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The Importance of The English
Language by means of Words of
The World Bank.
Because universities are international institutions, with an
openness to faculty and student
flows and to borderless knowledge creation and dissemination,
the language of science and
scholarship is of central importance.
For teaching and publishing, the earliest European universities
used a common language
Latin. Even at that time, the universities saw themselves as
international institutions, serving
students from throughout Europe and often hiring professors from
a variety of countries.
Knowledge circulated through the medium of Latin.
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Two key tasks in those early years were translating books from
Arabic and Greek into Latin
and introducing this knowledge to Europe. Later, as a result of
the Protestant Reformation,
national languages began to dominate universities in their home
countries, and the
universities became national, rather than international,
institutions.
French was a central language of scholarship during the Age of
Enlightenment and the
Napoleonic Era. German became a key scientific language with the
rise of the research
university in the 19th century, and many of the new scientific
journals were published in
German. Following World War II, English slowly gained influence
as the major language of
scientific communication with the rise of the U.S. research
university and the expansion of
university systems in (a) English-speaking countries such as
Australia, Canada, New Zealand,
and the United Kingdom; and (b) former British colonies
including India and Pakistan in
South Asia and Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, and Zimbabwe
in Africa. In Asia, Hong
Kong and Singapore emerged as academic powerhouses that used
English in their
universities.
By the beginning of the 21st century, English had emerged as the
nearly universal medium of
scientific communication (Lillis and Curry 2010). Today,
universities in non-English-speaking
countries are to varying degrees using English as a language of
instruction in certain fields.
For example, in many Arabic-speaking countries, as well as in
China and Korea, English is
used as the language of instruction in scientific areas and in
professional fields such as
business administration. In Malaysia, which previously had
emphasized the use of Bahasa
Malaysia as the language of instruction, English has returned as
a major teaching language.
On the European continent, English is used for teaching in
fields deemed most globally
relevant and mobile, such as business and engineering.
Most influential academic journals and scientific websites are
published in English, and
universities in many parts of the world encourage or even demand
that their professors
publish in English-medium journals as evidence of quality
scholarship. Many arguments exist
concerning the advisability of this emphasis on the use of
English for communication and
academic advancement.
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Yet, in fact, English is now the global language of science and
scholarship and is likely to
remain dominant for the foreseeable future. Some analysts
(Lillis and Curry 2010) have
pointed out that academics worldwide are forced to use the
methodologies and paradigms
of the main English-medium journals, which reflect the values of
the editors and boards in
the United Kingdom, the United States, and other metropolitan
countries.
For authors whose first language is not English, acceptance of
their work by these influential
publications is notably more difficult. The top-ranking journals
are increasingly selective,
accepting only 5 to 10 percent of submissions, as universities
worldwide demand that their
scholars and scientists publish in these journals.
The influence of English on research, teaching, and scholarship
in the 21st century is one of
the realities of research universities worldwide, as illustrated
by several case studies
presented in this book. In some ways, English is also the
language of academic
neocolonialism in the sense that scholars everywhere are under
pressure to conform to the
norms and values of the metropolitan academic systems that use
English.
END.
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From the document: The Road to Academic Excellence - The Making
of
World-Class Research Universities.
Human Development - THE WORLD BANK.
Authors (Editors): Philip G. Altbach and Jamil Salmi.
Original title of theme: The Language of Science and
Scholarship.
New Title by: M.C. Enrique Ruiz Daz.
Maestro en Ciencias de la Computacin.
Egresado del Instituto Tecnolgico de Orizaba, Ver.,
Mxico.
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Invitation: Discover The Assortment for you of M.C. Enrique
Ruiz
Daz of Texts of the VOA Special English Program.
Visit my Personal Page. Get ahead. Go to:
https://sites.google.com/site/mcenriqueruizdiaz/
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Know the Project: Books of English, from English 1 to 5, for
all
the CBTIS of the United Mexican States.
The Students can do the organization as they like it; but
absolutely, the Responses are written by hand, and the Works
are
Presented by Groups with a Maximum of 5 persons.
I formulated a project for the CBTIS (Technological Industrial
and of Services Center of Bachelor
Degree) 107 of Tuxtepec, Oax., Mxico consisting in giving to the
Library of this Institution with
five volumes of English language, of my authorship. A book for
each semester, from the first
English book to fifth English book (according to the plan of
studies in this regard of the CBTIS). At
no cost to the Institution, because this is a donation (in the
staff, I solve my expenses of the
project with income of my employment as a professor that I would
be in this CBTIS).
One of the major advantages of this project is to solve the need
of the student of spending in
books of English language because the books will be at your
complete disposal into the student
community in the Library of the institution.
Afterward, in an immediate subsequent phase of this project is
that among the student
community of this CBTIS and all the CBTIS of the United Mexican
States will have these 5 volumes
of English language by means of a page of Google; read it,
neither cost nor restriction to obtain
them.
Well, as a last note, I must say that these books will have the
format of 'workbook'. This, as an
intelligent work with foundations and then their respective
exercises to resolve, into a concurrent
process. M.C. Enrique Ruiz Daz.
Con ttulo y cdula profesional 5632071 en la Maestra en Ciencias
de la Computacin.
Egresado del Instituto Tecnolgico de Orizaba, Veracruz,
Mxico.
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Invitation to my Personal Pages.
Education is our passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to
the people
who prepare for it today .
Malcolm X.
Visit: https://sites.google.com/site/mcenriqueruizdiaz/ Also:
http://sites.google.com/site/enriqueruizdiaz/
Get Instruments for your Training.
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Mi Diploma por mi Ponencia en el Instituto Politcnico
Nacional,
Mxico, D.F. 2007. Durante mis estudios de Maestra.