1 The insect leg (generalized Orthoptera) leg of Weta 3. femur 4. tibia 2. trochanter 6. pretarsus 1. coxa tendency toward fusion tendency toward fusion with thorax plantulae Significance of multiple tarsomeres: 1 5 1 5. tarsus (with 4 tarsomeres) male Aukland Tree Weta 1 2 4 3 Leg modifications Unspecialized (homonomous) More specialized (heteronomous) Plecoptera Coleoptera (harlequin beetle) Muscoid Diptera (legless)
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The insect leg (generalized Orthoptera)hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/courses/entomology/4250_lec10_15.pdf · 1 The insect leg (generalized Orthoptera) leg of Weta 3. femur 4. tibia 2.
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1
The insect leg(generalized Orthoptera)
leg of Weta
3. femur
4. tibia
2. trochanter
6. pretarsus
1. coxa tendencytowardfusion
tendency towardfusion with thorax
plantulae
Significance ofmultiple tarsomeres:
1 5 1
5. tarsus (with 4 tarsomeres)
male Aukland Tree Weta
1 24
3
Leg modifications
Unspecialized (homonomous)
More specialized(heteronomous)
Plecoptera
Coleoptera(harlequin beetle)
Muscoid Diptera (legless)
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LOCOMOTION:I. Natatorial legs
Whirligig beetle(Coleoptera: Gyrinidae)
Water boatman(Hemiptera: Corixidae)
Backswimmer(Hemiptera: Notonectidae)
Water strider(Hemiptera: Gerridae)
pretarsustarsus
swimmingblades
tibia
femur
trochanter
coxa
(note “feathering” of tarsi, like oars)
ungues
Caeliferan Orthoptera
Ensiferan Orthoptera
LOCOMOTION:II. Saltatorial
Fleas:Siphonaptera
Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae
Hemiptera: Cicadellidae
tarsus
tibiafemur
trochantercoxa
p.t.
mesothoracicleg
3
Mole cricket(Gryllotalpidae:
order Orthoptera)
Cicada nymph(Cicadidae:
Auchenorrhyncha:order Hemiptera)
Scarab beetle(Scarabaeidae:
order Coleoptera)
LOCOMOTION: III. Fossorial (showing convergence in 3 orders)
tarsus
tarsus
tarsus femur
femur
femur
coxa
coxa
coxa
trochanter
trochanter
trochanter
Mole cricket –Orthoptera:
Gryllotalpidae
Cicada nymph –Hemiptera:Cicadidae
Scarab beetle –Coleoptera:
Scarabaeidae
GRASPING: I. Raptorial(showing convergence in 2 orders)
MantisflyNeuroptera: Mantispidae
Preying mantis(Dictyoptera: Mantodea)
tarsus & pretarsus
tarsus &pretarsus Diving beetle
(Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
tibiafemur
trochanter
coxa
“eye” spot
prothorax
(partial fusion)
spur
4
More raptorial legs: Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera
Belostomatidae
Hemiptera:Belostomatidae
Hemiptera: Nepidae
Hemiptera:Reduviidae
Orthoptera:Tettigoniidae
Lepidoptera:Geometridae
GRASPING: II. Ectoparasites
An adult muscoid fly, ectoparasitic on bats(fam. Nycteribiidae, Muscoidea, order Diptera)
Pubic louse, ectoparasitic on humans(Anoplura, ‘Phthiraptera,’ Psocodea)
tarsus
tibia
femur
pretarsus
tibialspine
tarsal spur
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STRIDULATORY legs: Acrididae (Orthoptera)
POLLEN-CARRYING legs in the honey bee, Apis mellifera
coxa
trochanter
femurtibia
pretarsus
tarsus
rake
press
press
corbicula
combs
INNER ASPECT OUTER ASPECT
rake
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OTHER specialleg modifications
Antenna cleaner(foreleg of honey bee)
Tympanal organ(foreleg of cricket
or katydid)
Female hold-fast organs(foreleg of male ,
a diving beetle)Dytiscus
Tympanalorgans
SENSATION:
tibia
tarsus
femur
coxa
trochanter
coxa
trochanter
femur
suctiondisks
1st tarsal segment (tarsomere)
antenna cleanerspine
ANTENNA CLEANER(foreleg of honey bee)
TYMPANAL ORGAN(foreleg of cricket & katydid
HOLD-FAST ORGANS(foreleg of male Dytiscus,
a diving beetle)
SPINNERETS(foreleg of Embioptera)
tarsomerestibia
silkejectors
SEXUAL DISPLAYS
CRYPSIS, for aggression (tropical mantis: Mantodea)
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CRYPSIS, for defense (orders Phasmatodea & Lepidoptera)
Hornet clearwing moth (Paranthrene)
Leaf insectStick insect
FALSE legs (prolegs)
Lepidoptera caterpillar
Sawfly larva (Hymenoptera)
Coleoptera larvacrochets
Diptera larva
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Origin of Insect Wings: Prerequisites
• A flap of reasonable size, positioned amid-ships
• Some sort of articulation, to allow movement
• Muscles to flap it up and down and control the structure
• A pre-existing function for the structure while it is small