The Industrial Revolution - Mr. Tyler's Lessons · PDF fileThe Industrial Revolution . ... Economics is the study of how people make choices to satisfy their wants. ... intentionally

The Industrial Revolution

Section 1 -

Beginnings

• Industrial Revolution –

refers to the greatly

increased output of

machine made goods that

began in England in the

middle 1700s.

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain

• 1. Enclosures – large fenced in fields.

Results: land owners tried new

agricultural methods and people were

forced to be tenant farmers or move

to the cities.

• Jethro Tull –

throwing seeds was

wasteful, he

developed the Seed

Drill in 1701.

Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill

• Crop Rotation - the practice of growing a series of

dissimilar types of crops in the same area in

sequential seasons for various benefits

• Robert Blackwell

(1700)- livestock

breeders learned to

breed only the best

sheep.

Why Britain?

• Natural Resources:

1. Water power and coal to fuel the new

machines.

2. Iron ore to construct

machines, tools, and buildings.

3. Rivers for inland transportation

4. Harbors from which

merchant ships set sail.

Other Factors:

5. Expanding Economy

6. Highly developed banking system

7. Investors

8. Political stability

9. No war on British soil

10. Positive attitude

Inventions Spur Industrialization

Changes in the Textile

Industry:

- 1733 – John Kay – Flying

shuttle (doubled

production)

- 1764 – James Hargreaves – Spinning

Jenny (multiplied production by 8x)

- 1769 –

James

Arkwright –

Water Frame

– water now

did the work

- 1779 – Samuel Crompton – combined the Spinning

Jenny with the Water Frame – developed the Spinning

Mule

- This invention made thread stronger, finer, and more

consistent.

- 1787- Edmund Cartwright develops

the power loom.

• Factories – large buildings

designed to house

machines.

• England’s cotton came from Southern

America in the 1790’s.

• 1793 - Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin

• Cotton production went from 1.5 million

pounds in 1790 to 85 million in 1810.

Improvements in Transportation

• 1774 – James Watt & Matthew

Boulton – develop a steam engine

Water Transportation

• 1807 – Robert

Fulton – invented

Steamboat

• Canals developed – 4,250

miles by mid 1800s.

Washington-Richmond Road

Road Transportation • 1800s – John McAdam – equipped roads

with large stones for drainage and on top

put a layer of crushed rock.

• New roads called “Turnpikes” because

you had to stop at a toll gate and pay to

use the road.

Railway Age • 1804 – Richard Trevithick – invented

the locomotive.

• George Stephens – railroad engineer

• 1825 – the railroad officially opened

• 1830 -

Liverpool –

Manchester

Railroad –

connected the

port of

Liverpool with

the inland city

of Manchester.

• Stephenson's

Rocket -

hauled 13

tons at 24

miles per

hour.

Major effects of the locomotive

1. Spurred industrial growth

2. Created hundreds of thousands of jobs

3. Boosted agricultural and fishing industries

4. Encouraged country people to take jobs in cities

Section 2 -

Industrialization

Benefits thus far:

• Higher wages

• Heated homes

• Better clothing

• Better food

Industrial Cities Rise:

• Between 1800 and 1850

• Cities grew to 100,000 plus

• 22 cities rose to 47

• London’s population grew to 1,000,000

• Urbanization: city building and movement to these cities.

Living Conditions:

• No development plans

• No sanitary codes

• No building codes

• Little adequate housing

• Little educational opportunities

• Little Police protection

• Unpaved streets

• No drains

• Sickness

(especially

Cholera)

was

widespread

• 1842 = study

showed

average

lifespan was

17 years in the

inner city,

people in the

country lived

till 38

Working Conditions: to increase production factories were kept open as long as possible

• Average work day = 14 hours x 6 days a week

• Factories poorly lit

• Not kept clean

• Machines injured workers

• No government aide in case of injury

• Worst Conditions:

Coal Mines

• Frequent

accidents

• Damp conditions

• Constant

breathing of coal

dust

• Average life span

was 10 years

lower than other

factory jobs

• Many women

and children

were used

because they

were cheap

Class Tensions Grow:

• Middle class grows-

factory owners,

shippers, and

merchants

• Middle class

become more

wealthy than the

aristocrats

• Not till the 1800s

were entrepreneurs

considered social

equals

Working Class:

• 1800 – 1850 – little improvement in home life

• Their livelihoods disappeared by machines.

• Ned Ludd

(probably

mythical) –

English Laborer

• Following – The

Luddites – 1779

– attacked

whole factories,

got workers to

riot, destroyed

weaving

machines.

Section 3 – Industrialization Spreads

• Industrial Development in the United States:

• War of 1812 – British blockade U.S.

• Industrialization develops

• Britain had forbidden engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers from leaving.

• 1789 – Samuel Slater emigrated to U.S.

• He built a spinning machine from memory

• 1790 – Mosses Brown opened the first factory in the U.S. to house the machines in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. They only produced thread.

• In 1813 Francis Cabot Lowell of Boston and

four other inventors fully mechanized the

production of cloth (Waltham, Massachusetts)

• They earned enough money to open a bigger place in Massachusetts.

• When Lowell died the town was named after him.

• Lowell, MA became a booming manufacturing center.

• Thousands of single

women flocked to

Lowell.

• They could make

higher wages and

have some

independence.

• They were watched

closely by

employers.

• Average shift = 12

hours x 6 days a

week

Rise of Corporations:

• money needed.

• To raise money share of stock were sold.

• Stock = partial ownership of a company

• These companies were known as corporations.

• Stockholders share in profits and are not personally responsible for the debts.

• EX: 1800s – U.S.

Steel (founded by

John D. Rockefeller)

and Carnegie Steel

(founded by Andrew

Carnegie)

• Corporations sought

to control every

aspect of their

industry in order to

make profits.

Continental Europe Industrializes:

• French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars halted

European growth.

Beginnings in Belgium:

• Belgium was the first

• 1799- William

Cockerill- carpenter

illegally made his way

to Belgium.

• He carried plans for

building spinning

machinery.

Germany industrializes:

• Politically divided, economic isolation, scattered

resources.

• 1835 Germany began to copy the British model.

• Germans sent their children to Britain to learn.

• Germany built railroads

Expansion Elsewhere:

• Bohemia developed a spinning

industry

• Spain’s

Catalonia

processed more

cotton than

Belgium.

• Northern Italy: got into

textiles and specialized in

silk spinning.

• Russia used serf labor to run factories

near Moscow and St. Petersburg.

• France had a strong agricultural base and

thus its growth was more measured and

had less problems when industrializing

than most.

• Geography held back Austria-

Hungary’s railroad builders.

• Spain lacked good roads and waterways for canals.

The Impact of Industrialization

• Widened the gap between rich and poor countries

• Strengthened their economic ties

• Imperialism- seeking more colonies to control for their

resources

Section 4

–

Reforming

the

Industrial

World

Philosophers of

Industrialization

What Is Economics?

Economics is the study of how people make choices

to satisfy their wants.

For example:

•You must choose how to spend your time.

•Businesses must choose how many people

to hire.

Scarcity and Shortages

Scarcity occurs when

there are limited

quantities of resources

to meet unlimited

needs or desires.

Shortages occur when

producers will not or

cannot offer goods or

services at current

prices.

The Factors of Production

• Land All natural resources that are

used to produce goods and services.

• Labor Any effort a person devotes to

a task for which that person is paid.

• Capital Any human-made resource

that is used to create other goods and

services.

The Factors of Popcorn

Production

Land Labor Capital

Popping Corn The human effortneeded to pop the corn

Corn-Popping Device

Vegetable Oil

The Economic Person:

Rational Self -Interest

• Economists assume that individuals act as

if motivated by- self interest and respond

predictably to opportunities for gain.

• Adam Smith- 1776- An Inquiry into the

Nature and Causes of the Wealth of

Nations

Rationality Assumption

• We assume that individuals do not

intentionally make decisions that

would leave them worse off.

• Economics does not involve itself with

analyzing individual or group

processes.

• Economics looks at what people

actually do.

Responding to Incentives

• Positive Incentives

• Effect:

• Negative Incentives

• Effect:

The Economists of Capitalism

• Adam Smith

• Smith’s Three Natural laws

- Law of Self Interest

- Law of Competition

- Law of Supply and Demand

• Provided the foundation for Laissez-faire

capitalism.

• Capitalism is an economic system in which the

factors of production are privately owned.

• Smith was backed by British

Economists David Ricardo and

Thomas Malthus

•An Essay

on the

Principle of

Population

(Malthus)

•Principles

of Political

Economy

and

Taxation

(Ricardo)

The Rise of Socialism

• Utilitarianism – Jeremy

Bentham – late 1700s.

• Things should be

based on their utility.

• Greatest good for the

greatest number of

people.

• John Stuart Mill

– lead the

Utilitarian

Movement in the

1800s.

• Called for

government to

do away with

differences in

wealth.

• Robert Owen –

British Factory

owner

• Provided homes

and education for

his employees.

• Established New

Harmony in 1824

in Indiana.

• French reformers

such as Charles

Fourier established

Socialism.

• The factors of

production would be

owned by the public

and operate for the

welfare of all.

Marxism: Radical Socialism • Karl Marx

introduced Marxism.

• Marx and Fredrick

Engles wrote The

Communist

Manifesto.

• Haves (bourgeoisie)

and Have-Nots

(proletariat)

• Marx believed

that the final

stage of

Socialism

was

Communism.

• Communism

= Pure

Socialism

Labor Unions and Reform Laws

• Labor Unions = workers ban together to

enact change.

• Strike = Last resort of unions.

• Reform Laws = child labor laws and

working conditions (Ten Hours of Work Act

1847).

The Reform Movement Spreads

• The Abolition of Slavery

- William Wilberforce

- 1807 British Parliament enacted an act to

end Slavery in the British West Indies.

- Slavery in the British Empire officially

ended in the 1833.

- Ended in U.S. in 1865.

• 2 views on slavery

- Wilberforce = morally wrong

- Others = slavery was an economic threat

• Fight for Women’s Rights

- Industrialization was a mixed blessing

• More Reforms

- Horace Mann – Public Education