The impact of new technology on the news production process in the newsroom By Abdulsamad Zangana A DISSERTATION Submitted to The University of Liverpool In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2017
The impact of new technology on the news production process in the newsroom
Mar 15, 2023
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Microsoft Word - the impact of new technology on the news production in kurdish news - abdulsamad zangana2.docxThe impact of new technology on the news production process
in the newsroom
Abstract
The change brought about by new technology in the television newsroom has
become a key aspect of the development of the television industry in Iraqi-
Kurdistan; since the newsroom has begun to adopt a new automated system, it
has particularly shaped journalists’ practice and the method of news production
within their workplace network. This change has led to the creation of a new
form of journalistic practice, particularly with regard to multi-skills, multi-
media and multi-tasks within the newsroom network. Hence, these
technological changes have provided the news practitioner with more
opportunities to obtain a detailed understanding of their practices, interactions
and actions.
This research project provides an ethnographic account of newsroom culture
and journalists’ practice using automation and non-automation systems (see,
chapter two distinction) in two Kurdish news channels in Iraqi-Kurdistan. It
draws upon in-depth interviews with journalists; non-participant observation
and collected documentation related to the research questions.
The current research project is based upon two models: One is Community of
Practice (COP)(see chapter 3), developed by Etienne Wenger (1998) and Jean
Lave (1991). The COP approach provides a focus on subjects related to the
workplace culture, mutual engagement, identity of the members, shared history
of learning, exchange of information, experience and shared knowledge. The
other is the Actor-Network Theory (ANT) (Bruno Latour, 1992. Michel Callon,
1992. John Law, others), which offers a better means of carrying out an
examination related to socio-technical phenomena in the newsroom network
(see chapter 3). The ANT approach is suitable for discovering the interactions
and relationships between heterogeneous actors (human and nonhuman) in the
workplace network.
The research project examines how Kurdish newsroom practice and culture and
journalists deal with new technology within the framework of the workplace.
iv
Alongside this, the project addresses the key characteristics and compared
automation and non-automation systems when conducting news practice in the
newsroom. In this context, the research investigates the roles of journalists in
each system and their everyday interactions and practices in their particular
circumstances. This study examines journalists’ relationships and involvement
in their workplace learning, their interaction within their community, their
understanding of their practice and the shaping of their production in the
newsroom network. In addition, this study looks at the extent to which new
technology has a role in improving the skills that journalists need to conduct
their profession. To achieve this, the researcher has conducted in-depth
interviews newsroom journalists and news workers working for two TV
channels, GK and KNN.
The findings show that the use of new technology in the KNN newsroom has had
a big impact on the news practice and everyday life of journalists in the
workplace, particularly, in comparison with the findings from the non-
automation system used in the GK channel. The overall responses to these
questions in the interviews reveal that the automated newsroom has impacted
on news management production, and has increased the amount of news
production, interaction of news workers, and exchange of experience and
knowledge within the framework of their environment. However, there was no
increase in news production associated with the non-automation system used in
the GK newsroom network.
2016, MeCCSA PGN Conference 2016: New direction in media research,
"From laboratory life to newsroom practice: The use of Actor-Network Theory
and Community of Practice to explain the newsroom practice and culture in the
case of the Kurdish news channel", University of Leicester. UK. Best Paper
Award.
2015, ECREA Summer School, "[the impact on new technology on the news
production]", University of Bremen, Germany
2015, Institute for the study of journalism - Negotiating Culture
Conference"[the use of COP and ANT in the newsroom]",, University of Oxford,
UK.
everyday life of journalists", Lisbon, Portugal.
2016, Communication, Correspondence and Transmission in the Early
Modern World Conference 2016, University of Leeds, UK.
2017, The University of Sheffield The conference will be held on 26 and 27
January 2017. ‘Digital Opportunities and Challenges Researching
Journalism and Media in a Digital Age’. Paper title [ Every day life of
journalists in the modern newsroom the use of algorithm to explain the
newsroom practice ]
their lives to deliver the real news
viii
Acknowledgements
First of all, I wish to express my special thanks to the director of my project,
Professor Simeon Yates. He provided me with a lot of advice and with a clear
academic pathway to accomplish this project. Also, the three years of
supervision by Professor Yates was an inspiring period of my life: he
encouraged me to view everything a more in-depth way.
I would like to express my special thanks to Mr Peter Goddard as second
supervisor for this research project. Also, special thanks to Dr Yannis
Tzioumakis, Postgraduate Research Student Exchanges Coordinator, and thanks
to the reviewers of the three years of annual activities who provided me with
feedback related to my project, especially Professor Kay Richardson, Head of
Department, Dr David Hill and Dr Ekaterina Balabanova. Also, I would like to
express my deep respect for and special thanks to, Mrs Marion Windsor,
Amanda Dentith in the PGR section and Mrs Pamela Heald of the Postgraduate
Support Team. Special thanks, to my dearest colleagues at PGR room, Morven
Cook, Hannah berry and Liam Burrell.
Thank you to my family members, my mam, my sister and my brother,
Mohammd. I am especially grateful to my dear cousin, Rhman Khani. He
encouraged me to work hard to reach my goals and finish my study. Here, I
would also like to express my special thanks to my dear friends who supported
this project: Nwzad Sdiq, Kamil Omar, Baroz Ali, Hunar Rasul and Dyari Osman
Arf.
I owe a special thanks to the journalists who participated in this research
project. I would like to express my thanks to Hoshyar Abdulah, director of KNN;
Hardi Darwish, director of news in KNN; Birar Namiq, newsroom organiser and
Halo Abobakar, the correspondent responsible. In GK, special thanks should be
extended to Dlzar Arf, Director of the Relationship Department; Head of News
Zardasht Doski; and Didar Latif, Twan Ali and Ranj Azad, news producers in the
Dedication .................................................................................................................................... vii
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. viii
List of Diagram ....................................................................................................................... xviii
List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. xix
Chapter One: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1
1.3 The Politico-Economic and Socio-Cultural Contexts of Iraqi-Kurdistan ...... 6
1.3.1 Iraqi-Kurdistan .................................................................................................................. 6
1.3.2 Brief history of Iraqi-Kurdistan and Kurdish issues ......................................... 6
1.3.3 Kurdish culture and language ..................................................................................... 8
1.3.4 The development of media and news coverage in Iraqi-Kurdistan ......... 10
1.3.5 Current Kurdish media context ............................................................................... 12
1.3.5.1 GK channel .................................................................................................................... 12
1.3.5.2 KNN channel ................................................................................................................. 13
systems. ......................................................................................................................................... 15
1.4 The significance of the research ................................................................................. 22
x
1.5 The thesis outline .............................................................................................................. 23
Chapter Two: Overview of the impact of new technology on the newsroom 27
2.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 27
2.1.2 Newspaper and technology change ....................................................................... 27
2.1.3 Radio and technology change ................................................................................... 30
2.1.4 Television and technology change ......................................................................... 32
2.1.5 Online Journalism and technology change ......................................................... 34
2.2 Middle Eastern literature on news production and new technology ......... 36
2.3. The impact of new technology on the newsroom .............................................. 38
2.3.1 New technology and the newsroom ................................................................ 38
2.3.2 The digitisation of the modern newsroom ................................................... 40
2.3.3 Newsroom computerisation and automation ............................................. 43
2.3.4. Knowledge management in the newsroom ................................................. 46
2.3.5 News editing operations in the newsroom ................................................... 47
2.4 Key news crew in the digital newsroom ................................................................. 50
2.4.1 The news producer in the newsroom ............................................................. 51
2.4.2 The news director in the newsroom ............................................................... 54
2.4.3 The vision mixer ....................................................................................................... 56
2.4.4 The news editor in the newsroom .................................................................... 56
2.4.5 The news reporter in the newsroom ............................................................... 59
2.4.6 The news anchor in the newsroom .................................................................. 61
2.4.7 The news graphic artist ......................................................................................... 63
2.5 The studio and control room in the digital age .................................................... 65
2.5.1 The studio control room (SCR) .......................................................................... 66
2.5.2 The news studio space ........................................................................................... 68
2.5.3 Technology tools in the studio and control rooms .................................... 68
2.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 71
Chapter Three: ........................................................................................................................... 73
xi
3.3 Review of the Community of Practice ...................................................................... 74
3.4 Meaning of Community of Practice in the newsroom ....................................... 77
3.4.1 The newsroom domain .......................................................................................... 78
3.4.2 The newsroom community .................................................................................. 79
3.4.3 The newsroom practice ......................................................................................... 80
3.5 Journalists’ identity in the framework of newsroom practice ....................... 81
3.6 The framework of Community of Practice ............................................................. 83
3.6.1 The negotiation of meaning ................................................................................. 83
3.6.2 Participation of the journalists in the newsroom practice .................... 85
3.6.3 Reification and newsroom practices ............................................................... 87
3.7 The dimensions of practice in the COP framework ............................................ 88
3.7.1 Mutual engagement in the newsroom ............................................................ 89
3.7.2 The joint enterprise within the newsroom ................................................... 91
3.7.3 The shared repertoire within the newsroom .............................................. 92
3.8 The Community of Practice and workplace learning ........................................ 94
3.9 The Community of Practice and members’ relationships ................................ 98
3.10 The Community of Practice and technology change .................................... 100
3.11 The virtual community and the virtual newsroom ....................................... 102
3.12. COP applying in media ............................................................................................. 103
3.13.1 Challenges in applying COP model ................................................................... 105
3.13.2 applying and Limitation of the COP ................................................................. 107
3.13.2.1 Limitation of the Community of Practice (physical – co-located) ... 107
3.13.2.2 Limitation of the virtual community ............................................................ 109
3.14 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 110
4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 111
4.3 Key principles in dealing with actors .................................................................... 113
4.4 The newsroom as laboratory .................................................................................... 116
xii
4.5.1 Problematisation ................................................................................................... 123
4.5.2 Intéressement ......................................................................................................... 125
4.5.3 Enrolment ................................................................................................................ 127
4.5.4 Mobilisation ............................................................................................................. 129
4.8 Information management system in newsroom (Avid technology) ........ 133
4.9 Actors’ relationship in the newsroom network ................................................ 134
4.10 Illustrating practical examples of the key terms in the newsroom ....... 137
4.11 The Actor-Network Theory and media .............................................................. 140
4.12 Criticisms of the Actor-Network Theory ........................................................... 143
4.14 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 147
5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 149
5.3 The ANT translation process and COP learning process ............................... 151
5.4 Problematisation (ANT) and sharing of the problem (COP) ....................... 154
5.5 Intéressement (ANT), shared network goals (COP) and identity ............. 157
5.6 Enrolment negotiation (ANT) and actor practice (COP) ............................... 159
5.7 Mobilisation (ANT) and understanding practice (COP) ................................ 160
5.8 Learning in COP and ANT ........................................................................................... 162
5.9 Overall integration of ANT and COP as models of collective action ......... 164
5.10 The newsroom practice, COP and ANT links ................................................... 166
5.11 Value of combining COP and ANT models in understanding newsroom
practice ....................................................................................................................................... 177
6.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 181
xiii
6.2.1 Advantages of the ethnography for ANT and COP .................................. 183
6.2.2 Disadvantages of the ethnographic approach .......................................... 185
6.3 Research design and methods .................................................................................. 185
6.3.1 Aims and objectives of the study .................................................................... 185
6.3.2 Practical challenges for study .......................................................................... 186
6.3.3 Research sample selection ................................................................................ 187
6.3.4 The Gali Kurdistan Satellite Channel (GK) ................................................. 188
6.3.5 The Kurdish News Network (KNN) .............................................................. 189
6.3.6 Nature of fieldwork .............................................................................................. 190
6.3.7 Period of data collection and access fieldwork ........................................ 191
6.4 Research design and methods .................................................................................. 192
6.4.1 Non-participant observation ........................................................................... 192
6.4.2 In-depth interviews ............................................................................................. 195
Table : Total interviewees in KNN and GK Channel ................................................ 196
6.4.2.1 Transcription ............................................................................................................ 199
6.5.1 Analytic process .................................................................................................... 201
6.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 202
Chapter Seven: Analysis of the data, the newsroom of the GK channel ......... 204
7.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 204
7.5. The relationship of journalists in the newsroom ............................................ 224
7. 6. The journalist workshop in the newsroom ....................................................... 230
7.7.The news editor in the newsroom .......................................................................... 235
7.8 The professional skills of news anchor ................................................................. 241
xiv
7.10 Discussion, negotiations and the daily meeting ............................................. 250
7.11 Daily work and practices in the GK newsroom .............................................. 255
7.12. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 258
Chapter Eight: Analysis of the data, the newsroom of the KNN channel ....... 261
8.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 261
8.4 The everyday journalists practices in the newsroom .................................... 272
8.5 The news producer ........................................................................................................ 283
8.6 The news editors in the newsroom ........................................................................ 287
8.7 The journalists experience and identity ............................................................... 290
8.8 The skills of the news worker ................................................................................... 295
8.9 The visual skills of journalists and news item ................................................... 303
8.10 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 307
Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 309
9.0.3 Managing news production .................................................................................... 311
9.2 Key finding from the cases studies ......................................................................... 311
9.1.1 The digital technology and news production process in the KNN
newsroom ................................................................................................................................. 312
9.1.2The non-automation system and news production in the GK newsroom
........................................................................................................................................................ 315
xv
9.3 Reflections on theoretical implications: ANT and COP models .................. 319
9.4 Skills and training of journalists from COP and ANT perspective ............ 323
9.5 Reflections on the practical implications of the findings for journalists 325
9.6 The contribution of this thesis to COP and ANT models ............................... 327
9.7 The practical use of thesis .......................................................................................... 328
9.8 The contribution of the thesis to wider field of the study of journalism and
technology ................................................................................................................................. 329
9.9 The contribution of the thesis to journalists in Iraqi-Kurdistan ................ 330
9.10 Recommendation for future studies ................................................................... 332
9.11 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 333
ANT: Actor-Network theory
COP: Community of Practice
OPP: Obligators Passenger Point
KNN TV: Kurdish News Network Television
PUK: Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
KDP: Kurdistan Democratic Party
Diagram 2.2 architectural system workflow ……………………………………………….19
Diagram 7.1 structure of GK newsroom ……………………………………………………...205
Diagram 8.1 structure of KNN newsroom……………………………………………………262
List of Tables
Table 2.1: Key roles of human actors in the newsroom ................................................. 50
Table 5.1: Key links between newsroom practice, COP and ANT ........................... 166
Table 6.1: The participants in the in-depth interview according to workplace
and channel .................................................................................................................................... 195
1.0 Introduction
This research project seeks to examine the impact of new technology on the
news production process in two newsrooms networks in Iraqi-Kurdistan. The
study provides an ethnographic account of workplace culture in two Kurdish
news channels, comparing an automation and non-automation newsroom. The
key aim of this research project is to explore and compare the role of different
types of news technologies – an automation Avid iNews system and a non-
automation system in everyday journalistic practice in the workplace. The
framework of Kurdish news network provides a number of key factors. These
include the recent implementation of state of the art digital news production
alongside the existence of …
in the newsroom
Abstract
The change brought about by new technology in the television newsroom has
become a key aspect of the development of the television industry in Iraqi-
Kurdistan; since the newsroom has begun to adopt a new automated system, it
has particularly shaped journalists’ practice and the method of news production
within their workplace network. This change has led to the creation of a new
form of journalistic practice, particularly with regard to multi-skills, multi-
media and multi-tasks within the newsroom network. Hence, these
technological changes have provided the news practitioner with more
opportunities to obtain a detailed understanding of their practices, interactions
and actions.
This research project provides an ethnographic account of newsroom culture
and journalists’ practice using automation and non-automation systems (see,
chapter two distinction) in two Kurdish news channels in Iraqi-Kurdistan. It
draws upon in-depth interviews with journalists; non-participant observation
and collected documentation related to the research questions.
The current research project is based upon two models: One is Community of
Practice (COP)(see chapter 3), developed by Etienne Wenger (1998) and Jean
Lave (1991). The COP approach provides a focus on subjects related to the
workplace culture, mutual engagement, identity of the members, shared history
of learning, exchange of information, experience and shared knowledge. The
other is the Actor-Network Theory (ANT) (Bruno Latour, 1992. Michel Callon,
1992. John Law, others), which offers a better means of carrying out an
examination related to socio-technical phenomena in the newsroom network
(see chapter 3). The ANT approach is suitable for discovering the interactions
and relationships between heterogeneous actors (human and nonhuman) in the
workplace network.
The research project examines how Kurdish newsroom practice and culture and
journalists deal with new technology within the framework of the workplace.
iv
Alongside this, the project addresses the key characteristics and compared
automation and non-automation systems when conducting news practice in the
newsroom. In this context, the research investigates the roles of journalists in
each system and their everyday interactions and practices in their particular
circumstances. This study examines journalists’ relationships and involvement
in their workplace learning, their interaction within their community, their
understanding of their practice and the shaping of their production in the
newsroom network. In addition, this study looks at the extent to which new
technology has a role in improving the skills that journalists need to conduct
their profession. To achieve this, the researcher has conducted in-depth
interviews newsroom journalists and news workers working for two TV
channels, GK and KNN.
The findings show that the use of new technology in the KNN newsroom has had
a big impact on the news practice and everyday life of journalists in the
workplace, particularly, in comparison with the findings from the non-
automation system used in the GK channel. The overall responses to these
questions in the interviews reveal that the automated newsroom has impacted
on news management production, and has increased the amount of news
production, interaction of news workers, and exchange of experience and
knowledge within the framework of their environment. However, there was no
increase in news production associated with the non-automation system used in
the GK newsroom network.
2016, MeCCSA PGN Conference 2016: New direction in media research,
"From laboratory life to newsroom practice: The use of Actor-Network Theory
and Community of Practice to explain the newsroom practice and culture in the
case of the Kurdish news channel", University of Leicester. UK. Best Paper
Award.
2015, ECREA Summer School, "[the impact on new technology on the news
production]", University of Bremen, Germany
2015, Institute for the study of journalism - Negotiating Culture
Conference"[the use of COP and ANT in the newsroom]",, University of Oxford,
UK.
everyday life of journalists", Lisbon, Portugal.
2016, Communication, Correspondence and Transmission in the Early
Modern World Conference 2016, University of Leeds, UK.
2017, The University of Sheffield The conference will be held on 26 and 27
January 2017. ‘Digital Opportunities and Challenges Researching
Journalism and Media in a Digital Age’. Paper title [ Every day life of
journalists in the modern newsroom the use of algorithm to explain the
newsroom practice ]
their lives to deliver the real news
viii
Acknowledgements
First of all, I wish to express my special thanks to the director of my project,
Professor Simeon Yates. He provided me with a lot of advice and with a clear
academic pathway to accomplish this project. Also, the three years of
supervision by Professor Yates was an inspiring period of my life: he
encouraged me to view everything a more in-depth way.
I would like to express my special thanks to Mr Peter Goddard as second
supervisor for this research project. Also, special thanks to Dr Yannis
Tzioumakis, Postgraduate Research Student Exchanges Coordinator, and thanks
to the reviewers of the three years of annual activities who provided me with
feedback related to my project, especially Professor Kay Richardson, Head of
Department, Dr David Hill and Dr Ekaterina Balabanova. Also, I would like to
express my deep respect for and special thanks to, Mrs Marion Windsor,
Amanda Dentith in the PGR section and Mrs Pamela Heald of the Postgraduate
Support Team. Special thanks, to my dearest colleagues at PGR room, Morven
Cook, Hannah berry and Liam Burrell.
Thank you to my family members, my mam, my sister and my brother,
Mohammd. I am especially grateful to my dear cousin, Rhman Khani. He
encouraged me to work hard to reach my goals and finish my study. Here, I
would also like to express my special thanks to my dear friends who supported
this project: Nwzad Sdiq, Kamil Omar, Baroz Ali, Hunar Rasul and Dyari Osman
Arf.
I owe a special thanks to the journalists who participated in this research
project. I would like to express my thanks to Hoshyar Abdulah, director of KNN;
Hardi Darwish, director of news in KNN; Birar Namiq, newsroom organiser and
Halo Abobakar, the correspondent responsible. In GK, special thanks should be
extended to Dlzar Arf, Director of the Relationship Department; Head of News
Zardasht Doski; and Didar Latif, Twan Ali and Ranj Azad, news producers in the
Dedication .................................................................................................................................... vii
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. viii
List of Diagram ....................................................................................................................... xviii
List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. xix
Chapter One: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1
1.3 The Politico-Economic and Socio-Cultural Contexts of Iraqi-Kurdistan ...... 6
1.3.1 Iraqi-Kurdistan .................................................................................................................. 6
1.3.2 Brief history of Iraqi-Kurdistan and Kurdish issues ......................................... 6
1.3.3 Kurdish culture and language ..................................................................................... 8
1.3.4 The development of media and news coverage in Iraqi-Kurdistan ......... 10
1.3.5 Current Kurdish media context ............................................................................... 12
1.3.5.1 GK channel .................................................................................................................... 12
1.3.5.2 KNN channel ................................................................................................................. 13
systems. ......................................................................................................................................... 15
1.4 The significance of the research ................................................................................. 22
x
1.5 The thesis outline .............................................................................................................. 23
Chapter Two: Overview of the impact of new technology on the newsroom 27
2.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 27
2.1.2 Newspaper and technology change ....................................................................... 27
2.1.3 Radio and technology change ................................................................................... 30
2.1.4 Television and technology change ......................................................................... 32
2.1.5 Online Journalism and technology change ......................................................... 34
2.2 Middle Eastern literature on news production and new technology ......... 36
2.3. The impact of new technology on the newsroom .............................................. 38
2.3.1 New technology and the newsroom ................................................................ 38
2.3.2 The digitisation of the modern newsroom ................................................... 40
2.3.3 Newsroom computerisation and automation ............................................. 43
2.3.4. Knowledge management in the newsroom ................................................. 46
2.3.5 News editing operations in the newsroom ................................................... 47
2.4 Key news crew in the digital newsroom ................................................................. 50
2.4.1 The news producer in the newsroom ............................................................. 51
2.4.2 The news director in the newsroom ............................................................... 54
2.4.3 The vision mixer ....................................................................................................... 56
2.4.4 The news editor in the newsroom .................................................................... 56
2.4.5 The news reporter in the newsroom ............................................................... 59
2.4.6 The news anchor in the newsroom .................................................................. 61
2.4.7 The news graphic artist ......................................................................................... 63
2.5 The studio and control room in the digital age .................................................... 65
2.5.1 The studio control room (SCR) .......................................................................... 66
2.5.2 The news studio space ........................................................................................... 68
2.5.3 Technology tools in the studio and control rooms .................................... 68
2.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 71
Chapter Three: ........................................................................................................................... 73
xi
3.3 Review of the Community of Practice ...................................................................... 74
3.4 Meaning of Community of Practice in the newsroom ....................................... 77
3.4.1 The newsroom domain .......................................................................................... 78
3.4.2 The newsroom community .................................................................................. 79
3.4.3 The newsroom practice ......................................................................................... 80
3.5 Journalists’ identity in the framework of newsroom practice ....................... 81
3.6 The framework of Community of Practice ............................................................. 83
3.6.1 The negotiation of meaning ................................................................................. 83
3.6.2 Participation of the journalists in the newsroom practice .................... 85
3.6.3 Reification and newsroom practices ............................................................... 87
3.7 The dimensions of practice in the COP framework ............................................ 88
3.7.1 Mutual engagement in the newsroom ............................................................ 89
3.7.2 The joint enterprise within the newsroom ................................................... 91
3.7.3 The shared repertoire within the newsroom .............................................. 92
3.8 The Community of Practice and workplace learning ........................................ 94
3.9 The Community of Practice and members’ relationships ................................ 98
3.10 The Community of Practice and technology change .................................... 100
3.11 The virtual community and the virtual newsroom ....................................... 102
3.12. COP applying in media ............................................................................................. 103
3.13.1 Challenges in applying COP model ................................................................... 105
3.13.2 applying and Limitation of the COP ................................................................. 107
3.13.2.1 Limitation of the Community of Practice (physical – co-located) ... 107
3.13.2.2 Limitation of the virtual community ............................................................ 109
3.14 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 110
4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 111
4.3 Key principles in dealing with actors .................................................................... 113
4.4 The newsroom as laboratory .................................................................................... 116
xii
4.5.1 Problematisation ................................................................................................... 123
4.5.2 Intéressement ......................................................................................................... 125
4.5.3 Enrolment ................................................................................................................ 127
4.5.4 Mobilisation ............................................................................................................. 129
4.8 Information management system in newsroom (Avid technology) ........ 133
4.9 Actors’ relationship in the newsroom network ................................................ 134
4.10 Illustrating practical examples of the key terms in the newsroom ....... 137
4.11 The Actor-Network Theory and media .............................................................. 140
4.12 Criticisms of the Actor-Network Theory ........................................................... 143
4.14 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 147
5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 149
5.3 The ANT translation process and COP learning process ............................... 151
5.4 Problematisation (ANT) and sharing of the problem (COP) ....................... 154
5.5 Intéressement (ANT), shared network goals (COP) and identity ............. 157
5.6 Enrolment negotiation (ANT) and actor practice (COP) ............................... 159
5.7 Mobilisation (ANT) and understanding practice (COP) ................................ 160
5.8 Learning in COP and ANT ........................................................................................... 162
5.9 Overall integration of ANT and COP as models of collective action ......... 164
5.10 The newsroom practice, COP and ANT links ................................................... 166
5.11 Value of combining COP and ANT models in understanding newsroom
practice ....................................................................................................................................... 177
6.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 181
xiii
6.2.1 Advantages of the ethnography for ANT and COP .................................. 183
6.2.2 Disadvantages of the ethnographic approach .......................................... 185
6.3 Research design and methods .................................................................................. 185
6.3.1 Aims and objectives of the study .................................................................... 185
6.3.2 Practical challenges for study .......................................................................... 186
6.3.3 Research sample selection ................................................................................ 187
6.3.4 The Gali Kurdistan Satellite Channel (GK) ................................................. 188
6.3.5 The Kurdish News Network (KNN) .............................................................. 189
6.3.6 Nature of fieldwork .............................................................................................. 190
6.3.7 Period of data collection and access fieldwork ........................................ 191
6.4 Research design and methods .................................................................................. 192
6.4.1 Non-participant observation ........................................................................... 192
6.4.2 In-depth interviews ............................................................................................. 195
Table : Total interviewees in KNN and GK Channel ................................................ 196
6.4.2.1 Transcription ............................................................................................................ 199
6.5.1 Analytic process .................................................................................................... 201
6.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 202
Chapter Seven: Analysis of the data, the newsroom of the GK channel ......... 204
7.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 204
7.5. The relationship of journalists in the newsroom ............................................ 224
7. 6. The journalist workshop in the newsroom ....................................................... 230
7.7.The news editor in the newsroom .......................................................................... 235
7.8 The professional skills of news anchor ................................................................. 241
xiv
7.10 Discussion, negotiations and the daily meeting ............................................. 250
7.11 Daily work and practices in the GK newsroom .............................................. 255
7.12. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 258
Chapter Eight: Analysis of the data, the newsroom of the KNN channel ....... 261
8.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 261
8.4 The everyday journalists practices in the newsroom .................................... 272
8.5 The news producer ........................................................................................................ 283
8.6 The news editors in the newsroom ........................................................................ 287
8.7 The journalists experience and identity ............................................................... 290
8.8 The skills of the news worker ................................................................................... 295
8.9 The visual skills of journalists and news item ................................................... 303
8.10 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 307
Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 309
9.0.3 Managing news production .................................................................................... 311
9.2 Key finding from the cases studies ......................................................................... 311
9.1.1 The digital technology and news production process in the KNN
newsroom ................................................................................................................................. 312
9.1.2The non-automation system and news production in the GK newsroom
........................................................................................................................................................ 315
xv
9.3 Reflections on theoretical implications: ANT and COP models .................. 319
9.4 Skills and training of journalists from COP and ANT perspective ............ 323
9.5 Reflections on the practical implications of the findings for journalists 325
9.6 The contribution of this thesis to COP and ANT models ............................... 327
9.7 The practical use of thesis .......................................................................................... 328
9.8 The contribution of the thesis to wider field of the study of journalism and
technology ................................................................................................................................. 329
9.9 The contribution of the thesis to journalists in Iraqi-Kurdistan ................ 330
9.10 Recommendation for future studies ................................................................... 332
9.11 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 333
ANT: Actor-Network theory
COP: Community of Practice
OPP: Obligators Passenger Point
KNN TV: Kurdish News Network Television
PUK: Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
KDP: Kurdistan Democratic Party
Diagram 2.2 architectural system workflow ……………………………………………….19
Diagram 7.1 structure of GK newsroom ……………………………………………………...205
Diagram 8.1 structure of KNN newsroom……………………………………………………262
List of Tables
Table 2.1: Key roles of human actors in the newsroom ................................................. 50
Table 5.1: Key links between newsroom practice, COP and ANT ........................... 166
Table 6.1: The participants in the in-depth interview according to workplace
and channel .................................................................................................................................... 195
1.0 Introduction
This research project seeks to examine the impact of new technology on the
news production process in two newsrooms networks in Iraqi-Kurdistan. The
study provides an ethnographic account of workplace culture in two Kurdish
news channels, comparing an automation and non-automation newsroom. The
key aim of this research project is to explore and compare the role of different
types of news technologies – an automation Avid iNews system and a non-
automation system in everyday journalistic practice in the workplace. The
framework of Kurdish news network provides a number of key factors. These
include the recent implementation of state of the art digital news production
alongside the existence of …
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