The Industrial Revolution, 1700–1900 The Industrial Revolution begins in Britain, spreads to other countries, and has a strong impact on economics, politics, and society.
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The Industrial Revolution, 1700–1900 The Industrial Revolution begins in Britain, spreads to other countries, and has a strong impact on economics, politics,
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The Industrial Revolution, 17001900 The Industrial Revolution
begins in Britain, spreads to other countries, and has a strong
impact on economics, politics, and society.
Slide 3
Section 1 The Beginnings of Industrialization Industrial
Revolution Begins in Britain I. New Ways of Working A. Industrial
Revolutiongreatly increases output of machine-made goods B.
Revolution begins in England in the middle 1700s
Slide 4
II. The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way A.Enclosureslarge
farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges B. Wealthy landowners buy,
enclose land once owned by village farmers C. Enclosures allow
experimentation with new agricultural methods
Slide 5
III. Rotating Crops A.Crop rotationswitching crops each year to
avoid depleting the soil B. Livestock breeders allow only the best
to breed, improve food supply
Slide 6
IV. Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England
A.Industrializationmove to machine production of goods B. Britain
has natural resourcescoal, iron, rivers, harbors C. Expanding
economy in Britain encourages investment D. Britain has all needed
factors of productionland, labor, capital
Slide 7
Inventions Spur Industrialization V. Changes in the Textile
Industry A. Weavers work faster with flying shuttles and spinning
jennies B. Water frame uses water power to drive spinning wheels C.
Power loom, spinning mule speed up production, improve quality D.
Factoriesbuildings that contain machinery for manufacturing E.
Cotton gin boosts American cotton production to meet British
demand
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Improvements in Transportation VI. Watts Steam Engine A. Need
for cheap, convenient power spurs development of steam engine B.
James Watt improves steam engine, financed by Matthew Boulton C.
Boulton an entrepreneur organizes, manages, takes business
risks
Slide 10
VII. Water Transportation A. Robert Fulton builds first
steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807 B. Englands water transport
improved by system of canals VIII Road Transportation A. British
roads are improved; companies operate them as toll roads
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The Railway Age Begins IX. Steam-Driven Locomotives A.In 1804,
Richard Trevithick builds first steam- driven locomotive B. In
1825, George Stephenson builds worlds first railroad line X. The
Liverpool-Manchester Railroad A. Entrepreneurs build railroad from
Liverpool to Manchester B. Stephensons Rocket acknowledged as best
locomotive (1829)
Slide 12
XI. Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain A. Railroads spur
industrial growth, create jobs B. Cheaper transportation boosts
many industries; people move to cities
Slide 13
Section 2 Industrialization CASE STUDY: Manchester The factory
system changes the way people live and work, introducing a variety
of problems.
Slide 14
Industrialization Changes Life I. Factory Work A.Factories pay
more than farms, spur demand for more expensive goods
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II. Industrial Cities Rise A. Urbanizationcity-building and
movement of people to cities B. Growing population provides work
force, market for factory goods C. British industrial cities:
London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool
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III. Living Conditions A.Sickness widespread; epidemics, like
cholera, sweep urban slums B. Life span in one large city is only
17 years C. Wealthy merchants, factory owners live in luxurious
suburban homes D. Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes,
building codes E. Cities also without adequate housing, education,
police protection
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IV. Working Conditions A. Average working day 14 hours for 6
days a week, year round B. Dirty, poorly lit factories injure
workers C. Many coal miners killed by coal dust
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Class Tensions Grow V. The Middle Class A. Middle classskilled
workers, merchants, rich farmers, professionals B. Emerging middle
class looked down on by landowners, aristocrats C. Middle class has
comfortable standard of living
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VI The Working Class A. Laborers lives not improved; some
laborers replaced by machines B. Luddites, other groups destroy
machinery that puts them out of work C. Unemployment a serious
problem; unemployed workers riot
Slide 21
Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution VI. Immediate
Benefits A. Creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages technological
progress B. Education expands, clothing cheaper, diet and housing
improve C. Workers eventually win shorter hours, better wages and
conditions
Slide 22
VIII. Long-Term Effects A. Improved living and working
conditions still evident today B. Governments use increased tax
revenues for urban improvements
Slide 23
The Mills of Manchester Manchester and the Industrial
Revolution A. Manchester has labor, water power, nearby port at
Liverpool B. Poor live and work in unhealthy, even dangerous,
environment C. Business owners make profits by risking their own
money on factories D. Eventually, working class sees its standard
of living rise some
Slide 24
Children in Manchester Factories A. Children as young as 6 work
in factories; many are injured B. 1819 Factory Act restricts
working age, hours C. Factory pollution fouls air, poisons rivers
D. Manchester produces consumer goods and creates wealth
Slide 25
Section 3 Industrialization Spreads Industrial Development in
the United States I. Industrialization in the United States A. U.S.
has natural and labor resources needed to industrialize B. Samuel
Slater, English textile worker, builds textile mill in U.S. C.
Lowell, Massachusetts a mechanized textile center by 1820 D.
Manufacturing towns spring up around factories across the country
E. Young single women flock to factory towns, work in textile mills
F. Clothing, shoemaking industries soon mechanize
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II. Later Expansion of U.S. Industry A. Industrialization picks
up during post- Civil War technology boom B. Cities like Chicago
expand rapidly due to location on railroad lines C. Small companies
merge to form larger, powerful companies
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III. The Rise of Corporations A. Stocklimited ownership rights
for company, sold to raise money B. Corporationcompany owned by
stockholders, share profits not debts C. Large corporations attempt
to control as much business as they can
Slide 28
Continental Europe Industrializes IV. Troubles in Continental
Europe A. Revolution and Napoleonic wars disrupted early
19th-century economy V. Beginnings in Belgium A. Belgium has iron
ore, coal, water transportation B. British workers smuggle in
machine plans, start companies (1799)
Slide 29
VI. Germany Industrializes A. Political, economic barriers; but
industry, railroads boom by mid-century VII. Expansion Elsewhere in
Europe A. Bohemia develops spinning; Northern Italy mechanizes silk
textiles B. Industrialization in France more measured; agriculture
remains strong
Slide 30
The Impact of Industrialization VIII. Rise of Global Inequality
A. Wealth gap widens; non-industrialized countries fall further
behind B. European nations, U.S., Japan exploit colonies for
resources C. Imperialism spreads due to need for raw materials,
markets
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IX. Transformation of Society A. Europe and U.S. gain economic
power B. African and Asian economies lag, based on agriculture,
crafts C. Rise of middle class strengthens democracy, calls for
social reform
Slide 32
Section 4 Reforming the Industrial World The Industrial
Revolution leads to economic, social, and political reforms.
Slide 33
The Philosophers of Industrialization I. Laissez-faire
Economics A. Laissez faireeconomic policy of not interfering with
businesses B. Originates with Enlightenment economic philosophers
C. Adam Smithdefender of free markets, author of The Wealth of
Nations 1. Believes economic liberty guarantees economic progress
2. Economic natural lawsself-interest, competition, supply and
demand
Slide 34
The Economists of Capitalism II. Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo
boost laissez- faire capitalism A. Capitalismsystem of privately
owned businesses seeking profits B. Malthus thinks populations grow
faster than food supply 1. Wars, epidemics kill off extra people or
misery and poverty result C. Ricardo envisions a permanent, poor
underclass providing cheap labor
Slide 35
The Rise of Socialism III. Utilitarianism A. Jeremy Benthams
utilitarianism judge things by their usefulness B. John Stuart Mill
favors regulation to help workers, spread wealth
Slide 36
IV. Utopian Ideas A. Robert Owen improves workers conditions,
rents cheap housing B. In 1824, Owen founds utopian community, New
Harmony, Indiana
Slide 37
V. Socialism A. Socialismfactors of production owned by,
operated for the people B. Socialists think government control can
end poverty, bring equality
Slide 38
Marxism: Radical Socialism VI. Marxisms Prophets A. Karl
MarxGerman journalist proposes a radical socialism, Marxism B.
Friedrich Engels German whose father owns a Manchester textile
mill
Slide 39
VII. The Communist Manifesto A. Marx and Engels believe society
is divided into warring classes B. Capitalism helps haves, the
employers known as the bourgeoisie C. Hurts have-nots, the workers
known as the proletariat D. Marx, Engels predict the workers will
overthrow the owners
Slide 40
VIII. The Future According to Marx A. Marx believes that
capitalism will eventually destroy itself B. Inequality would cause
workers to revolt, seize factories and mills C. Communismsociety
where people own, share the means of production D. Marxs ideas
later take root in Russia, China, Cuba E. Time has shown that
society not controlled by economic forces alone
Slide 41
Labor Unions and Reform Laws IX. Unionization A.
Unionsassociations formed by laborers to work for change B. Unions
negotiate for better pay, conditions with employers C. Sometimes
they strikecall a work stoppageto pressure owners D. Skilled
workers are first to form unions E. Movement in Britain, U.S. must
fight for right to form unions F. Union goals were higher wages,
shorter hours, improved conditions
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X. Reform Laws A. British, U.S. laws passed to stop worst
abuses of industrialization B. 1842 Mines Act in Britain stops
women, children working underground C. In 1847, workday for women,
children limited to 10 hours in Britain D. U.S. ends child labor,
sets maximum hours in 1904
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The Reform Movement Spreads XI. The Abolition of Slavery A. In
1833, reformers help end slavery in British empire B. Slavery ends
in U.S. in 1865; ends by 1888 in rest of Americas
Slide 44
XII. The Fight for Womens Rights A. Women pursue economic and
social rights as early as 1848 B. International Council for Women
founded 1888; worldwide membership
Slide 45
XIII. Reforms Spread to Many Areas of Life A. Reformers
establish free public schools in Europe in late 1800s B. Public
schools common in U.S. by 1850s; prison reform also sought
Slide 46
Chapter 10 An Age of Democracy and Progress, 18151914
Democratic ideals strongly affect Europe and its colonies, the
United States expands its borders, and technology and science
change daily life.
Slide 47
Section 1 Democratic Reform and Activism Spurred by the demands
of the people, Great Britain and France underwent democratic
reforms.
Slide 48
Britain Enacts Reforms I. A Severely Limited Democracy A. In
the early 1800s, vote limited to men with substantial property B.
Women could not vote at all; upper classes (5%) run the
government
Slide 49
II. The Reform Bill of 1832 A. 1832 bill gives middle class
suffragethe right to vote B. Also gives thriving new industrial
cities more representation
Slide 50
III. Chartist Movement A. Chartist movementexpands suffrage and
reform politics B. Demands suffrage for all men, secret vote,
Parliamentary reforms C. Parliament at first rejects, but
eventually adopts, Chartist goals
Slide 51
IV. The Victorian Age A. Queen Victoriarules for 64 years at
height of British power B. Loses power to Parliament, especially
House of Commons C. Government run almost completely by prime
minister, cabinet
Slide 52
Women Get the Vote I. Organization and Resistance A. Many women
organize to win the right to vote B. Some argue against it as too
radical a break from tradition C. Others say women do not have
ability to engage in politics
Slide 53
II. Militant Protests A. Emmeline Pankhurst forms Womens Social
and Political Union B. After 1903, WSPU members protest, go to
jail, stage hunger strikes C. Women do not win suffrage in Britain
and U.S. until after World War I
Slide 54
France and Democracy I. The Third Republic A. France changes
governments repeatedly after Franco-Prussian War B. Third
RepublicFrench government formed in 1875, lasts 60 years II. The
Dreyfus Affair A. Dreyfus affairspy controversy over Jewish officer
in French army B. Anti-Semitismprejudice against Jews, strong in
much of Europe C. Government eventually declares Captain Alfred
Dreyfus innocent
Slide 55
Section 2 Self-Rule for British Colonies Britain allows
self-rule in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand but delays it for
Ireland.
Slide 56
Canada Struggles for Self-Rule I French and English Canada A.
Canada was originally home to many Native American peoples B.
Later, problems between Catholic French, Protestant English
settlers C. Canada split: Upper Canada (English), Lower Canada
(French)
Slide 57
II. The Dominion of Canada A. Canadians want central government
to protect interests against U.S. B. In 1867, Dominion of Canada
formed C. Dominionself-governing but part of British Empire III.
Canadas Westward Expansion A. First prime minister of Canada is
John MacDonald B. Expands Canada to Pacific, then builds
transcontinental railroad
Slide 58
Australia and New Zealand I. James Cook Explores A. Captain
Cook claims New Zealand (1769), part of Australia (1770) B. Cook
encounters Maorinative people of New Zealand C. Australian native
peoples called Aborigines by Europeans
Slide 59
Maori Man Pictured from theMaori village @1880 - adoption time
of Captain Cookof English wear/customs
Slide 60
II. Britains Penal Colony A. In 1788, Britain starts colonizing
Australia, makes it penal colony B. Penal colonyplace where
convicts are sent to serve their sentences C. Upon release,
prisoners could buy land and settle
Slide 61
III. Free Settlers Arrive A. Free people eventually settle both
locations B. Settlers introduce sheep; wool becomes major export C.
Government offers cheap land to encourage immigration IV. Settling
New Zealand A. Britain recognizes Maori land rights until conflicts
in 1839 B. In 1840, British recognize Maori land rights, rule New
Zealand
Slide 62
V. Self-Government A. In early 1900s, both Australia and New
Zealand get limited self-rule B. In 1850s, Australians are first to
use the secret ballot C. In 1893, New Zealand the first nation to
grant women suffrage VI. Status of Native Peoples A. Colonists
displace, kill many Maori and Aborigines B. European diseases also
take a heavy toll
Slide 63
The Irish Win Home Rule I. A Troubled History A. English
expansion into, domination of Ireland begins in the 1100s B. Irish
Catholic majority resents English laws favoring Protestants II. The
Great Famine A. Irish peasants depend heavily on potatoes for
nourishment B. 1845-1848 potato famine destroys entire crop; one
million out of eight million people die C. Millions flee Ireland to
U.S., Canada, Australia, Britain
Slide 64
III. Demands for Home Rule A. Many Irish want home rulelocal
control over internal affairs B. Home rule finally granted in 1914,
postponed by World War I IV. Rebellion and Division A. Frustrated
Irish nationalists stage failed Easter uprising in 1916 B. Irish
Republican Armyunofficial military force seeking independence C. In
1921, Ireland splits; Northern Ireland remains part of Britain D.
South becomes Irish Free State, then Republic of Ireland in
1949
Slide 65
Section 4 Nineteenth-Century Progress Breakthroughs in science
and technology transform daily life and entertainment.
Slide 66
Inventions Make Life Easier I. Edison the Inventor A. Thomas
Edison patents over 1,000 inventions in research laboratory II.
Bell and Marconi Revolutionize Communication A. In 1876, Alexander
Graham Bell invents telephone B. In 1895, Italian Guglielmo Marconi
builds first radio
Slide 67
Inventors and Inventions
Slide 68
New Ideas in Medicine I. The Germ Theory of Disease A. Louis
Pasteur discovers existence of bacteria while observing
fermentation B. He and others quickly discover that bacteria cause
disease C. British surgeon Joseph Lister links bacteria to surgical
problems D. Sterilizing instruments reduces deaths from infection
E. Medical researchers develop vaccines; cities improve
sanitation
Slide 69
New Ideas in Science I. Darwin Challenges Traditional Beliefs
A. Charles DarwinEnglish scientist develops theory of evolution B.
In 1880s most people believe in special creation by God
Slide 70
II. Darwins Theory of Evolution A. Darwins idea of natural
selection says competition elevates fittest B. Fittest then breed,
their offspring share their advantages C. Gradually, over
generations, species change; new species evolve D. Theory of
evolutionspecies change slowly through natural selection
Slide 71
III. Mendel and Genetics A. Austrian monk Gregor Mendel
discovers patterns to inherited traits B. Mendels work begins the
science of genetics Dominant and recessive phenotypes. (1) Parental
generation. (2) F1 generation. (3) F2 generation
Slide 72
IV. Advances in Chemistry and Physics A. In 1803, John Dalton
theorizes all matter is made of atoms B. In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev
creates periodic table of the elements C. Radioactivitytype of
energy discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie D. Ernest Rutherford
says atoms have a nucleus surrounded by electrons
Slide 73
Dalton and Mendeleev The Curies
Slide 74
Social Sciences Explore Behavior I. New Ideas in Social Science
A. Sciences of archaeology, sociology, anthropology B. begin in
1800s II. Psychologystudy of human mind, behavior A. Ivan Pavlov
believes human actions actually unconscious reactions B. Sigmund
Freud studies unconscious, develops psychoanalysis C. Freud, Pavlov
shake Enlightenments faith in reason
Slide 75
Ivan PavlovSigmund Freud
Slide 76
The Rise of Mass Culture I. From Leisure Culture to Mass
Culture A. Mass cultureart, music, writing, entertainment for large
audience B. Leisure activities (movies, music) now available to
working class II. Music Halls, Vaudeville, and Movies A. Traveling
acts feature music, juggling, dancing B. In 1880s, people develop
early projections of moving images C. By the early 1900s,
filmmakers produce the first feature films
Slide 77
III. Sports Entertain Millions A. Spectator sports draw huge
crowds; modern Olympics in Greece, 1896 1896 Baltimore Orioles
Rutgers College, 1882