The Indians’ New World 1. Native Americans in 1492 (North of Mexico) – 1 million? 7 million? 12 million? in 1900 – 250,000 in US (out of 76 million =

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The Indians’ New World

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Native Americans

• in 1492 (North of Mexico)– 1 million? 7 million? 12 million?

• in 1900– 250,000 in US (out of 76 million = 0.3%)

• In 2000– 4.1 million (out of 281 million = 1.5%)

• 2.5 million reporting only American Indian or Alaska native• 1.6 million reporting American Indian or Alaska native + other race(s)

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The ‘Columbian Exchange’

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Last week:

• ‘Indians’ and ‘Native Americans’• Diversity of native cultures• Pre-contact life in Southwest and Eastern

Woodlands

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Taíno

Source: Yale University Libraries

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Hispaniola

Source: Yale University Libraries

8Source: University of West Florida

Timucua Apalachee

Guale

Calusa

Cofitachequi

Coosa

Mabila

(St. Augustine)

Juan Ponce de Léon

Hernando de Soto

Rene de Goulaine de Laudonnière

Franciscan missionaries

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Consequences of Spanish invasions

• Depopulation due to disease and war– Up to 75% of native population died

• Consolidation into new confederacies– Creeks, Chocktaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Catawba

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11Source: U. Oregon Mapping History Project

From the 1500s, European fishermen interacted with Beothuks, Montagnais, Micmacs

Jacques Cartier 1534

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The fur trade

• Deer, caribou, beaver

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Iroquois

Samuel de Champlain->Québec (1608). Henry Hudson. Mohawk and Mahicans. « Mourning Wars »

Manhattan -> New Amsterdam -> New York

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1585, 1587: Roanoke Island

1607: Jamestown, Virginia

1610-1614 & 1622-32: wars between the English and the Powhatans

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Plymouth

1616: major epidemic destroyed90% of native population alongthe coast

1620: Puritans arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts

1630: more Puritans arrived

1633: another epidemic

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Colonial Expansion

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Pequot massacre (1637)

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John Eliot and the ‘praying towns’

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Metacom’s War (1675-76)

20Source: Mapping History Project, U. Oregon.

21Source: Mapping History Project, U. Oregon.

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Main transformations

• Disease -> population decline -> consolidation and formation of new groups

• Trade -> geographic relocation, new alliances, new tools, crops, and animals

• Colonization -> resistance and accommodation

23Source: Norton Anthology of American Literature, 8th ed.