amg ejmsuiptfjm-cashg pjvhrty fikurhs cashg jm a jmh-tfih survhy

fm partfeular prjvfmehs fm 3445. [nflh haen j` tnh althrmatfvh ihasurhs nas sucstamtfalwhabmhsshs, tabhm tjkhtnhr tnhy prjvfgh a partfal pjrtraft j` pjvhrty fm tnh ejumtry. Wnfsshetfjm rhvfhws pjvhrty fm`jriatfjm `rji all tnrhh sjurehs.

Xmsatfsfihg Casfe Mhhgs Fmgfeatjrs

Wnh umsatfsfihg casfe mhhgs (XCM) fmgfeatjrs arh cashg jm fm`jriatfjm katnhrhg fm tnhmatfjmal ehmsushs. Wnhfr prfiary atraetfjm fs tnat tnhy eam ch ealeulathg jr all njushnjlgsmatfjmally, iabfmk urcam-rural ejiparfsjms pjssfclh. Njushnjlgs wftn umsatfsfihg casfemhhgs arh tnjsh tnat navh at lhast jmh j` tnh `jlljwfmk ejmgftfjms?

Erjwghg? njushnjlgs wftn ijrh tnam tnrhh phjplh phr rjji.1.

Njusfmk? njushnjlgs tnat lfvh fm a thmhihmt njush jr prhearfjus gwhllfmk,3. hxelugfmk a njush, apartihmt, jr ramen.Uamftatfjm? njushnjlgs tnat gj mjt navh a tjflht.5.Hgueatfjm? njushnjlgs tnat navh at lhast jmh senjjl-akh enflg (0 tj 13 yhars jlg)7.wnj gjhs mjt athmg senjjl.Ghphmghmey? njushnjlgs tnat navh `jur jr ijrh phrsjms phr hipljyhg phrsjm8.amg wnjsh nhag nas mjt ejiplhthg tnh tnfrg kragh.

F` a njushnjlg `alls fmtj amy j` jmh j` tnh fivh acjvh eathkjrfhs, ft fs ejmsfghrhg tj navhumsatfsfihg casfe mhhgs.

[nflh tnh casfe mhhgs apprjaen nas chhm applfhg fm a muichr j` ejumtrfhs, ft fs

vulmhraclh tj a muichr j` erftfefsis. Ijst fipjrtamtly, tnh ghfimftfjms j` tnh ejipjmhmtsj` tnh fmghx arh ultfiathly arcftrary amg mjt tfhg tj amy elhar ejmehptual mjtfjm j` pjvhrty.A shmsh j` wnat ejmstftuths casfe mhhgs iay vary krhatly cjtn jvhr tfih amg spaeh, yhttnh saih ghfimftfjm fs applfhg tj all njushnjlgs. A muichr j` Arkhmtfmh autnjrs navh mjthg

Cjx 1.3. Gata Ujurehs `jr Sural Tjvhrty fm Arkhmtfma

Arkhmtfma nas mj ejiprhnhmsfvh njushnjlg survhy tnat ejvhrs cjtn rural amg urcam arhas. Ejmsh-quhmtly, amalyshs fm tnfs enapthr arh cashg enfhffiy jm a ifx j` avaflaclh gata? Matfjmal Tjpulatfjm

amg Gwhllfmk Ehmsushs (1661 amg 3441) amg Matfjmal Akrfeultural Ehmsushs (16>> amg 3443). As j`tnfs wrftfmk, iferjgata `rji tnh ehmsushs whrh mjt puclfely avaflaclh, sj tnh fm`jriatfjm prhshmthgfs fm tnh `jri j` puclfsnhg taculatfjms. Eustjifzhg taculatfjms j` tnh 3441 Tjpulatfjm Ehmsus whrhalsj prjguehg usfmk tnh puclfely avaflaclh vhrsfjm j` tnh gata fm SHGAWAI `jriat, wnfen gjhs mjtprjvfgh aeehss tj tnh iferjgata cut gjhs alljw `jr lfifthg taculatfjms.5Wnh SHGAWAI taculatfjmswhrh gjmh usfmk tnh ejiplhth sht j` ehmsus jcshrvatfjms. Wnh pjpulatfjm ehmsus nas a sfmklh `jri,wnfen fmelughs gata jm a varfhty j` njushnjlg ejmgftfjms amg enaraethrfstfes.

Aggftfjmally, tnfs enapthr ushs gata `rji a sphefal rural njushnjlg survhy (SNU) umghrtabhm cy tnh[jrlg Camb fm 3445 fm gfsphrshg rural arhas. Wnh survhy j` 771 njushnjlgs was umghrtabhm fm `jurprjvfmehs? Enaej, Uamta @h, Uamtfakj ghl Hsthrj, amg Ihmgjza, wnfen tjkhtnhr aeejumt `jr a tnfrgj` Arkhmtfmas rural pjpulatfjm.


27/130

> A [jrlg Camb Ejumtry Utugy

tnat tnfs fs a partfeular prjclhi `jr urcam-rural ejiparfsjms cheaush Arkhmtfmas XCMrhffihets am hsshmtfally urcam ejmehpt j` casfe mhhgs (Iurifs 34412 Eravfjtf 34412 Khrargf3441). @jr hxaiplh, Eravfjtf (3441) mjthg tnat tnh fmgfeatjr ihasurhs pjvhrty iafmly fmnjspftaclh ejmgftfjms, umghrhstfiatfmk pjvhrty ihasurhg cy fmejih jr rhsjureh ejmtrjl.@urtnhrijrh, nh mjthg tnat usfmk tnfs apprjaen tj tnh rural fihlg nas sjih lfiftatfjms,ejmehptual amg jphratfvh, wnfen iay ch ejmsfghrhg part j` tnh urcam cfas prhshmt fm tnhiaojrfty j` tnh pjvhrty ihasurhihmt hxhrefshs gjmh tnrjukn tnfs phrsphetfvh.

Ijrh crjagly, sftuatfjms tnat arh elassffihg as rhffihetfmk umsatfsfihg casfe mhhgs iaymjt ch phrehfvhg as suen cy tnh fmgfvfguals fm quhstfjm. Wnh njushnjlgs ejmgftfjms rhffihetlf`hstylhs, eulturh, tragftfjm, amg hmvfrjmihmtal ejmgftfjms. Mjmhtnhlhss, XCM fmgfeatjrsarh wfghly ushg amg arh am aeehptaclh althrmatfvh wnhm mhftnhr ejmsuiptfjm mjr fmejihgata arh avaflaclh.

Ft fs gfsteult tj ghfimfthly hvaluath njw tnh XCM ihasurh wjulg ejiparh tj am fmejih-cashg pjvhrty rath, cut jmh eam ejmsfghr partfeular eashs wnhrhfm tnh twj ihasurhs ifkntch sucstamtfally gffflhrhmt. Shlatfvh tj am fmejih- jr ejmsuiptfjm-cashg ihasurh, tnhXCM ghphmghmey erfthrfjm prjcacly jvhrhstfiaths pjvhrty aijmk rural rhsfghmts. Wnfs fscheaush rhtfrhg rhsfghmts lfvfmk aljmh wftn lhss tnam tnrhh yhars j` hgueatfjm arh elassffihgas navfmk XCM cy tnh ghphmghmey erfthrfjm, amg hgueatfjm lhvhls arh vhry ljw aijmk jlghr

rural rhsfghmts. Lfbhwfsh, tnh erjwgfmk erfthrfjm iay jvhrstath pjvhrty aijmk tnh ruralfmgfkhmjus pjpulatfjms tnat typfeally navh larkh hxthmghg `aiflfhs snarfmk a gwhllfmk.@fkurh 1.5 snjws a ejiparfsjm j` tnh XCM fmgfeatjrs jr urcam arhas, rural tjwms, amg

gfsphrshg rural arhas. Wnh first sht j` cars snjws tnh matfjmal phrehmtakh j` njushnjlgs

@fkurh 1.5. Xmsatfsfihg Casfe Mhhgs Fmgfeatjrs cy Haen Ejipjmhmt


Mjth? Ghfimftfjms j` XCM ejipjmhmts arh as `jlljws?

Erjwghg? ijrh tnam tnrhh phjplh phr rjji.

Njusfmk? lfvfmk fm umsuftaclh njusfmk.

Uamftatfjm? laeb j` catnrjji.

Hgueatfjm? at lhast jmh enflg akh 0 tj 13 mjt atthmgfmk senjjl.

Ghphmghmey? `jur jr ijrh phjplh phr hipljyhg njushnjlg ihichr amg njushnjlg nhag wftn lhss tnam tnrhh yhars

j` prfiary senjjlfmk.


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fm haen krjup tnat ihhts tnh casfe XCM ghfimftfjm? A njushnjlg fs ejmsfghrhg tj navhumsatfsfihg casfe mhhgs f` ft ihhts amy j` tnh fivh ejmgftfjms. Cy tnfs ghfimftfjm, a iuennfknhr phrehmtakh j` rural tnam urcam rhsfghmts arh pjjr. [nflh jmly 10 phrehmt j` urcamgwhllhrs navh XCM, 37 phrehmt j` tnjsh wnj lfvh fm siall tjwms amg 50 phrehmt j` tnjsh fm

lfvh fm gfsphrshg arhas navh XCM.Uucshquhmt cars fm tnh enart snjw tnh `raetfjm tnat navh mhhgs umsatfsfihg fm haenj` tnh ejipjmhmts j` tnh XCM, prjvfgfmk a shmsh j` tnh sjureh j` tnh jvhrall urcam-ruralejmtrast fm XCM. Wnh gffflhrhmehs arh ijst sucstamtfal `jr tnh ejipjmhmts j` erjwgfmk,samftatfjm, amg ghphmghmey. Fm jtnhr wjrgs, rural njushnjlgsamg partfeularly tnjshlfvfmk fm gfsphrshg arhasarh iuen ijrh lfbhly tnam urcam njushnjlgs tj lfvh fm erjwghgejmgftfjms, tj mjt navh tjflht `aeflftfhs, amg tj navh a prhearfjus hejmjife ghphmghmeysftuatfjm (f.h., a nhag wftn lftlh hgueatfjm amg `hw wjrbhrs phr njushnjlg ihichr).

[nflh tnh urcam-rural ejmtrast fm XCM fs starb, tnhrh arh alsj larkh varfatfjms wftnfmrural arhas aerjss prjvfmehs. @fkurh 1.7 snjws tnh phrehmtakh j` tnh pjpulatfjm wftn

@fkurh 1.7. Tjvhrty Aeejrgfmk tj Xmsatfsfihg Casfe Mhhgs


Mjth? @fkurhs snjwm arh phrehmtakh j` fmgfvfguals wftn umsatfsfihg casfe mhhgs. @jr ejiparfsjm purpjshs, tnh vhrtfeal

gjtthg lfmh snjws tnh jvhrall matfjmal lhvhl j` XCM `jr urcam amg rural arhas ejicfmhg? 1;.; phrehmt.


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XCM `jr gfsphrshg rural amg rural tjwms cy prjvfmeh. Fm tnh ejumtrys fivh mjrtnhrmijstprjvfmehsUalta, Enaej, Ououy, @jrijsa, amg Uamtfakj ghl Hsthrjijrh tnam nal`j` tnjsh lfvfmk fm gfsphrshg arhas navh umsatfsfihg casfe mhhgs. Wnhsh saih fivh (plusEjrrfhmths) navh tnh nfknhst fmefghmeh j` XCM fm rural tjwms. Fm ejmtrast, `hwhr tnam 34

phrehmt j` tnjsh lfvfmk fm gfsphrshg rural arhas j` Cuhmjs Afrhs, Uamta Eruz, amg Uamta @hnavh XCM.Ft fs alsj pjssfclh tj ejmsfghr tnh hvjlutfjm jvhr tfih fm tnh phrehmtakh j` rural

pjpulatfjm wftn umsatfsfihg casfe mhhgs. As tnh rural pjpulatfjm as a wnjlh ghelfmhg, sjgfg tnh acsjluth muichr j` rural njushnjlgs wftn umsatfsfihg casfe mhhgs, wnfen grjpphg`rji 1,850,455 fm 1661 tj 1,354,74> fm 3441. Fm rhlatfvh thris, tnh `raetfjm wftn XCM `hllslfkntly `rji 57 phrehmt tj 53 phrehmt j` tnh tjtal. As @fkurh 1.8 snjws, tnh snarh j` ruralpjpulatfjm wftn XCM alsj `hll wftnfm alijst hvhry prjvfmeh. Hxehptfjms whrh Hmtrh Sjs,Ejrrfhmths, amg Ououy.7

Tjjr @aris

Am althrmatfvh fmgfeatjr `jr rural pjvhrty fs tnh ejumt j` Tjjr @aris (HxpljtaefjmhsAkrjpheuarfas Tjcrhs RHATY) cashg jm gata `rji tnh Matfjmal Akrfeultural Ehmsushs j`166> amg 3443, wnfen prjvfgh fm`jriatfjm acjut tnh enaraethrfstfes j` aris. Ejmehptually,tnh Tjjr @aris (HAT) fmgfeatjr fs fmthmghg tj fghmtf`y àris wftn ljw jr ifmfial lhvhlsj` eapftalfzatfjm, ljw lhvhls j` fimamefal amg tnh alijst hxelusfvh utflfzatfjm j` àiflylacjr (Mhfiam 3444). Fm jphratfjmal thris, a pjjr àri fs jmh tnat ùlfills tnh `jlljwfmk`jur ejmgftfjms?

@fkurh 1.8. Trjpjrtfjm j` Sural Shsfghmts wftn Xmsatfsfihg Casfe Mhhgs cy Trjvfmeh,

1661 amg 3441

Ujureh? FMGHE, Tjpulatfjm Ehmsushs 1661 amg 3441.

Mjth? @fkurhs snjwm arh phrehmtakh j` fmgfvfguals wftn umsatfsfihg casfe mhhgs.


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Ft fs iamakhg gfrhetly jm a gafly casfs cy tnh àris jwmhr20.ft gjhs mjt navh a traetjr2;.ft gjhs mjt nfrh iaenfmhry shrvfehs2 amg>.ft nas mj phriamhmt, mjmàifly wjrbhrs harmfmk a wakh.6.

Wnh Tjjr @aris (HAT) fmgfeatjr nas shvhral elhar grawcaebs. @frst, as tnh maihfiplfhs, tnh umft j` amalysfs fs mhftnhr tnh fmgfvfgual mjr tnh njushnjlg, cut tnh àri.Cheaush tnh pjpulatfjm typfeally assjefathg wftn àris iay vary fiihmshly jvhr rhkfjms,ft fs fipjssfclh tj fmthrprht tnh Tjjr @aris fmghx as a rhlfaclh ihasurh j` fmgfvfgual-lhvhl pjvhrty. Uhejmg, tnh fmgfeatjr gjhs mjt ejvhr rural njushnjlgs tnat gj mjt wjrbfm akrfeulturh. Wnfrg, njushnjlgs tnat wjrb jm larkh àris jwmhg cy jtnhrs arh alsj mjtejmsfghrhg cy tnh fmgfeatjr.

Waclh 1.3 snjws tnh tjtal muichr j` àri rhsfghmts eapturhg fm tnh AkrfeulturalEhmsushs.8Aeejrgfmk tj tnh 3441 Tjpulatfjm Ehmsus, tnh tjtal rural pjpulatfjm was 5.6ifllfjm, wftn 3.0 ifllfjm j` tnhsh fm gfsphrshg rural arhas. Wnh 3443 Akrfeultural Ehmsus,

njwhvhr, snjws a àri rhsfghmt pjpulatfjm j` jmly 1.3 ifllfjm. Elharly, tnh AkrfeulturalEhmsus rhffihets tnh ejmgftfjms j` jmly a ifmjrfty j` tnh rural pjpulatfjm.Wnh tjtal muichr j` àris elassffihg as pjjr fm tnh Akrfeultural Ehmsus `hll `rji

105,378 tj 153,0;3 chtwhhm 16>> amg 3443. Gurfmk tnfs saih phrfjg, tnh tjtal muichr j`àris rhkfsthrhg fm tnh ehmsus `hll `rji 731,331 fm 16>> tj 555,855 fm 3443. Ft fs umelhar tjwnat hxthmt tnfs rhprhshmts umghrejumtfmk fm 3443 vhrsus am aetual ghelfmh fm tnh muichrj` àris. Shkarglhss, tnh prjpjrtfjm j` àris tnat arh elassffihg as pjjr nas rhiafmhghsshmtfally ejmstamt at 56 phrehmt (@fkurh 1.0). Wnhrh was iuen varfatfjm at tnh prjvfmefalamg rhkfjmal lhvhl, wftn tnh prjpjrtfjm j` pjjr aris krjwfmk fm sjih arhas amg snrfmbfmkfm jtnhrs. Fm tnh Euyj rhkfjm, tnh prjpjrtfjm j` pjjr àris krhw `rji 3; phrehmt tj 58phrehmt. Fm ejmtrast, Tatakjmfa snjws tnh jppjsfth trhmg? Wnh prjpjrtfjm j` àris tnat arh

pjjr ghelfmhg `rji 7> phrehmt tj 56 phrehmt.Wnh XCM amg Tjjr @aris fmgfeatjrs eam ch ushg tjkhtnhr tj prjvfgh a rjukn pfeturh j`rhkfjmal pathrms j` pjvhrty. @fkurh 1.; snjws a seathr pljt cy prjvfmeh j` tnh phrehmtakhsj` àris tnat arh elassffihg as pjjr amg tnh phrehmtakhs j` gfsphrshg rural njushnjlgs tnatnavh umsatfsfihg casfe mhhgs. Cjtn fmgfeatjrs snjw tnat rural pjvhrty fs nfknhst fm prjvfmehs

Waclh 1.3. @ari Shsfghmts fm tnh 166> amg 3443 Akrfeultural Ehmsushs

16>> 3443

Muichr Unarh Muichr Unarh

Jwmhr/iamakhr 308,>71 1> 343,735,10

@aifly j` jwmhr/iamakhr >14,188 80 8>6,67; 7>

Jtnhr 5;1,506 30 771,316 50

Wjtal 1,77;,508 144 1,355,8>6 144

Ujureh? FMGHE, 16>> amg 3443 Matfjmal Akrfeultural Ehmsushs.

Mjth?Wnh jtnhr eathkjry `jr 3443 fs a krjupfmk j` mjmàifly wjrbhrs (101,4>4), jtnhr rhsfghmts (3;>,404), amg

tnjsh wftn umspheffihg rhlatfjmsnfp (1,3;6).

Wnh jwmhr/iamakhr fs tnhprjguetjr, wnj fs ghfimhg `jr purpjshs j` tnh Akrfeultural Ehmsus as `jlljws?

Hs uma phrsjma `sfea j ourgfea (sjefhgag, hiprhsa, ejjphratfva, jrkamfsij jfiefal, hte.) quh hm ealfgag gh prjpfh-

tarfj, arrhmgatarfj, aparehrj, ejmtratfsta aeefghmtal u jeupamth, hohreh hl ejmtrjl temfej y hejmifej gh la HAT2

hs ghefr, hs qufhm agjpta las prfmefpalhs ghefsfjmhs aehrea gh la utflfzaefm gh ljs rheursjs gfspjmfclhs y asuih ljs

rfhskjs gh la aetfvfgag hiprhsarfal.


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fm tnh Mjrtnhast amg Mjrtnwhst rhkfjms, `jlljwhg cy tnh Tatakjmfa amg Euyj rhkfjms.Aeejrgfmk tj cjtn sjurehs, tnh Taiphama rhkfjm nas tnh ljwhst lhvhl j` rural pjvhrty.

Jtnhr fm`jriatfjm jm rural pjvhrty ejihs `rji tnh 3445 Sural Njushnjlg Uurvhy,ejmguethg fm gfsphrshg rural arhas j` jur prjvfmehs (shh Cjx 1.5). Phrmhr (3440a) ealeulathgpjvhrty fikurhs usfmk cjtn fmejih amg ejmsuiptfjm gata fm tnh survhy. Fmejih-cashgpjvhrty ihasurhs snjw Enaej amg Uamtfakj ghl Hsthrj tj ch tnh pjjrhst prjvfmehs, jlljwhgcy Ihmgjza,0wftn Uamta @h navfmk tnh ljwhst pjvhrty raths (shh Waclh 1.5). Wnfs rambfmkiatenhs tnh rambfmk j` tnh jur prjvfmehs cy XMC fm 3441. Njwhvhr, tnh pfeturh fs gffflhrhmtusfmk ejmsuiptfjm fm`jriatfjm. Ejmsuiptfjm-cashg pjvhrty fikurhs plaeh Uamtfakj as tnh

pjjrhst j` tnh `jur prjvfmehs, `jlljwhg cy Ihmgjza, Enaej, amg Uamta @h.

A Tjvhrty Trjfilh `jr Sural Arkhmtfma

Wnfs shetfjm prhshmts a rural pjvhrty prjfilh, grawfmk prfmefpally jm tnh 3445 SNU amg tnh3441 Tjpulatfjm Ehmsus. Wnh pathrms j` pjvhrty fm gfsphrshg arhas j` rural Arkhmtfma arhejiijm tj iuen j` tnh wjrlg? Larkhr njushnjlgs arh pjjrhr tnam siallhr njushnjlgs,`hialh-nhaghg njushnjlgs arh pjjrhr tnam ialh-nhaghg njushnjlgs, yjumk njushnjlgs/njushnjlg nhags arh pjjrhr tnam avhrakh, tnh pjjr thmg tj wjrb ijrh fm tnh fm`jrialshetjr, amg a krhathr snarh j` tnjsh hmkakhg fm akrfeulturh arh pjjr (Phrmhr 3440a). Njwhvhr,pjvhrty fs cy mj ihams strfetly am akrfeultural prjclhi, as [fhms (166>) alsj mjthg fm nfs

amalysfs j` tnh harly amg ifg-1664s. Wnh ghhphst pjvhrty fs aijmk tnh pjjrly hgueathg amgyjumk njushnjlg nhags wftn enflgrhm. [ftnjut fmthrvhmtfjms tj fiprjvh tnhfr jppjrtumftfhsamg asshts, tnhfr plfknt fs lfbhly tj wjrshm. Lacjr iarbht amalysfs sukkhsts tnat hgueatfjm fsbhy tj fmerhasfmk prjguetfvfty, wakhs, amg fmejihs `jr rural Arkhmtfmhs.

@fkurh 1.0. Trjpjrtfjm j` @aris Wnat Arh Tjjr cy Trjvfmeh, 16>> amg 3443

Ujureh? FMGHE Akrfeultural Ehmsushs, 16>> amg 3443.


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@fkurh 1.;. Tjjr @aris (3443) amg Gfsphrshg Sural Njushnjlgs wftn Xmsatfsfihg Casfe

Mhhgs (3441) cy Trjvfmeh

Ujurehs?3443 Akrfeultural Ehmsus amg autnjrs amalysfs j` 3441 Tjpulatfjm Ehmsus.

Cjx 1.5. Wnh 3445 Sural Njushnjlg Uurvhy

Wnh Sural Njushnjlg Uurvhy (SNU) was ejiifssfjmhg cy tnh [jrlg Camb fm 3445 fm gfsphrshg ruralarhas. Wnh survhy j` 771 njushnjlgs was umghrtabhm fm jur prjvfmehs? Enaej, Uamta @h, Uamtfakj ghlHsthrj, amg Ihmgjza, wnfen tjkhtnhr aeejumt `jr a tnfrg j` Arkhmtfmas rural pjpulatfjm.;Wnh survhyejllhethg cjtn ejmsuiptfjm amg fmejih gata.

Ejmsuiptfjm gata fm tnh SNU fmelughs ejmsuiptfjm j` jwm-prjguehg kjjgs, plus eljtnfmk, `jjg,rhmt, kas, amg sj jm. Wnh ejmsuiptfjm akkrhkath was ghvhljphg usfmk tnh Kufghlfmhs `jr Ejm-struetfmk Ejmsuiptfjm Akkrhkaths `jr [hl`arh Amalysfs, jr LUI158. Wnh fmejih ihasurh fm-elughs trams`hrs, rhifttamehs, ejmsuiptfjm j` jwm-prjguehg kjjgs, lacjr fmejih, amg prjguetfjmfmejih.

Wnh SNU alsj fmelughs fm`jriatfjm jm ghijkrapnfes, hipljyihmt, hgueatfjm, amg nhaltn jr all njush-njlg ihichrs. A sphefal ijgulh wftn akrfeultural prjguetfjm quhstfjms was applfhg tj arifmk njush-njlgs. Wnh survhy was ejmguethg wftn tnh afi j` asshssfmk tnh fipaet j` Arkhmtfmas 3441 erfsfs.@fhlgwjrb `jr tnh SNU was ejmguethg at tnh hmg j` 3443 amg tnh chkfmmfmk j` 3445.>Wnh survhy was

ejllhethg fm tnh ifgst j` a erfsfs amg gata tnhrh`jrh rhffihet tnh spheffie amg pheulfar sftuatfjm fm tnh ruralpjpulatfjm at tnat tfih. Guh tj tnh siall sfzh j` prjvfmefal saiplhs, gfsakkrhkathg fm`jriatfjm rji tnhsaiplh snjulg ch amalyzhg eautfjusly.


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Hgueatfjm

Hgueatfjm fs wfghly rhejkmfzhg tj ch a bhy tj pjvhrty rhguetfjm. Fmerhashg hgueatfjmalatafmihmt eam fiprjvh tnh lfvhlfnjjgs j` tnh pjjr amg rhgueh tnh lfbhlfnjjg j` chejifmkpjjr. Ijrh hgueatfjm fs alsj a bhy àetjr fm jctafmfmk a nfknhr fmejih (shh Phrmhr 3440c).@urtnhrijrh, hgueatfjm fs assjefathg wftn `hrtflfty2 tnat fs, tnh ijrh hgueatfjm a wjiam

atafms, tnh ljwhr nhr `hrtflfty rath fs. Wnh ghphmghmey ratfj fs tnhrh`jrh ljwhr amg tnhlfbhlfnjjg j` allfmk fmtj pjvhrty rhguehg cheaush haen yhar j` senjjlfmk yfhlgs am fmerhashfm harmfmks. Wnhrh`jrh, tnat tnh rural rhsfghmts fm Arkhmtfma mhhg tj ch crjuknt up tnhhgueatfjmal lagghr tj hseaph pjvhrty fs a elhar ihssakh.

@fkurh 1.> snjws tnh phrehmtakhs j` phjplh lfvfmk fm pjvhrty (fm thris j` umsatfsfihgcasfe mhhgs) cy arha typh amg hgueatfjm j` njushnjlg nhag. Uhvhral pathrms snjwm fm tnhfikurh arh mjthwjrtny. @frst, phjplh lfvfmk wftn ijrh-hgueathg njushnjlg nhags arh iuenlhss lfbhly tj ch pjjr. Laeb j` a prfiary hgueatfjm, fm partfeular, fs strjmkly assjefathgwftn pjvhrty. Aggftfjmally, wftnfm haen hgueatfjm krjup, tnjsh ijst lfbhly tj ch pjjr arhrhsfghmts j` gfsphrshg rural arhas. Hsshmtfally mj jmh wftn a ejllhkh-hgueathg njushnjlgnhag nas XCM, wnflh nal` j` tnjsh wftn a nhag tnat nas ejiplhthg lhss tnam prfiary

hgueatfjm arh pjjr.Aijmk tnjsh wftn sjih hgueatfjm, urcam gwhllhrs amg rural tjwm rhsfghmts ljjbrjuknly sfiflar fm thris j` tnhfr lfbhlfnjjg tj ch pjjr. Cut gfsphrshg rural rhsfghmts arhijrh lfbhly tj ch pjjr, rhkarglhss j` hgueatfjm lhvhl.

A larkh `raetfjm j` tnjsh lfvfmk fm gfsphrshg rural arhas73.> phrehmtnavh mjtejiplhthg hvhm prfiary hgueatfjm, amg a ihrh ;.5 phrehmt navh ejiplhth shejmgary senjjl,ejiparhg tj 30.1 phrehmt fm urcam arhas. Waclh 1.7 snjws tnh nfknhst lhvhls j` hgueatfjmejiplhthg cy arha `jr Arkhmtfmhs akh 18 amg jlghr. Hgueatfjm lhvhls j` tnjsh wnj lfvh fmrural tjwms arh alsj ljw, tnjukn mjt as ljw as tnjsh lfvfmk fm gfsphrshg arhas.

Wnh taculatfjm j` XCM cy hgueatfjm krjup (@fkurh 1.>) prjvfghs a rjukn qualftatfvhshmsh j` tnh rhturms `rji hgueatfjm (fm thris j` ljwhr prjcacflfty j` navfmk XCM) fm rural

arhas. Njwhvhr, tnh àet tnat tnh ijrh hgueathg arh lhss lfbhly tj ch pjjr fs prjcacly alsjguh fm part tj tnh àet tnat tnjsh wnj krjw up fm tnh pjjrhst arhas arh tnjsh lhast lfbhlytj navh aeehss tj hgueatfjm. Lfbhwfsh, tnh ljw prfiary amg shejmgary ejiplhtfjm raths`jr tnjsh fm gfsphrshg rural arhas umgjucthgly rhffihet a laeb j` aeehss tj senjjls fm rhijth

Waclh 1.5. Fmefghmeh j` Tjvhrty `jr Uhlhethg Trjvfmehs, 3445

Ihmgjza

Uamtfakj

ghl Hsthrj Enaej Uamta @h Wjtal

Tjvhrty cy fmejih% pjjr, njushnjlgs 8;.8 04.7 08.5 57.1 87.5

% pjjr, fmgfvfguals 0;.5 06.0 ;8.3 73.; 07.5

% fmgfkhmt njushnjlgs 5>.5 51.3 70.; 18.7 55.3

% fmgfkhmt pjpulatfjm 75.> 57.6 80.3 1>.> 5>.>

Tjvhrty cy ejmsuiptfjm

% pjjr, njushnjlgs 04.> 0;.8 73.5 1>.0 7>.;

% pjjr, fmgfvfguals ;4.1 >4.0 87.6 38.1 04.0

% fmgfkhmt, njushnjlgs 30.0 36.1 34.; ;.0 31.0

% fmgfkhmt, pjpulatfjm 5>.8 50.0 51.7 11.3 54.6

Ujureh? Phrmhr 3440a cashg jm SNU 3445.


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arhas fm yhars past, at tnh tfih jlghr Arkhmtfmhs whrh hgueathg. Njwhvhr, aeehss tj prfiaryhgueatfjm fs mharly umfvhrsal tjgay, hvhm `jr tnjsh lfvfmk fm gfsphrshg rural arhas. Ehmsusgata snjw tnat hvhm fm gfsphrshg rural arhas, 68.8 j` enflgrhm akhs 0 tj 11 arh fm senjjl,

ejiparhg tj 6>.8 p

The Invisible Poor: A Portrait of Rural Poverty in Argentina

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