The Industrial Age For The Web

The Industrial Age Leave your wide open spaces

for dark and dirty places

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So What Type Of Questions Would

You Ask?(turn to a partner....)

What Will We Discuss?1.What Revolution?

2.Why England?

3.What was the old way...how come it changed to the new way?

4.What did they have to make it happen there?

5.How exactly did it begin?

6.What did it look like then?

7.What inventions where created?

8.How did society change because of the Industrial Revolution?

9.Protests

10.New Ways of Thinking

11.Results of British Industrialization

What Revolution?

The Industrial Revolution was, indeed, a revolution. Not the typical, bloody, war-based event that many of us associate with “revolution”, but a HUGE change in the human condition which occurred over a relatively short period of time.

• More people began to live in cities rather than countryside• Population of England doubled• Coal production doubled• Iron production 4x• Cotton imports 4xNapoleonic wars of 1799 stimulated the

Industrial Revolution - why?Created need for more guns, warships, uniforms1806-1808 England produced 3 million gun barrelsbut the real story is textiles...

Change is viewed in a positive way by those who benefit from it, but what about the under- privileged, the minorities, women and children?

The mass movement of human populations from agrarian, rural areas to urban centers and cities had huge sociological, psychological, political and economic consequences.

The life style change from the farm to the city, loss of the extended family structure, changes from the home to the factory as the center of production, the degradation of the environment, the creation of a class society which includes blue collar and middle classes and the colonization of the world in the search for raw materials were incredible catalysts that have changed the course of history and still affect us today.

Why England?

What made it so different?

The Old WayTraditional Agrarian

England

17th century English Agrarian

Society

Feudal Common Field System

Small Town “Farmer’s Markets”

Supplemental Income Supplemental Income Cottage Industries: Cottage Industries: “Putting-Out” System“Putting-Out” System

What Was The Old Way and What Caused It To

Change?

Advantages of the Advantages of the Putting Out SystemPutting Out System

• Peasants could supplement their agricultural incomes esp. in the winter

• Merchants could avoid the higher wage demands and regulations of urban workers

• Merchants could acquire capitol which in part would fund later industrialization

• Peasants acquire skills

• Young people could start their own households earlier thereby contributing the to population growth

Disadvantages of the Putting Out SystemDisadvantages of the Putting Out System

• 18c demand rose -this system inefficient• Merchant capitalists couldn’t get peasants to increase their output

By necessity the Factory System is born• Factory System meant all workers concentrated in one place under a manager

• Had to be near water or steam power

What Did They (England) Have to Make It Happen

There?

Population Boom!One reason the Industrial Age began in England...

Reason # 1

British Raw Materials

One reason the Industrial Age began in England...

Reason # 2

Location, location, location

One reason the Industrial Age began in England...

Reason # 3

Growth of Foreign Trade in England

BustlingBritish Port

The Capitalist Entrepreneur

One reason the Industrial Age began in England...

Reason # 4

“Nouveau Riche”

Text

Why not in France?

Economic Advantages in France

•Napoleonic Code.Napoleonic Code.•French communal law.French communal law.•Free contractsFree contracts•Open marketsOpen markets•Uniform & clear commercial regulationsUniform & clear commercial regulations•Standards weights & measures.Standards weights & measures.•Established technical schools.Established technical schools.•The government encouraged & honored inventors The government encouraged & honored inventors & inventions.& inventions.•Bank of France European model providing a Bank of France European model providing a reliable currency.reliable currency.

Why not in France?

Economic Disadvantages in France

•Years of warYears of war•Supported the American Revolution.Supported the American Revolution.•French Revolution.French Revolution.•Early 19c Napoleonic WarsEarly 19c Napoleonic Wars•Heavy debts.Heavy debts.•High unemployment soldiers returning from High unemployment soldiers returning from the battlefronts.the battlefronts.•French businessmen were afraid to take risks.French businessmen were afraid to take risks.

This is why not in France!

Industry and Population in Europe 18th c

Urbanization in Europe (especially

England)

So England It Is...

THE WORKSHOP OF THE WORLD

“That nation of shopkeepers!” Napoleon Bonaparte

So What Did It Look Like?

““Gin Lane”Gin Lane”

William HogarthWilliam Hogarth

17511751

“Gin Lane” by William Hogarth

1751

“Beer Street”by William Hogarth 1751

What Began It All?

Jethro Tull 1701 Englishman invented seed planting machine

What Began It All?The Enclosure Movement

Early CanalsTransportation Infrastructure

Coalfields and Industrial Areas1800

1 ton of coal

50, 000 miners

1850

30 tons

200, 000 miners

1880

300 million tons

500, 000 miners

1914

250 million tons

1, 200, 000 miners

Young Coal Miners

“Child Hurriers

Richard Arkwright“Pioneer of the Factory System”

The “Water The “Water Frame”Frame”

Arkwright's achievement was to combine power, machinery, semi-skilled labour, and a new raw material (cotton) to create, more than a century before Ford, mass production. His mechanical abilities and, above all, his genius for organization made him more than anyone else, the creator of the modern factory system.

Factory SystemFACTORS OF PRODUCTION

1. Land - includes natural resources

2. Labor - people to do the work

3. Capital - money to invest

4. Enterprise - ability to combine the other three factors and create a business or service

Factory ProductionConcentrates production in one place [materials, Concentrates production in one place [materials,

labor].labor].

Located near sources of power [rather than Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].labor or markets].

Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.

Factory SystemRigid schedule.Rigid schedule.12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day.Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions.Mind-numbing Mind-numbing

monotony.monotony.

Young “Bobbin Doffers”

New Inventions of the Industrial

Revolution

Frenchman Jacquard’s LoomJames Hargrave’s,

Spinning Jenny

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin

Interchangeable parts

Responsible for increase inAmerican slavery

Crop Rotation

“Turnip” Townshend

Mining - Forge

More powerful than water is coal.More powerful than water is coal.

More powerful than wood is iron.More powerful than wood is iron.

Innovations make steel feasible.Innovations make steel feasible.““Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”““Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel.Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel.Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.

The Power Loom

James Watt’s Steam Engine

Steam Tractor

Robert Fulton’s Steam Ship

Early Steam Locomotive

George Stephenso

n

Impact of the Railroad

Volta’s Battery1800 Italian Scientists Volta made the first battery which provided a steady source of electric power

•1820 Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted, used Volta’s electric battery to move compass needle•1826 German Ohm (Ohm’s Law) discovered different metals (copper and lead) resisted the flow of electric current at different levels. Measurement of resistence levels - “Volts”•1836 Samuel Morse, sent fist electrical message by wire - using Morse code.•1864 James Maxwell, mathematically unified friction, current, and chemical electricity into single unified theory of electricity•1865 Thomas Edison, tied the theory and practical aspects of electricity together with 3 inventions: electromagnetic generator run by steam engine - electrical incandescent lamp - electrical metering system for billing

Society Changes

19th c BourgeoiseIndustrial Nouveau

Riche

Criticism of the Nouveau Riche

Stereotype of Factory Owner

The “Have-Nots” The Poor

The Destitute

Industrial Staffordshire

England

Problems of PollutionPeople no longer worked at their own pace but had to keep up with machines that did not rest.Never before had so much coal been burned, iron smelted, and cloth manufactured.World had never seen so many people packed into

cities, so much crime, so much raw sewage floating in the streets.• no air filters• no underground sewer so all sewage flowed down ditches in streets• no clean drinking water

Problems of PollutionThe Industrial City

Worker Housing in Manchester

Life of New Urban Poor

A Dickensian NightmarePrivate Soup Kitchens-

Charity

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are needed to see this picture.

Protestsand

Reformers

The Luddites 1811-1816

Attacks on the “frames” [power Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].looms].

Ned LuddNed Ludd [a mythical figure [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]Forest]

•large mov’t - took 12,000 soldiers to put the mov’t down

•many new inventions made things faster, cheaper - for the factory owners but not for the workers who were being replaced by machines.

PEOPLE WHO DON’T KNOW COMPUTERS ARE CALLED LUDDITES

New Ways of Thinking

Who should benefit from the profits of the new factories - the capitalists owners or the workers?

Robert Owen

Thomas MalthusDavid Ricardo

New economic views on factors of productionEconomist = those who study the “dismal science” of economics -

dismal because workers will always be poor

Robert OwenA factory owner who believed that workers in his factories - if treated well with good pay, decent working hours, and safe working conditions - would work harder, produce more, and buy more thereby making a higher profit for both the owner and the workers

Thomas MalthusDavid RicardoMalthus and Ricardobelieved in “laissez-faire”(free market - hands off)economics of Adam Smith but for much more negativereasons. Smith believed that workers should be paid well so they could buy more in a free market system

Thomas Malthus

Adam Smith you are wrong. THE human population grows faster than the food supply that feeds them. Only disease, disaster, war, and famine keeps the human population in check.

Therefore, if workers are paid high wages, receive better working conditions, and gov’t assistance then they are going to eat more food and produce more children which will only result in more poverty

David Ricardo

Iron Law of Wages: higher wages = more children= more workers competing for jobs = drive wages down, create unemployment and famine

David Ricardo

““Iron Law of Wages.”Iron Law of Wages.”

When wages are high,When wages are high,workers have moreworkers have morechildren.children.

More children create aMore children create alarge labor surplus thatlarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.depresses wages.

The UtilitariansJeremy Bentham & John Stuart

Mill

The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number.The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number.There is a role to play for government intervention to provide There is a role to play for government intervention to provide

some social safety net.some social safety net.

Jeremy BenthamUtilitariansim -This philosophy, utilitarianism, argued that the right act or policy was that which would cause "the greatest happiness of the greatest number"

The Utilitarians John Stuart Mill

believed in Utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham but his conception was differentMill's On Liberty addresses the nature and

limits of the power that can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual.

One argument that Mill develops further than any previous philosopher is the harm principle.

The harm principle holds that each individual has the right to act as he wants, so long as these actions do not harm others.

The SocialistsUtopians and

Marxists

•People as a society would operate and own the means of People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals.production, not individuals.•Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.just a rich, well-connected few.•Tried to build perfect communities [Tried to build perfect communities [utopiasutopias].].

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

Friedrich Engles (1825-1895)

Not happy with Robert Owen’s “utopian socialism” - want a more revolutionary approach.

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

Friedrich Engles (1825-1895)

Want a revolutionary mov’t where workers (proletariat) overthrow the existing rulers and factory owners (bourgeoisie) in order to form a country run by workers.

Ultimately this would lead to a communist state where all property would be shared.

This is a good idea!

What is the difference between

socialismcapitalism

communism

?

Communism, Socialism, Capitalism

Communism

Socialism

Capitalism

Gov’t rolein the economy

Gap b/w “haves and have-nots”

Countries Your definition

Results of British Industrialization

1850 Zones of IndustrializationNortheast France.Northeast France.Belgium.Belgium.The Netherlands.The Netherlands.Western German Western German

states.states.Northern ItalyNorthern ItalyEast Germany SaxonyEast Germany Saxony

Industrialization by 1850

Railroads on the Continent

Share in World Manufacturing Output 1750-1900