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The Invention of the Doughnut Machine
The Invention of the Doughnut Machineby Caitlyn Meagher
This is a photo of doughnuts at a store today.
Imagine a world without delicious, sugary doughnuts. It would be a sad place! Doughnuts have put a smile on the faces of a lot of people. Some of those people were immigrants to the United States in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Their first stop was Ellis Island, an island by New York City where immigrants had to go through health tests and interviews. Many immigrants were scared of what was to come in this new, foreign country. When they arrived at Ellis Island, volunteers handed out doughnuts. For many immigrants, it was their first taste of America!
American immigrants weren't the only people who enjoyed doughnuts. During World War I, volunteers handed out millions of doughnuts to American soldiers in France. The doughnuts reminded the soldiers of home. Once the war ended, soldiers wanted even more doughnuts! But who could make enough to keep up with the demand?
Adolph Levitt was an immigrant to the United States. He owned a bakery in New York City. He was one of the many Jewish people who had left Russia for the United States in the early 1900s. In Russia at the
Richards, George M. United States Committee On Public Information. Division Of Pictorial
Publicity. Oh, boy! That's the girl! The Salvation Army lassie--keep her on the job. United States,
1918. [New York: The Sackett & Wilhelms Corporation] Photo
This is a poster from the end of World War I. It shows an American soldier eating a doughnut
from a volunteer.
time, Jewish people did not feel safe. There were many riots against Jewish people. They faced daily discrimination. Levitt decided to leave his home and create his own business: a bakery.
Levitt sold hand-made doughnuts at his bakery. But so many people wanted them that he couldn't keep up-making doughnuts by hand was a long process! So Levitt thought of a way to produce many doughnuts with a machine. This was the first doughnut machine in the world. It would take a lot less time to make doughnuts with Levitt's machine. He called his machine "The Wonderful Almost Human Automatic Doughnut Machine." He put it in the window of his shop so that people could watch the doughnuts go through it. The machine was a hit! Levitt began selling doughnut machines to many shops and made millions of dollars. His machine was even at the 1934 World's Fair in Chicago!
1. the act of treating some people worse than others.
Discrimination in the workplace is against the law.
Advanced Definitionnoun
1. the act of discriminating, differentiating, or distinguishing.
The dog's discrimination between the scent of its owner's clothing and that of the
others was amazing to watch.
2. the act, or collective acts, of making invalid, unfair, or hurtful differentiations, as in prejudice against people of minority groups.
The civil rights movement fought to bring an end to discrimination in this
country.
3. the ability to make keen judgments or discernments.
Spanish cognate
discriminación: The Spanish word discriminación means discrimination.
These are some examples of how the word or forms of the word are used:
1. The Chinese also suffered greatly from discrimination.
2. Despite the discrimination she faced, Marian Anderson continued to perform and excel at singing.
3. Singer tells students that the effects of slavery linger today through racial prejudice and discrimination.
4. It's important to understand how slavery affected the entire country, because its effects linger through discrimination, Singer says.
5. The U.S. Department of Education recently announced that it is changing the regulations of Title IX, a law that prohibits gender discrimination in schools.
6. Q: Did you feel any racial discrimination while attending Fisk? A: The bathrooms and water fountains had signs on them indicating whether a white person or a black person could use them. This was really strange, because this did not exist in my country.
7. Most immigrants have come to America with the hope of building a better life. However, they were sometimes met with hatred by the people already living in the country who feared the economic and cultural impacts of these newcomers. While this discrimination and the economic downfall of the Great Depression had a negative effect on immigration, American immigration has managed to survive.
The United States has a rich history of immigrants. Many have overcome great odds to rise to the top of their fields. Find out more about their remarkable feats by reading the chart below.
Name D.O.B. Origin Profession Interesting Facts
Peter Jennings1938d. 2005
Toronto,CanadaT.V. Broadcast Journalist
Anchor of ABC's World News Tonight.
Martina Navratilova
1956Prague, Czech Republic
Professional Tennis Player
Winner of a record 167 singles titles, including Wimbledon, the French Open, and the U.S. Open.
Madeleine Albright
1937Prague,Czech Republic
Former Secretary of State
Escaped both Nazi and Communist governments in Europe.
1. a person who moves from the country where he or she was born to another country.
My parents are immigrants from Poland.
Advanced Definitionnoun
1. one who moves permanently to another country from his or her native land.
adjective
1. of or pertaining to immigrants.
Spanish cognate
inmigrante: The Spanish word inmigrante means immigrant.
These are some examples of how the word or forms of the word are used:
1. Most of the workers who built the canal were Irish immigrants. They were paid 80 cents per day.
2. About a third of these immigrants were Irish people trying to escape a famine that struck their country in the mid-1840s.
3. The United States has a rich history of immigrants. Many have overcome great odds to rise to the top of their fields.
4. The United States is often called a melting pot. That's because the parents or grandparents of most of the people who live in the United States came from other countries. People who move from one country to another are called immigrants.
5. Immigrants faced many challenges once they moved to America. Many did not have family or friends here. They could not speak the language and felt uncomfortable with American culture. They took any low-paying jobs they could find to survive. But perhaps the biggest challenge immigrants faced was housing.
6. The United States of America has long been the world's chief receiving nation for immigrants. An immigrant is a person who leaves his/her country to settle and remain in a new country. Over the years, many millions of people have uprooted and left family and friends to move to America.
7. The population in New York was the most diverse of anywhere in the young colonies. If you listened in on dinner table conversations along the Hudson River, you would hear more than
12 languages! Most of the immigrants from other countries who came to the middle colonies were skilled at a craft.
8. My sister Rebekah and I were determined to fill in the blank space on our family tree. So, we set out to Ellis Island in New York City. Most immigrants arrived there from 1892 to 1954. We hoped they would have the records we needed to learn more about our family history.
9. The daughter of Chinese immigrants, California-born Kwan won her first world figure-skating title when she was 15. (An immigrant is a person who comes from another country to live in a new country permanently.) In total, Kwan has won 43 championships, including an Olympic silver medal in 1998 and a bronze medal in 2002.
10. San Antonio is 300 miles north of Monterrey [Mexico], but it's a different world in terms of jobs and the economy. Raquel, who came to the U.S. as a legal immigrant, worked for years in a fast food restaurant. She and her husband bought a house, and their son played football for his high school team.
Native Americans have been living in what is now the United States of America since long before any Europeans came. They are not just a single group of people - there are many different tribes of Native Americans. Different Native American groups have different languages, religious beliefs, and ways of living, or folkways.
You can see just how different Native American groups can be by comparing one to another. Look at the Hopi people. The Hopi are Native Americans who come from what is now the American Southwest. When the Spanish came to America in the 16th century and found the Hopi people, they nicknamed them "pueblo people" because Hopi people didn't move around much-they lived together in what amounted to towns. Pueblo is a Spanish word that means "town." The Hopi have always been a very peaceful people. Their name comes from the term Hopituh Shi-nu-mu, which means, in the Hopi language, "The Peaceful People" or "Peaceful Little Ones."
Now compare the Hopi to the Navajo. The Navajo come from the same general area as the Hopi. But instead of being a "pueblo people," instead of staying in one place, they moved around. They didn't live in permanent towns like the Hopi. They were a "semi-nomadic" people. While the Hopi were historically known for farming, the Navajo were known for hunting and gathering. After they met the Spanish, the Navajo became known for herding sheep. The Hopi, not so much.
The Hopi and the Navajo were, and are, two very distinct groups of people, and they come from the same part of the continent! So think about how much other tribes from other parts of the continent might differ.
For thousands of years the Chinook have lived near the coast of the Pacific Ocean. They were known, and are still known, for being skilled fishers. The Chinook would make huge dug-out canoes, and the fish that they caught most often was the salmon. The salmon was a very important food source for the Chinook, and it plays a large role in the Chinook sense of identity.
All the way across the country, over in what is now Maine, the Penobscot also derive meaning and a sense of identity from the animals they hunt. But they are completely different animals: beavers, otters, moose, bears, and caribou.
Today, there may not be as many thriving Native American tribes as there used to be, but there are more than a few. The United States of America federally recognizes more than 500 different Native American tribes. When a tribe is federally recognized, it means that the tribe may form its own government with its own laws, taxes, and rules. There are also about 400 non-federally recognized tribes. All in all, there are about 1,000 different groups of Native American people in the United States, and each group is unique.
1. Haumea also has a distinctive spin and shape. It rotates once every four hours-six times faster than Earth does. That's the fastest spin rate of any major object in the solar system.
2. The Gobi Desert is the fifth largest desert in the world and the largest desert in Asia. It lies in China and Mongolia and is comprised of several distinct ecological and geographic regions.
3. If you have heard of Jamaica, you probably know that it is an island in the Caribbean. You may have listened to reggae, a distinctly Jamaican type of music whose most famous singer is Bob Marley
4. Males that sport outsize weapons tend to live in places with limited resources, says Emlen. And those resources are usually in distinct locations that are easy to defend, such as cozy burrows or tasty sap-producing trees.
5. During his years of filmmaking, Colbeck observed other signs of elephant intelligence. Elephants communicate with each other through low rumbling sounds that people often cannot hear. Family members also make distinct sounds that other members can recognize.
6. It would take hundreds of books to tell the amazing history of such a diverse region. However, three distinct phases shaped West Africa's history. The first was its ancient empires. Then, European colonization came. Finally, there was independence.
7. Bees live in beehives, which have a distinct order that helps things run smoothly. At the bottom of the totem pole are the workers.
8. Collins may enjoy the distinction of being the first female shuttle commander, but she hopes it's "not for long!" A distinction is an accomplishment that sets a person apart from others. Collins wants more women to follow in her footsteps. "The young people are going to be the ones to take us on to more exciting adventures," she said.
The United States of America has long been the world's chief receiving nation for immigrants. An immigrant is a person who leaves his or her country to settle and live in another country. Over the years, many millions of people have uprooted and left family and friends to move to America. Some felt forced to leave because they feared for their lives due to dangers present in their home countries. For example, many immigrants left countries that were at war or that didn't give them the freedom to practice their faith. Immigrants also left their native lands if they couldn't find work or enough food to live. Whatever the reason, immigrants usually have had to sacrifice a life that is familiar for one that is unknown.
The United States was founded by immigrants. From the 1600s through 1775, European colonists settled in the land that is now the United States. Most of these immigrants were from England. Others arrived from France, Germany, Ireland, Scotland, and Spain. Many of these colonists came here looking for economic opportunity. They wanted better land to farm or better work. Others came to escape religious persecution. Some were even convicts brought over from English jails. West Africans also immigrated to the American colonies, but they came against their will. They were captured, sold into slavery, and shipped to the colonies.
Since the United States was established in the late 1700s, it has seen three waves of
immigration. The first wave of American immigration took place from 1820 to 1870. Over seven million people made the voyage to America, mostly from northern and western Europe. About a third of these immigrants were Irish people trying to escape a famine that plagued Ireland in the mid-1840s. Another third of the immigrants from this wave were German. The Chinese also began to immigrate to America during this time. They got word of the Gold Rush in California. They came to work in the mines and get rich.
This flood of immigrants wasn't always welcome by those already in America. Some feared these newcomers would take away their jobs. Others didn't like the politics, customs, and/or religions the new immigrants brought with them. For example, many Irish people were discriminated against for being Roman Catholic. The Chinese also suffered greatly from discrimination.
The next wave of U.S. immigration was by far the greatest. It started in 1881 and ended in 1920. Over 23 million people immigrated to the United States during this period, most of whom came from southern and eastern Europe. But by this time, anti-immigration sentiments had become so strong that a growing number of people demanded laws to make it harder for foreigners to become American citizens. In 1875, Congress passed its first immigration law intended to limit immigration. It kept people who were viewed as undesirable out, including convicts. In 1882, Congress also passed the Chinese Exclusion Act. It prohibited Chinese workers from coming to the United States. A few years later, other laws were passed. One required adult immigrants to have literacy skills. Another limited the number of immigrants from countries outside the Western Hemisphere. However, one of the greatest blows to immigration was the Great Depression of the 1930s. Immigration sharply declined. In fact, there were more people leaving America than coming to America during this time.
The third wave of immigration began in 1965 and continues today. Most immigrants in this wave have come from Asian countries as well as South American countries, Caribbean countries, and Mexico. A large number of these immigrants have settled in the East and Midwest. However, many others have moved to California.
Most immigrants have come to America with the hope of building a better life. However, they were sometimes met with hatred by the people already living in the country who feared the economic and cultural impacts of these newcomers. While this discrimination and the economic downfall of the Great Depression had a negative effect on immigration, American immigration has managed to survive.
These are some examples of how the word or forms of the word are used:
1. U2's Bono describes himself as a spoiled-rotten rock star. However, he uses his fame to deal with an awfully big problem--Africa's AIDS epidemic and debt crisis. After a benefit concert in Africa in 1985, Bono spent a month working in Ethiopia during a major famine.
2. The Ibrahim sisters-Nimo, 16, and Fadumo, 18-came to the United States in 2000. They were born in Somalia, a country in Africa. While they were still very young, civil war and famine came to Somalia. More than a million Somalis were in danger of starving. They had to escape.
1. any disaster that affects a large population, esp. a disease epidemic or the sudden influx of harmful insects.
The crops were destroyed by a plague of locusts.
How many plagues has this region suffered throughout the centuries?
2. a highly contagious and usually fatal disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis in which victims suffer high fever, chills, and severe exhaustion. Plague is commonly transmitted to humans through bites from fleas on infected rats and manifests itself in bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic forms.
3. (prec. by the) an epidemic of bubonic plague that ravaged much of the world in the fourteenth century; the Black Death.
The plague killed approximately half the population of Europe.
4. a cause of harm, annoyance, or irritation.
There has been a plague of vandalism in the city recently.
transitive verb
1. to annoy or harass; vex; torment.
The reporters plagued the star with questions.
2. to cause to suffer from or as if from a dreadful disease.
In his later years, he was plagued by arthritis.
Battles between warlords plagued the country for a decade.
Spanish cognate
plaga: The Spanish word plaga means plague.
These are some examples of how the word or forms of the word are used:
1. The war in Sudan is just one of the many problems that plague Africa.
2. Two major natural forces have plagued the Japanese people for its entire history: earthquakes and tsunamis. Small earthquakes occur in Japan on a daily basis.
3. About a third of these immigrants were Irish people trying to escape a famine that plagued Ireland in the mid-1840s.
4. Just as places with earthquakes have special building codes, places plagued by tornadoes often have building codes designed to protect buildings from strong winds. People can also build extra-strong safe rooms to weather the storm in.
5. He studied it in the late 1980s, when the problem was plaguing Audis, not Toyotas. "What's happening now in Toyota cars is the same thing that happened with Audi 20 years ago," Schmidt told Current Science.
6. Work on the Duomo cathedral, in Florence, Italy, actually started before the Renaissance, in 1296. But the building took 140 years to complete. The plague and many wars prevented construction from continuing on the building as planned.
Heather Lindaman from upstate New York won't be playing dodgeball anytime soon. In 2001, Heather, then 7 years old, was playing dodgeball in gym class when she fell, slamming into a hardwood floor and breaking her elbow.
After Heather's injury, her parents brought a case to court against the school. They argued that dodgeball is too dangerous for young kids to play in school. Many schools have decided the game should be banned, or not allowed.
To play dodgeball, one team's members must hit opposing players with a large rubber ball to eliminate them from the game. The team with players left at the end of the game wins.
YesSome schools in Massachusetts, Maine, Maryland, New York, Virginia, Texas, and Utah have already banned dodgeball or versions of the game. Some of those versions include war ball, monster ball, and kill game.
The National Association for Sport and Physical Education agrees that dodgeball does not
belong in schools. That organization is made up of 20,000 gym teachers, coaches, and trainers. "Dodgeball is not an appropriate activity for K-12 school physical education programs," the group told reporters.
Members of the association argue that dodgeball promotes violence and is unfair. They say that the game encourages bullying because stronger kids target weaker ones.
NoDon't toss dodgeball to the sidelines, say others. Nick Troy is a director with the National Amateur Dodgeball Association. Although his group is not connected with schools, he points out that the game has benefits.
"Dodgeball develops hand-eye coordination, strengthens muscles, and builds concentration skills," Troy told Weekly Reader. "It is also a good form of exercise."
Troy and others argue that dodgeball is no more dangerous than other school sports that kids play. Troy also disagrees that smaller kids are at a disadvantage. "The goal isn't necessarily to get the weakest player out," he said. "It's to get the best player out."
1. one who pursues an activity or is devoted to a study purely for intrinsic reward rather than monetary gain.
Her teacher thinks she's good enough to be a professional violinist, but she is
happy being an amateur.
2. an athlete who receives no monetary prize, salary, or other payment for competition.
Olympic athletes, in general, are no longer required to be amateurs.
3. one who is unskilled in a given area or activity.
Don't trust your electrical work to amateurs; call in someone who knows what he's
doing.
adjective
1. of or pertaining to an amateur or amateurs; not professional.
He loves to be involved in amateur theater and has no desire to be a professional
actor.
Our town's amateur theater puts on ten plays a year.
2. lacking or not demonstrating skill or competence.
It seemed like an amateur performance for a theater group supposedly made up of
professionals.
I apologize for that amateur rendition of a great song.
Spanish cognate
amateur: The Spanish word amateur means amateur.
These are some examples of how the word or forms of the word are used:
1. Paola is something of an amateur coin collector. So every time she travels, she brings home some money from that part of the world.
2. Foke was an amateur linguist, a person who studies words and language. Foke realized that for a long time, there had only been 26 letters in the alphabet. Foke thought it might be time for a new letter to be added.
3. The next morning, when Jonathan came downstairs for breakfast, there was a cardboard box sitting on his placemat where his bowl of cereal usually waited for him. The top of the box read "AMATEUR PALEONTOLOGIST - FIND YOUR OWN FOSSIL." Jonathan picked up the box.
The corrupt and ruthless leader found ways to eliminate his enemies.
2. to remove from consideration.
Making that error eliminated him from the spelling contest.
The police have eliminated the victim's wife as a suspect.
3. of an organism, to expel (waste matter).
Waste that is eliminated by cattle and horses is used as fertilizer.
Spanish cognate
eliminar: The Spanish word eliminar means eliminate.
These are some examples of how the word or forms of the word are used:
1. Officials hope these and other steps will help eliminate poverty, one of the biggest problems Africa faces.
2. On Dec. 1, 1955, Parks took a stand that helped eliminate racial inequality in the United States.
3. Although the program is one way to help, people are still looking for ways to eliminate poverty.
4. If we have cars that can communicate with one another, they can adjust speeds to eliminate traffic jams, he says.
5. To play dodgeball, one team's members must hit opposing players with a large rubber ball to eliminate them from the game.
6. Nitrous oxide (also called laughing gas), sedation medication given through an IV, and an anesthetic may be used to help you relax and to eliminate pain during the procedure.
7. Two years later, Rwanda and nearby Uganda invaded Congo. Their aim was to eliminate the Hutu responsible for the Rwandan genocide (mass murder) and who were hiding in Congo's eastern forests.