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The Impact of Marcellus Gas Drilling on Rural Drinking Water Supplies by the Center for Rural Pennsylvania, March 2012

Apr 06, 2018

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Randall West
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Page 1: The Impact of Marcellus Gas Drilling on Rural Drinking Water Supplies by the Center for Rural Pennsylvania, March 2012

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Xbl @o~gax jc Ogtalii|q Egq Ht`ii`kejk T|tgi Ht`kf`ke Ugxlt Q|~~i`lq

Page 2: The Impact of Marcellus Gas Drilling on Rural Drinking Water Supplies by the Center for Rural Pennsylvania, March 2012

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Page 3: The Impact of Marcellus Gas Drilling on Rural Drinking Water Supplies by the Center for Rural Pennsylvania, March 2012

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Xbl Alkxlt jt T|tgi ^lkkqpisgk`g q g d`~gtx`qgk d`agoltgi ile`qigx sl gelkap xbgx qltslq gq g tlqj|tal jt t|tgi~ji`ap u`xb`k xbl ^lkkqpisgk`g Elkltgi Gqqlodip+ @x ugq atlgxlh `k 7025 |khlt Gax 73 xbl T|tgi Tls`xgi`}gx`jk Gax xj~tjojxl gkh q|qxg`k xbl s`xgi`xp j ^lkkqpisgk`g‐q t|tgi gkh qogii ajoo|k`x`lq+

@kjtogx`jk ajkxg`klh k xb`q tl~jtx hjlq kjx klalqqgt`ip tllax xbl s`luq j `kh`s`h|gi djgth olodltq jt xbl Alkxltjt T|tgi lkkqpisgk`g+ Cjt ojtl kjtogx`jk ajkxgax xbl Alkxlt jt T|tgi lkkqpisgk`g 34< Cjtqxlt Qx+ Tjjo 0>4Bgtt`qd|te ^G 7574> xlil~bjkl "575) 525/0<<< log`i= `kjNt|tgi+~gile`qigx|tl+|q uuu+t|tgi+~gile`qigx|tl+|q+

Xbl @o~gax jc Ogtalii|q Egq Ht`ii`ke jk T|tgi Ht`kf`ke Ugxlt Q|~~i`lq

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Ogtab 4>74

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`kai|hlq xbl ajttlaxlh hgxg) ub`ab gtl tl~jtxlh jk ^gelq 75 gkh 72+

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8 Xbl Alkxlt cjt T|tgi ^lkkqpisgk`g

Lrla|x`sl Q|oogtp

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Sltq|q jqx/Ht`ii`ke Ugxlt Ablo`qxtp +++++++++++++48

Xb`q tlqlgtab ijjflh xj ~tjs`hl gk |kd`gqlh gkh igtel/qagil qx|hp j ugxlt w|gi`xp `k ~t`sgxl ugxlt uliiq `k t|tgi^lkkqpisgk`g dljtl gkh gxlt xbl ht`ii`ke j klgtdp Ogtali/i|q Qbgil egq uliiq+ @x giqj ijjflh xj hja|olkx djxb xbllkjtalolkx j lr`qx`ke tle|igx`jkq gkh xbl |ql j sji|kxgtpolgq|tlq dp bjoljukltq xj ~tjxlax ugxlt q|~~i`lq+

Cjt xbl qx|hp xbl tlqlgtabltq lsgi|gxlh ugxlt qgo~ilhtjo 411 ugxlt uliiq `k ~tjr`o`xp xj Ogtalii|q egq uliiq`k t|tgi tle`jkq j ^lkkqpisgk`g `k 4>7> gkh 4>77+ Gojkexblql ultl xtlgxolkx q`xlq "ugxlt uliiq qgo~ilh dljtl gkhgxlt egq ulii ht`ii`ke klgtdp) gkh ajkxtji q`xlq "ugxlt uliiqqgo~ilh xbj|eb kj ulii ht`ii`ke jaa|ttlh klgtdp)+

^bgql 7 j xbl tlqlgtab ja|qlh jk 82 ~t`sgxl ugxlt uliiqijagxlh u`xb`k gdj|x 4<>> llx j g klgtdp Ogtalii|q ulii~gh gkh ^bgql 4 ja|qlh jk gk ghh`x`jkgi 72< ~t`sgxl ugxltuliiq ijagxlh u`xb`k gdj|x <>>> llx j g Ogtalii|q ulii ~gh+

H|t`ke ^bgql 7 xbl tlqlgtabltq ajiilaxlh djxb ~tl/ gkh~jqx/ht`ii`ke ugxlt ulii qgo~ilq gkh gkgip}lh xblo jt lil/

olkxq j ugxlt w|gi`xp gx sgt`j|q gkgipx`agi igdq+H|t`ke ^bgql 4 xbl tlqlgtabltq jt bjoljukltq ajiilaxlhjkip ~jqx/ht`ii`ke ugxlt ulii qgo~ilq ub`ab ultl xblkgkgip}lh jt lilolkxq j ugxlt w|gi`xp+ Xbl ~jqx/ht`ii`kegkgipqlq ultl ajo~gtlh u`xb lr`qx`ke tlajthq j ~tl/ht`ii/`ke ugxlt w|gi`xp ub`ab bgh dllk ~tls`j|qip gkgip}lh gxqxgxl/gaatlh`xlh igdq tjo xblql uliiq+

Gaajth`ke xj xbl qx|hp tlq|ixq g~~tjr`ogxlip 8> ~ltalkxj xbl ugxlt uliiq g`ilh gx ilgqx jkl Qgl Ht`kf`ke Ugxlt

Gax ugxlt w|gi`xp qxgkhgth ojqx tlw|lkxip jt aji`jtodgaxlt`g x|td`h`xp gkh ogkegklql dljtl egq ulii ht`ii`kejaa|ttlh+ Xb`q lr`qx`ke ~jii|x`jk tgxl gkh xbl elkltgi abgt/gaxlt`qx`aq j xbl ugxlt uliiq q|ab gq hl~xb gkh ajkqxt|a/x`jk `k xb`q qx|hp ultl q`o`igt xj ~gqx qx|h`lq j ~t`sgxlugxlt uliiq k lkkqpisgk`g+

Xbl qx|hp‐q ~tl/ht`ii`ke tlq|ixq jt h`qqjislh olxbgkl giqj~tjs`hlh klu kjtogx`jk xbgx hja|olkxlh xq jaa|ttlkal`k gdj|x 4> ~ltalkx j ugxlt uliiq gixbj|eb ilsliq ultlelkltgiip gt dliju gkp ghs`qjtp ilsliq+

Hlq~`xl gk gd|khgkal j ugxlt xlqx`ke ogkp ~t`sgxlugxlt ulii jukltq bgh h`ca|ixp `hlkx`p`ke ~tl/lr`qx`keugxlt w|gi`xp ~tjdiloq k xbl`t ugxlt q|~~ip+ Xbl igaf j gugtlklqq j ~tl/ht`ii`ke ugxlt w|gi`xp ~tjdiloq q|eelqxqxbgx ugxlt ulii jukltq uj|ih dlklcx tjo |kd`gqlh gkhajkq`qxlkx lh|agx`jkgi ~tjetgoq xbgx lr~ig`k gkh gkqultw|lqx`jkq tligxlh xj ajo~ilr ugxlt xlqx tl~jtxq+

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xbl tlqlgtab j|kh kj qxgx`qx`agiip q`ek`cagkx `katlgqlq `kolxbgkl ilsliq gxlt ht`ii`ke gkh kj q`ek`cagkx ajttligx`jkxj h`qxgkal tjo ht`ii`ke+ Bjulslt xbl tlqlgtabltq q|eelqxxbgx ojtl kxlkq`sl tlqlgtab jk xbl jaa|ttlkal gkh qj|talqj olxbgkl `k ugxlt uliiq `q kllhlh+

Gaajth`ke xj xbl ^lkkqpisgk`g J`i gkh Egq Gax j 7028egq ulii j~ltgxjtq gtl ’~tlq|olh tlq~jkq`dil‟ jt ~jii|x`jkj ugxlt q|~~i`lq u`xb`k 7>>> llx j xbl`t egq ulii jt q`rojkxbq gxlt ht`ii`ke `q ajo~ilxlh ` kj ~tl/ht`ii`ke ugxltqgo~ilq ultl ajiilaxlh tjo xbl ~t`sgxl ugxlt q|~~ip+ Xb`qbgq tlq|ixlh k lrxlkq`sl kh|qxtp/q~jkqjtlh ~tl/ht`ii`kexlqx`ke j ojqx ugxlt q|~~i`lq u`xb`k 7>>> llx j Ogtali/i|q ht`ii`ke j~ltgx`jkq+ Bjulslt xbl tlqlgtab j|kh g tg~`h

htj~/j `k xlqx`ke dlpjkh xb`q h`qxgkal ub`ab `q ht`slk dpdjxb xbl igaf j ~tlq|olh tlq~jkq`d`i`xp j xbl `kh|qxtp gkhgiqj xbl ajqx j xlqx`ke jt bjoljukltq+

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abgkel ultl elkltgiip ajkcklh xj u`xb`k 1>>> llx j Ogtalii|q egq ulii q`xlq `k xb`q qx|hp+

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Xbl tlqlgtab j|kh xbgx tle|igx`jkq tlw|`t`ke altx`clhog`i kjx`cagx`jk j ugxlt q|~~ip jukltq abg`k/j/a|qxjhp

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78 Xbl Alkxlt cjt T|tgi ^lkkqpisgk`g

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abgkelq k ugxlt w|gi`xp ultl kjx ls`hlkx xblql j|xi`ltqaj|ih `k qjol agqlq q|eelqx q~jtgh`a `o~gaxq tjo ht`ii/`ke gkh*jt tgaf`ke+ Q`kal jsltgii qxgx`qx`agiip q`ek`cagkxabgkelq k ugxlt w|gi`xp ultl igaf`ke tlq|ixq tjo djxb^bgql 7 gkh ^bgql 4 ugxlt uliiq ultl ajod`klh `kxjq`o~il ~ijxq j ~tl/ht`ii`ke "r/gr`q) sltq|q ~jqx/ht`ii`ke "p/gr`q) ugxlt ablo`qxtp+ Xblql etg~bq `ii|qxtgxl xbl igaf j jsltgii abgkelq k ugxlt ablo`qxtp gxlt ht`ii`ke jaa|ttlhub`il qx`ii giiju`ke |txblt h`qa|qq`jk gkh lr~igkgx`jk j j|xi`ltq xbgx o`ebx q|eelqx `o~gaxq tjo ht`ii`ke gax`s`xp+

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`k xbl dt`klq gkh ugqxl |`hq `ktligx`jk xj xp~`agi dgafetj|khajkalkxtgx`jkq k ^lkkqpisgk getj|khugxlt ogfl xblo |ql|i`kh`agxjtq "Qll Xgdil 7 jk ^gel5)+ C`e|tlq 8 < gkh 3 qbju xblajkalkxtgx`jkq j xjxgi h`qqjislhqji`hq abijt`hl gkh dgt`|o `k~tl/ht`ii`ke sltq|q ~jqx/ht`ii`keugxlt qgo~ilq+

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xbl lu agqlq ubltl ~jqx/ht`ii`keabijt`hl ajkalkxtgx`jkq lrallhlhxbl tlajoolkhlh ht`kf`ke ugxltqxgkhgth j 4<> oe*I ~tl/ht`ii`keajkalkxtgx`jkq giqj lrallhlh xblqxgkhgth+ Dgqlh jk xbl lkx`tl q|`xlj ~gtgolxltq xlqxlh jk xbjql ugxltuliiq x g~~lgtq xbgx xbl katlgqlhabijt`hlq ultl tligxlh xj kgx|tgisgt`gx`jkq gkh kjx klgtdp egq ht`ii/

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73 Xbl Alkxlt cjt T|tgi ^lkkqpisgk`g

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j kh|qxtp q~jkqjtlh ~tl/ht`ii`keq|tslpq jt sji|kxgtp bjoljukltxlqx`ke "Qll Xgdil 1 jk ^gel 74)+@x ugq qlilaxlh gq g xlqx`ke ~gtgo/lxlt jt ^bgql 7 ugxlt uliiq `kxb`q qx|hp gq g ~jqq`dil `kh`agxjtj qogii `k|lkalq tjo kgx|tgidt`klq jt ht`ii`ke ugqxl |`hqdlag|ql dtjo`hl q xp~`agiip kjx

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alii|q egq ulii g~~tjr`ogxlip 788> llx gugp "Qll C`e|tl0 jk ^gel 72)+ Xb`q q`keil dtjo`hl hlxlax`jk tl~tlqlkxlh8 ~ltalkx "7 j 43) j xbl ugxlt uliiq xlqxlh klgt tgaflhegq uliiq+ Kjkl j xbl ajkxtji ugxlt uliiq jt ugxlt uliiqklgt egq uliiq xbgx bgh jkip dllk ht`iilh gkh kjx tgaflhbgh olgq|tlgdil dtjo`hl h|t`ke xbl ~jqx/ht`ii`ke xlqx`ke+Xbltl `q kj ht`kf`ke ugxlt qxgkhgth jt dtjo`hl qj gk `k/atlgqlh ajkalkxtgx`jk j dtjo`hl gijkl hjlq kjx tl~tlqlkxg h`tlax blgixb ajkaltk+

Xbl jkl ugxlt ulii ubltl dtjo`hl ugq hlxlaxlh gxlttgaf`ke giqj lr~lt`lkalh katlgqlq k k|oltj|q jxblt ug/xlt w|gi`xp ~gtgolxltq+ Ub`il xblql katlgqlq ultl g~~gt/lkx xblp h`h kjx lrallh jt aijqlip g~~tjgab Qgl Ht`kf`keUgxlt qxgkhgthq+ Xblql `katlgqlq ultl jdqltslh m|qx hgpqgxlt tgaf`ke ugq ajo~ilxlh jk xbl ghmgalkx Ogtalii|q

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72 Xbl Alkxlt cjt T|tgi ^lkkqpisgk`g

ulii+ Jtegk`a agtdjk ilsliq h`h kjx `katlgql `k xb`q ugxltulii gxlt tgaf`ke+ Gk ghh`x`jkgi ~jqx/ht`ii`ke qgo~il ugqajiilaxlh tjo xb`q ugxlt ulii g~~tjr`ogxlip 7> ojkxbqgxlt tgaf`ke gkh qbjulh xbgx klgtip gii ~gtgolxltq`kai|h`ke dtjo`hl bgh klgtip tlx|tklh xj ~tl/ht`ii`ke ajk/alkxtgx`jkq+ Xblql ugxlt w|gi`xp abgkelq aj|ih dl ag|qlhdp o`r`ke u`xb lr`qx`ke jtogx`jk ugxlt "dt`kl) h|t`kexbl ht`ii`ke jt tgaf`ke ~tjalqq q`kal xblql |`hq xp~`agiipajkxg`k b`eb ajkalkxtgx`jkq j dtjo`hl gkh abijt`hl+

Ugxlt Q|~~ip Ajo~ig`kxq^gtx`a`~gkxq `k djxb ~bgqlq j xbl qx|hp ultl gqflh

ublxblt xblp kjx`alh gkp jds`j|q abgkelq xj xbl`t ugxlt

q|~~ip h|t`ke jt gxlt egq ulii ht`ii`ke jaa|ttlh+ Xbjqlxbgx kjx`alh g abgkel `k xbl`t ugxlt ultl e`slk q~gal jkxbl q|tslp xj lr~ig`k xbl abgkel+ Tlq~jkqlq ultl agx/lejt`}lh dp xbl tlqlgtabltq kxj dtjgh agxlejt`lq kai|h/`ke abgkelq xj qlh`olkx olxgiq jhjtq h`qqjislh egqlqxgqxlq jgo`ke ugxlt ju gkh ugxlt xlo~ltgx|tl+

Jsltgii 11 j xbl 411 ugxlt q|~~ip jukltq "78 ~ltalkx)lix xbgx qjol gq~lax j xbl`t ugxlt ulii bgh abgkelh gqg tlq|ix j klgtdp egq ht`ii`ke+ J xbl 11 ugxlt q|~~ip

jukltq ubj ~ltal`slh abgkelq xjxbl`t ugxlt ulii w|gi`xp jt w|gkx`xpojqx "24 ~ltalkx) ultl u`xb`k 1>>>llx j xbl klgtlqx Ogtalii|q egq uliid|x jkip k`kl bgh ajkxgaxlh HL^ jtgk `kslqx`egx`jk+ Gii k`kl ugxlt uliiq`ksjislh `k xbl HL^ `kslqx`egx`jkqultl u`xb`k 1>>> llx j xbl klgtlqx

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@x qbj|ih dl kjxlh xbgx xbltl ultl77 jxblt ugxlt q|~~ip jukltq ubj `k/h`agxlh xbgx xblp ajkxgaxlh HL^ xj `k/slqx`egxl jxblt ajo~ig`kxq kjx h`tlaxiptligxlh xj xbl`t ugxlt q|~~ip "q~`iiq`iilegi ugxlt u`xbhtgugiq lxa+)+ J xbjql xbgx ~tjs`hlh |txblt ajoolkxgii `kh`agxlh xbgx HL^ tlq~jkhlh xjxbl`t ajo~ig`kx u`xb`k 7> hgpq+

^ltal`slh abgkelq xj ugxlt q|~~i`lqultl ojtl tlw|lkx gojke ^bgql 4

ugxlt ulii jukltq "75 ~ltalkx) ~tlq|ogdip dlag|ql xblpelkltgiip sji|kxlltlh jt xb`q ~tjmlax gxlt ht`ii`ke bghgitlghp jaa|ttlh+ Jkip xbtll ^bgql 7 ugxlt ulii jukltq~ltal`slh abgkelq xj xbl`t ugxlt q|~~ip ub`ab tl~tlqlkxq74 ~ltalkx j xbl q`xlq ubltl ht`ii`ke jaa|ttlh gkh 5 ~lt/alkx j xbl q`xlq ubltl tgaf`ke jaa|ttlh+

Xbl k|odlt j ugxlt q|~~ip jukltq `k lgab ~bgql j xbl ~tjmlax xbgx ~ltal`slh sgt`j|q abgkelq xj xbl`t ugxltq|~~ip h|t`ke jt gxlt klgtdp egq ulii ht`ii`ke `q qbjuk `kC`e|tl 7>+ Gxxlo~xq ultl oghl xj `kh`s`h|giip lsgi|gxllgab j xblql agqlq dp ajo~gt`ke ~tl/ gkh ~jqx/ht`ii`keugxlt xlqx tlq|ixq+ Qjol ~ltal`slh abgkelq q|ab gq jhjtqh`qqjislh egqlq jgo tlh|alh ju jt katlgqlh xlo~ltg/

x|tl aj|ih kjx dl lsgi|gxlh dlag|ql tlilsgkx xlqx ~gtgo/lxltq ultl kjx giugpq olgq|tlh k ~jqx/ht`ii`ke qgo~ilq+Qlsltgi ajo~ig`kxq tligxlh xj `katlgqlh olxbgkl egq `k^bgql 4 ugxlt uliiq ultl gitlghp ~gtx j jkej`ke HL^`kslqx`egx`jkq gkh aj|ih kjx dl lsgi|gxlh dlag|ql olxbgklugq kjx olgq|tlh `k ^bgql 4 ugxlt uliiq+

Xbl ojqx ajoojk ~ltal`slh abgkelq dp ugxlt uliijukltq gkh tlgqjkq xblp ajkxgaxlh HL^ ultl tligxlh xj`katlgqlh qlh`olkx gkh olxgiq "C`e|tl 7>)+ @katlgqlh

C`e|tl 0+ Ajo~gt`qjk jc ~tl/ht`ii`ke dtjo`hl sltq|q ~jqx/ht`ii`ke dtj/o`hl ajkalkxtgx`jkq `k ugxlt uliiq qgo~ilh `k ^bgql 7+ ^j`kxq gdjslxbl h`gejkgi hgqblh i`kl tl~tlqlkx ugxlt uliiq ubltl xbl dtjo`hl ugqb`eblt `k xbl ~jqx/ht`ii`ke qgo~il `k ajo~gt`qjk xj xbl ~tl/ht`ii`keqgo~il+ ^j`kxq dliju xbl h`gejkgi hgqblh i`kl `kh`agxl b`eblt ajkalk/xtgx`jkq `k xbl ~tl/ht`ii`ke ugxlt qgo~il+ Gii ~tl/ht`ii`ke dtjo`hl ajk/alkxtgx`jkq ultl etlgxlt xbgk }ltj plx ilqq xbgk xbl hlxlax`jk i`o`x

jc >+7> oe*I u`xb sgi|lq jc ¿ xbl hlxlax`jk i`o`x q|dqx`x|xlh bltlgq xbl qxgtx`ke ~j`kx+ Qpodjiq hlkjxl q`xlq ubltl kj ht`ii`ke jaa|ttlh"Ajkxtji) q`xlq ubltl jkip ht`ii`ke jaa|ttlh d|x kj ctgaf`ke "Ht`iilh)gkh q`xlq ubltl djxb ht`ii`ke gkh ctgaf`ke jaa|ttlh "Ctgaflh)+

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Xbl @o~gax jc Ogtalii|q Egq Ht`ii`ke jk T|tgi Ht`kf`ke Ugxlt Q|~~i`lq 70

C`e|tl 7>+ K|odlt jc ugxlt ulii jukltq ~ltal`s`ke sgt`j|q ugxlt w|gi`xpabgkelq xj xbl`t ugxlt ulii w|gi`xp gq g tlq|ix jc egq ht`ii`ke gax`s`xp+

C`e|tl 77+ Ajo~gt`qjk jc ~tl/ht`ii`ke ogkegklql sltq|q ~jqx/ht`ii`keogkegklql ajkalkxtgx`jkq `k ugxlt uliiq qgo~ilh `k djxb ~bgqlq jc xb`q qx|hp+ ^j`kxq gdjsl xbl h`gejkgi hgqblh i`kl tl~tlqlkx ugxlt uliiqubltl xbl ogkegklql ilsli ugq b`eblt `k xbl ~jqx/ht`ii`ke qgo~il `kajo~gt`qjk xj xbl ~tl/ht`ii`ke qgo~il+ ^j`kxq dliju xbl h`gejkgi hgqblhi`kl `kh`agxl b`eblt ajkalkxtgx`jkq `k xbl ~tl/ht`ii`ke ugxlt qgo~il+A`tailh ~j`kxq `kh`agxl ugxlt uliiq u`xb jukltq xbgx ajo~ig`klh jc jds`j|q abgkelq `k ugxlt w|gi`xp gcxlt egq ht`ii`ke+ O|ab jc xbl qagxxlt gdjsl gkh dliju xbl hgqblh i`kl gx iju ajkalkxtgx`jkq aj|ih dl h|l xj

h`cclt`ke hlxlax`jk i`o`xq tl~jtxlh dp ugxlt xlqx`ke igdq+

qlh`olkx jt olxgiq ogp jt`e`kgxltjo q`xl h`qx|tdgkalq gkh*jtjr`hgx`jk j xbl gw|`lt h|t`ke xbl`k`x`gi ht`ii`ke qxgelq+ ^ltal`slhabgkelq k olxgiq ajkalkxtgx`jkqultl jxlk hlqat`dlh gq `katlgqlhjtgkel dtjuk jt digaf qxg`k`ke+@k ojqx agqlq ubltl qlh`olkx jt

olxgiq ultl ~ltal`slh xj `katlgqlh|l xj ht`ii`ke xbltl ultl l`xblt kjq`ek`cagkx katlgqlq k qlh`olkxjt olxgiq ajkalkxtgx`jkq dlxullk~tl/ gkh ~jqx/ht`ii`ke qgo~ilq jt~tl/ht`ii`ke ajkalkxtgx`jkq ultlkjx gsg`igdil jt ajo~gt`qjk+

Tlq|ixq j xbl ugxlt w|gi`xp gkgi/pqlq h`h kjx ajkcto xbl lu ~lt/al`slh ugxlt w|gi`xp abgkelq kjxlhdp ^bgql 7 ugxlt ulii jukltq d|xxbltl ultl xbtll ^bgql 4 ugxltuliiq ubltl ~ltal`slh abgkelq h`hajttligxl xj ugxlt w|gi`xp tlq|ixq+Xblql xbtll agqlq ultl gii u`xb`k1>>> llx j xbl klgtlqx Ogtali/i|q egq ulii gkh lgab `ksjislhabgkelq k qlh`olkx*olxgiq+ Lgabugxlt ulii bgh ~tl/ht`ii`ke ogkeg/klql ajkalkxtgx`jkq klgt jt dlijuxbl ht`kf`ke ugxlt qxgkhgth ">+><oe*I) xbgx `katlgqlh gt gdjslxbl ht`kf`ke ugxlt qxgkhgth gxltht`ii`ke jaa|ttlh "qbjuk gq a`tailh~j`kxq `k C`e|tl 77)+ Xblql qgol

ugxlt q|~~i`lq bgh katlgqlh tjkajkalkxtgx`jkq gxlt ht`ii`ke "G~/~lkh`r @) gkh jkl giqj lr~lt`lkalhg igtel katlgql k xjxgi q|q~lkhlhqlh`olkx "G~~lkh`r @)+ Ogkegklqlgkh tjk ajkalkxtgx`jkq gdjsl xblht`kf`ke ugxlt qxgkhgth uj|ihxp~`agiip tlq|ix k jds`j|q digafdtjuk gkh*jt jtgkel qxg`k`ke `k xblugxlt q|~~ip+

@x qbj|ih dl kjxlh xbgx abgkelq`k ugxlt ulii w|gi`xp ublxblt kgx|/tgiip jaa|tt`ke jt tligxlh xj klgtdp

igkh |qlq gtl giqj tligxlh xj qlg/qjkgi ai`ogx`a jt jxblt sgt`gdilq+Xlqx`ke j ^bgql 4 ugxlt uliiq ugqi`o`xlh xj xuj h`qx`kax ~j`kxq `kx`ol "~tl/ gkh ~jqx/ht`ii`ke) ub`abi`o`xq xbl gd`i`xp xj hja|olkx q|ababgkelq+ Ojtl q~la`ca kjtog/x`jk ugq gsg`igdil tjo xbl 82^bgql 7 q`xlq ubltl ugxlt q|~~ip

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4> Xbl Alkxlt cjt T|tgi ^lkkqpisgk`g

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48 Xbl Alkxlt cjt T|tgi ^lkkqpisgk`g

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j xb`q qx|hp+ ^j`kxq gdjsl xbl h`gejkgi hgqblh i`kl tl~tlqlkx ugxlt uliiq ubltl xbl q|igxl ilsli ugq b`eblt `k xbl ~jqx/ht`ii`ke qgo~il k ajo~gt`qjk xj xbl ~tl/ht`ii`ke qgo~il+ j`kxq dliju xbl h`gejkgi hgqblh i`kl `kh`agxl b`eblt ajkalk/xtgx`jkq k xbl ~tl/ht`ii`ke ugxlt qgo~il+

BgthklqqAjo~gt`qjk j ~tl/ht`ii`ke bgthklqq sltq|q ~jqx/ht`ii`ke bgthklqq ajkalkxtgx`jkq k ugxlt uliiq qgo~ilh k djxb

~bgqlq j xb`q qx|hp+ j`kxq gdjsl xbl h`gejkgi hgqblh i`kl tl~tlqlkx ugxlt uliiq ubltl xbl bgthklqq ilsli ugq b`eblt kxbl ~jqx/ht`ii`ke qgo~il k ajo~gt`qjk xj xbl ~tl/ht`ii`ke qgo~il+ j`kxq dliju xbl h`gejkgi hgqblh i`kl `kh`agxl b`ebltajkalkxtgx`jkq k xbl ~tl/ht`ii`ke ugxlt qgo~il+

G~~lkh`r @Ghh`x`jkgi ^tl/Ht`ii`ke Sltq|q ^jqx/Ht`ii`ke Ugxlt Ablo`qxtp

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Xbl @o~gax jc Ogtalii|q Egq Ht`ii`ke jk T|tgi Ht`kf`ke Ugxlt Q|~~i`lq 4<

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j xb`q qx|hp+ j`kxq gdjsl xbl h`gejkgi hgqblh i`kl tl~tlqlkx ugxlt uliiq ubltl xbl qjh`|o ilsli ugq b`eblt k xbl ~jqx/ht`ii`ke qgo~il k ajo~gt`qjk xj xbl ~tl/ht`ii`ke qgo~il+ j`kxq dliju xbl h`gejkgi hgqblh i`kl `kh`agxl b`eblt ajkalk/xtgx`jkq k xbl ~tl/ht`ii`ke ugxlt qgo~il+

Qxtjkx`|oAjo~gt`qjk j ~tl/ht`ii`ke qxtjkx`|o sltq|q ~jqx/ht`ii`ke qxtjkx`|o ajkalkxtgx`jkq k ugxlt uliiq qgo~ilh k djxb

~bgqlq j xb`q qx|hp+ ^j`kxq gdjsl xbl h`gejkgi hgqblh i`kl tl~tlqlkx ugxlt uliiq ubltl xbl qxtjkx`|o ilsli ugq b`eblt

`k xbl ~jqx/ht`ii`ke qgo~il k ajo~gt`qjk xj xbl ~tl/ht`ii`ke qgo~il+ j`kxq dliju xbl h`gejkgi hgqblh i`kl kh`agxlb`eblt ajkalkxtgx`jkq k xbl ~tl/ht`ii`ke ugxlt qgo~il+

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43 Xbl Alkxlt cjt T|tgi ^lkkqpisgk`g

 @tjkAjo~gt`qjk j ~tl/ht`ii`ke `tjk sltq|q ~jqx/ht`ii`ke `tjk ajkalkxtgx`jkq `k ugxlt uliiq qgo~ilh `k djxb ~bgqlq j xb`q

qx|hp+ j`kxq gdjsl xbl h`gejkgi hgqblh i`kl tl~tlqlkx ugxlt uliiq ubltl xbl tjk ilsli ugq b`eblt k xbl ~jqx/ht`ii`keqgo~il k ajo~gt`qjk xj xbl ~tl/ht`ii`ke qgo~il+ j`kxq dliju xbl h`gejkgi hgqblh i`kl kh`agxl b`eblt ajkalkxtgx`jkq`k xbl ~tl/ht`ii`ke ugxlt qgo~il+

Xjxgi Q|q~lkhlh Qlh`olkx Ajo~gt`qjk j ~tl/ht`ii`ke q|q~lkhlh qlh`olkx sltq|q ~jqx/ht`ii`ke q|q~lkhlh qlh`olkx ajkalkxtgx`jkq k ugxlt

uliiq qgo~ilh `k djxb ~bgqlq j xb`q qx|hp+ ^j`kxq gdjsl xbl h`gejkgi hgqblh i`kl tl~tlqlkx ugxlt uliiq ubltl xbl qlh`/olkx ilsli ugq b`eblt k xbl ~jqx/ht`ii`ke qgo~il k ajo~gt`qjk xj xbl ~tl/ht`ii`ke qgo~il+ j`kxq dliju xbl h`gejkgihgqblh i`kl kh`agxl b`eblt ajkalkxtgx`jkq k xbl ~tl/ht`ii`ke ugxlt qgo~il+

G~~lkh`r 7 "ajkx`k|lh)

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Xbl Alkxlt cjt T|tgi ^lkkqpisgk`gDjgth jc H`tlaxjtq

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