The Individuals Session 10 Introduction to Communication Science
TheIndividuals
Session 10 Introduction to Communication Science
After completing this lesson, you will understand why…
• Is it important to understand the role of communication in the ongoing activities of individuals.
• Through our lives, we developed self concept and self-awareness .
• In life, people faces many stages and types of relationship.
• Communication plays a central role in development & evolution of human relationship.
Intrapersonal/Individual
CommunicationIn often happens when you
imagine, think, analyze, and solve problems in your head
It is an internal dialogue and may take place even when you are alone, with someone, or in public
Prinsip 1:
Proses Simbolik
Komunikasidalam diri kitaberperanpenting dalamperkembangandiri sebagaiindividu dan membentukinterpretasiterhadaplingkungansekitar
Basic Activities of Human Communication
1. Reacting: Memproses pesan secara visual/auditori/tactile/olfactory/gustatory
2. Acting: Memulai komunikasi verbal/non-verbal
3. Interacting: Terlibat dalam pengiriman/pertukaran pesan
dengan orang/objek lain
Dalam memprosespesan, kita melaluitahappenginterpretasianpesan sebelumsampai ke tindakankomunikasi
Proses Interpretasi Pesan
Message Describe Classify Evaluation Action
Describe
Classify
Evaluation
Action
Secara rutin, manusia memproses informasi & mengembangkan interpretasi berdasarkan
pengalaman, yang pada akhirnya menghasilkanpersonal theory (teori berdasarkan
pengalaman)
1. Cognitive Hardware -- perangkat fisik(indra)
2. Cognitive Software teori berdasarkanpengalaman
Cognitive Development
Learning Process
• Bayi yang baru lahir tidak paham bahasa, simbol, konsep & gagasan untukberkomunikasi
• Bayi belajar lewat pengalaman & indra, setelah dewasa mereka belajar melalui media komunikasi lainnya
Self - Development
Menurut Herbert Mead, ada tiga
proses tahapan yang dilewati
manusia untuk mampu
berpartisipasi dalam masyarakat
sosial. Tahapan tersebut adalah
preparatory stage, play stage &
game stage.
“
”
Tahap pertama :
→ Belum mampu
memandang perilakunya
sendiri.
→ Meniru perilaku orang
lain yang ada di sekitarnya
dan mencoba memberikan
makna.
→ Mulai belajar
menangkap makna dari
bahasa yang
digunakannya
Pada tahapan kedua, anak mulai belajarberperan seperti orang lain. Berperilakuseperti ayahnya, ibunya, guru, dsb. Melaluibermain peran yang beraneka ragam itu anakmempelajari pola-pola perilaku individulainnya.
Tahap ketiga, merupakan tahapan di manaanak melatih ketrampilan sosialnya. Di sini, ia belajar bagaimana memenuhi harapanorang lain.
hide
Mind is the ability to use symbols
that have common social meanings.
→ Human must develop minds
through interaction with others.
Self is imagining how we look to
another person.
The looking glass self is our ability
to see ourself as another see us.
→ We imagine how we appear to
others, their judgement of our
appearance
Mind, Self and Society
We learned about ourselves from the way others treat us, view us and
label us
Self-concepts provide an important motive for behavior.→Beliefs, values, feelings and assesments about the
self, affect behavior
Self-fulfilling Prophecy is a prediction about yourself
causing you to behave in such a way that it comes
true
We develop self-concepts through interaction with others
You
Friends
Teachers
Family
Lovers
Strangers
Society are the web or social
relationships humans create
and respond to
→ Interaction takes place
within a dynamic social
structure (culture, society)
Particular Others are
individuals who are significant
to us (family, friends)
Generalized Others are the
attitude of the whole
community
Interpersonal Relationships
• refers to face-to-face- communication between two people
example: doctor-patient, teacher
student, parent-child, husband-
wife, two close friend, etc
• Every participant can get the
reaction from the others.
Interpersonal
Communication
Ciri-ciri Interpersonal
CommunicationSteward L. Tubbs dan Sylvia Moss (dalam Deddy Mulyana, 2005)
berada dalam jarak yang dekat. mengirim dan menerima pesan verbal
atau non-verbal secara simultan dan spontan.
Tujuan Komunikasi Antar-Pribadi
1) Mengenal diri sendiri dan orang lain
2) Mengetahui dunia luar
3) Menciptakan dan memelihara hubungan menjadi
bermakna
4) Mengubah sikap dan perilaku
5) Bermain dan mencari hiburan
6) Membantu
Proses Transaksional
1. Komunikasi interpersonal sebagai proses.
2. Komponen-komponen dalam komunikasi interpersonal saling tergantung.
3. Para pelaku komunikasi interpersonal bertindak dan bereaksi.
Any question…?
A RELATIONSHIP… is formed whenever reciprocal message
(interpersonal communication) processing
occurs
Types of Relationships
1. Dyadic and Triadic Relationships• Majority of our relationships are dyad (2 person units)• Each dyadic relationship fulfills particular ends
(husband-wife, teacher-student, doctor-patient)• Triad relationships may get very complex.• In triad, difference of opinions can be resolved by
voting, when in dyad, negotiation is the only means to decision making.
Task and Social Relationships
Task relationships developed for the purpose of coordinated action – completion of a task or project
While social relationships provide a means of diversion, recreation, intimacy or companionship.
Short and Long Term
Relationships
Short Term Long Term
Low investment High Investment
Little history Lengthy history
Identities negotiable Identities fixed
Casual & Intimate
Relationships
• Relationships can be charac-
terized in terms of “depth”
or level of intimacy
• In more intimate relationships,
a person is disclosing much
information about his/her
opinion or beliefs
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Reciprocity in Self-Disclosure
• In the beginning…people match disclosure
topic:
I’m from New York
I like pumpkin pie.
When I was six, I fell out
of a tree and broke my arm.
I’m from California
I like apple and blueberry pie.
I never broke any bones before.
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Reciprocity in Self-Disclosure
• In an established relationship,
reciprocity occurs less often:
I really can’t stand my mother. That stinks. Can I help?
Thanks for sharing your secret.I have to tell you this huge secret…
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Social Penetration Theory
Early in Relationship
Very
Intimate
Number of Topics
Intimate
Superficial
Little Depth
&
Little Breadth
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Very
Intimate
Number of Topics
Intimate
Superficial
Social Penetration Theory
As the Relationship Develops
Depth
& Breadth
Depth: How personal or private the
information is:
• Superficial: Your favorite foods and
beverages.
• Intimate: Your educational background
and your feelings about it.
• Very Intimate: Feelings about your
adequacy in sexual behavior.
Breadth: the different
domains of disclosure
- biographical data
- preferences (food,
clothing, music, etc.)
- goals and
aspirations
- convictions
(religious,
philosophical, moral)
- deeply held
fantasies and fears
- concept of self
(who am I?)
How the theory applies to every day life? Let’s look at one
episode of “Friends”, titled "Rachel and Ross...you know“,
which appeared during the second season of the show.
This episode offers examples which relate to the Social
Penetration Theory.
• The story is about the first date that occurs between Rachel and Ross (two characters who have been friends previously and decide to date.)
• Taylor and Altman base their theory on the idea of how people develop closeness within a relationship. To encorporate their ideas they created the onion model which shows the layers which must be peeled away in order to create closeness in a relationship.
How did Rachel and Ross gain relational closeness?
Biographical data...
• The couple exchanges
information that is
normal of every day
talk such as "Hi, how
are you? How was your
day?..." This is the
layer where they flirt in
a discrete manner and
are careful about their
body language toward
each other in front of
other people.
Superficial areas...
• When reaching this layer Rachel discloses the information that she couldn't see the subtitles of the movie they watched during their date because she did not want to have to wear her glasses on their first date. Within this layer as one can understand by Rachel's example of eye glasses people tend to admit to silly hang-ups that they may have.
Deeply held fears and fantasies...
Moving toward the inner layers of the onion
Ross tells Rachel that he is self conscience
about grabbing her butt due to the fact that she
made fun of him when he first attempted to did
so. Although this particular fear may not be
deeply rooted people often share secrets and
never before told stories at this layer in a
relationship.
Concept of self...The idea of sharing your self-concept
with another is the inner most layer of
Altman and Taylor's onion. Within this
layer Ross explains to Rachel his
reasoning behind not being able to
grab her butt and explains to her that
he feels stupid doing so. When people
reveal to another how they view
theirself they are usually reaching a
high level of comfort in the
relationship. Although this example
deals with a comical situation and the
dilemma is based on Ross grabbing
Rachel's butt, one can still see how
Social Penetration theory is relevant.
Gender stylesWomen are more likely to share thoughts and feelings75% of men surveyed said most meaningful experiences with friends came from activities other than talking
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Figure 6-1 Stages of Relational Development
Stages of Relationships (Mark Knapp)
Initiating – brief interactions to show interestExperimenting – small talkIntensifying – expression of feelings Integrating – take identity as one social unitBonding – make symbolic public gestures
Differentiating – need to gain privacyCircumscribing – withdrawal, shrinking of interestStagnating – no growth occursAvoiding – physical distance occursTerminating – relationship ends
Relational Patterns 1. Supportive & Defensive Climates2. Dependencies & Counterdependencies3. Progressive & Regressive Spirals
Factors That Influence Patterns
1. Stage of relationship & context
2. Interpersonal needs and styles
3. Power
4. Conflict
Thank you… See you
next week!