The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution

1700-1900

Living From the Land

Part 1

Living From the Land

Industrial Revolution: During the 1700s and 1800s, agricultural and industrial innovations led to profound changes in society. e.g. cloth making

A Harsh Way of Life

Pre-Industrial Revolution: farming = main source of income

Death rate – very high London – largest city

in Europe in 1750

Village Life

Wealthy control village land, families rent in small stripsFair land distribution amongst peasantsSubsistence farming

Coordinated farming No fences – village commons

Graze livestock

Village Life (cont’d)

Self-sufficiency – minimal trade from village to village

Rich landowners own all the land in the village

Poorer villagers (land renters) – small, dank cottages

Center of life = farming Whole family contributed

Early Industries

Making wool – domestic system (or “cottage industry”)Merchant buys raw fiber Women and

children clean, sort, spin Merchant collects yarn, pays, takes it to weaver Men weave Merchant pays and picks up woven cloth takes it to the fuller Fuller shapes and cleans Dyer…dyes Merchant sells finished cloth or clothing

Early Industries (cont’d)

Mining coal Coal fields = under

farmland Labor = Women and

children $$$ from mining used to

buy small luxuries

The Beginnings of Change

Part 2

The Beginnings of Change

Landowners want to end open-field system – need more space for raising sheep (wool prices are high) – increase efficiency, productivity

Enclosure Movement Mixing soils, crop

rotation

Carrot…

Great Britain Leads the Way Success in farming Capital to invest Capital: $ to invest in labor, machines, and

raw materials Parliament passes laws to encourage

investment, growth of businesses *Natural resources – harbors,

rivers, coal, iron The climate – damp, cool

good for textiles *Iron to make STEEL

Great Britain Leads the Way

Better farming = more food = more people with longer lives

Farm machinery less farming jobs; farmers look for work in cities

Entrepreneurs: businesspeople who set up industries by bringing together capital, labor, and new industrial inventions

Growing Textile Industries

Advances in machineryJohn Kay – “flying shuttle”James Hargreaves – spinning jennyRichard Arkwright – water frameSamuel Crompton – spinning jenny + water

frame = “spinning mule”

Growing Textile Industries (cont’d)

Producing more clothEdmund Cartwright – power loomEli Whitney – cotton gin

Invention of the cotton gin prolongs and expands slavery in the USA

The Factory System

Cloth production moved out of homes (domestic system) and into large buildings

(factories) near major waterways More sources of energy needed to run

factoriesJames Watt – steam engine*Set Industrial Revolution in full motion*

SteamEngine

TextileFactory

Industrial Developments

Henry Bessemer – cheap method to convert iron to steel

Improvements to railways and all-weather (paved) roads

Canals Robert Fulton – created the first

steamboat Richard Trevithick – steam locomotive

George Stephenson’s “The Rocket”

The Growth of Industry

Part 3

Spread of Industry Great Britain – “the workshop of the world” Industrialization spreads to Europe and the USA France – lots of scientists, but very slow-paced

industrialization, few entrepreneurs, no gov’t support Napoleonic Wars

Germany – successful industrialization United States – Northeast industry Three most industrialized nations: Britain,

Germany, United States

Growth of Big Business Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations (1776)

Free enterprise (capitalism) Industrial capitalism – continually expanding

factories or investing in new businesses Mass production

Eli Whitney – interchangeable parts: machine-made parts that are exactly alike

Frederick Taylor – division of labor: each worker performs a specialized task on an assembly line

Later…Henry Ford: Model-T assembly lines

Charlie Chaplin - Modern Times

Growth of Big Business (cont’d)

Organizing businessCorporations – large-scale businesses owned

by shareholders Stockholders and shares

Like “joint-stock companies” – was a way to reduce risk and raise capital

Unlike “joint-stock companies” – was not JUST focused on trade. More were involved in manufacturing, railroads, etc.

Became the best way to manage new businesses

Science and Industry

CommunicationsSamuel Morse, telegraph; James Clerk

Maxwell, electromagnetic waves; Guglielmo Marconi, wireless telegraph/radio; Alexander Graham Bell, telephone

ElectricityThomas Edison – phonograph,

incandescent light bulbs

A New Society

Part 4

The Rise of the Middle Class

Before industrialization: bankers, lawyers, doctors, merchants

After: ↑ as well as owners of factories, mines, railroads, stockbrokers, middle management of companies

Education = very important but not yet available to all

The Rise of the Middle Class (cont’d) Middle-class lifestyles – gender gap

Men = sole providers for familyWomen – hired servants, educated children,

sewed, planned meals Growth of magazines

Boys – went to schoolGirls – learned domestic tasks marriage

Lives of the Working Class

At the mercy of machineryDivision of labor – same tasks over and overLost limbsRigid schedules – 10-14 hours per dayVery low wages

Lives of the Working Class

Workers’ livesChildren – high possibility of becoming

crippled or ill as a result of factory conditionsWomen – gained some independence – “Mill

girls” Upon marriage, many were fired

Cold, crowded tenements with high rent Poor hygiene – cholera, typhoid

High infant mortality rate

Lives of the Working Class Workers unite

Labor unions – associations dedicated to representing the interests of workers in a specific industry

Union tactics Strikes, sit-down strikes Opposed by employers

Parliament – Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800 prohibited the formation of labor unions

1820s – workers can meet to discuss working hours, wages. 1871 – trade unions/strikes made legal.

Collective bargaining – union leaders and an employer meet to discuss problems and reach an agreement

Membership continued to grow in Europe, U.S.