Working Papers in Trade and Development The Impact of Foreign Labour on Host Country Wages: The Experience of a Southern Host, Malaysia Prema-chandra Athukorala and Evelyn S Devadason March 2011 Working Paper No. 2011/03 Arndt Corden Department of Economics Crawford School of Economics and Government ANU College of Asia and the Pacific
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Working Papers in Trade and Development
The Impact of Foreign Labour on Host Country
Wages: The Experience of a Southern Host,
Malaysia
Prema-chandra Athukorala
and Evelyn S Devadason
March 2011 Working Paper No. 2011/03
Arndt Corden Department of Economics Crawford School of Economics and Government
ANU College of Asia and the Pacific
The Impact of Foreign Labour on Host Country
Wages: The Experience of a Southern Host, Malaysia
Prema-chandra Athukorala The Arndt-Corden Department of Economics
Crawford School of Economics and Government ANU College of Asia and the Pacific
And
Evelyn S Devadason
Faculty of Economics and Administration University of Malaya
and Visiting Fellow
The Arndt-Corden Department of Economics Crawford School of Economics and Government
ANU College of Asia and the Pacific
Corresponding Address : Prema-chandra Athukorala
The Arndt-Corden Department of Economics Crawford School of Economics and Government
ANU College of Asia and the Pacific Coombs Building 9
The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200
This Working Paper series provides a vehicle for preliminary circulation of research results in the fields of economic development and international trade. The series is intended to stimulate discussion and critical comment. Staff and visitors in any part of the Australian National University are encouraged to contribute. To facilitate prompt distribution, papers are screened, but not formally refereed.
Copies may be obtained at WWW Site http://www.crawford.anu.edu.au/acde/publications/
No. of observations 1020 1020 1020 1020 No. of groups 170 170 170 170 Breusch-Pagan LM test2 χ2 (1) = 1301.73 χ2 (1) = 1242.02 Wu-Hausman test2 χ2 (12) = 215.83 χ2 (12) = 90.92 Note: 1. Standard errors adjusted for arbitrary heteroskedasticity and intra-group correlation are given in brackets,
with statistical significance denoted as *** 1%, ** 5% and * 10%. 2. Null hypothesis is rejected at the one percent level
20
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Table 1: Malaysia: Distribution of Foreign Workers by Key Sectors (in %)
Total Manufacturing 100 100 44.5 100 49.5 100 17.2 70.6 Notes: (1) Annual average (2) Exports as a percentage of gross output (3) Covers firms with a foreign (MNE) equity ownership share of 50% or more (these firms provides an almost
full coverage of MNE presence in Malaysian manufacturing because foreign equity restriction apply only to a few domestic-market oriented industries. (4) MSIC refers to the Category D (manufacturing) of the Malaysia Standard Industrial Classification (2000).
Source: Compiled from unpublished returns to the Annual Survey of Manufacturing Industries conducted by the Department of Statistics, Malaysia.
25
Table 3: Occupational Composition of Foreign Workers in Malaysian Manufacturing (in %)
Occupational Category1 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Professional & Managerial 18.2 15.7 3.4 2.3 1.5 Technical & Supervisory 3.6 3.0 1.2 1.3 1.2 Clerical & Related Occupations 1.5 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.5 General Workers 3.7 2.8 0.9 1.5 2.3 Unskilled (Production) Workers 73.1 77.8 94.4 94.8 94.8 Total % 100 100 100 100 100 Number 7517 16377 141930 217262 363029 Note: Based on the International Labour Organisation (ILO) occupational classification. Source: Compiled from unpublished returns to the Annual Survey of Manufacturing Industries conducted by the
Department of Statistics, Malaysia.
Table 4: Definition and Measurement of Variables
Variable Measurement RWG Real wage
Average annual earnings per full-time worker (wage/salary plus other payments in cash excluding employer’s contribution to provident funds) deflated by the consumer price index.
FWD Foreign worker dependency Share of foreign workers in total full-time employment
RQ Real output (value added) Nominal value-added (gross output at ex-factory price – cost of intermediate inputs) deflated by producer price index (available only at the two-digit level). The same two-digit price index is used for the five-digit industries falling under that category.
KL Capital intensity Real fixed assets (nominal fixed assets deflated by the implicit deflator for gross fixed capital formation) divided by full-time employees.
SKL Skill intensity Share of professional and managerial workers in total full-time employment
SIZE Average firm size Number of employees per firm FOW Foreign ownership The share of foreign firms (affiliates of MNEs)
defined as firms with 50 per cent or more foreign equity ownership to total gross output
EO Export orientation The share of exports in gross output. CNC Industry concentration
The share of the four largest plants in total gross output in a given industry
DTUN Trade union dummy 1 for industries in which national trade union membership is prohibited (electronics products and components) and zero for other industries
DCD Dot.com dummy
1 for the years 2000, 2001 and 2002 and 0 for other years.
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Table 5: Determinates of Inter-Industry Wage Differences: FE-IV and RE-IV Estimates, 2000-2005
(Dependent variable: log of real annual average wage, RWG)
Regressors
All Workers Unskilled Workers FE RE FE RE (1) (2) (3) (4)
No. of observations 850 850 850 850 No. of groups 170 170 170 170 Wu-Hausman test 2 χ2 (12) = 766.91 χ2 (12) = 52.13 Note: 1. Standard errors adjusted for arbitrary heteroskedasticity and intra-group correlation are given in brackets,
with statistical significance denoted as *** 1%, ** 5% and * 10%. 2. Null hypothesis is rejected at the one percent level
27
Table 6: Panel Unit Root Tests (in levels)
Variables LLC IPS
RWG:TEMP -140.28*** -12.08***
RWG:TUKW -92.59*** -5.54***
FWD: TEMP -25.40*** -3.03***
FWD: TUKW -25.11*** -3.07***
RQ -45.24*** -3.01***
KL -48.78*** -9.63***
SKL -27.48*** -2.94***
SIZE -30.52*** -3.50***
CNC -199.31*** -21.73***
FOW -94.84*** -14.49***
EO -133.34*** -10.62***
Notes: (1) LLC : Test developed by Levin, Lin and Chu (2002); IPS: Test developed by Im, Pesaran and Shin (2003).
(2) One lag is used in all cases. (3) TEMP: total employment; TUKW: total unskilled workers; other notations as defined in Table 4.
*** signify that the variables are stationary in levels.
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Table 7: Descriptive Statistics
Variable Mean Std. Dev. Min Max RWG: TEMP 9.1 0.3 8.1 10.2 RWG: TUKW 8.7 0.3 7.7 9.8 FWD: TEMP 14.0 10.1 0.0 76.2 FWD: TUKW 18.9 13.0 0.0 82.2 RQ 18.5 1.6 13.5 22.9 KL 10.6 0.9 8.5 14.7 SKL 7.4 3.8 0.5 31.3 SIZE 4.2 1.0 0.6 7.2 CNC 31.1 20.5 6.6 97.6 FOW 35.5 22.6 0.0 99.2 EO 29.6 19.0 0.0 92.9 Notes: (1) TEMP: total employment; TUKW: total unskilled workers (2) Other notations as defined in Table 4.
Notes: (1) TEMP: total employment; TUKW: total unskilled workers (2) Other notations as defined in Table 4.
29
Table 9: Determinates of Inter-Industry Wage Differences: FE-IV and RE-IV Estimates, 1992-20051 (Dependent variable: annual average log of real average annual wage, RWG)
(a) 1992-2005
Regressors
All Workers Unskilled Workers FE RE FE RE (1) (2) (3) (4)
No. of observations 850 850 850 850 No. of groups 170 170 170 170 Wu- Hausman test2 χ2 (9) = 785.12 χ2 (9) = 45.41 Note: 1. Standard errors adjusted for arbitrary heteroskedasticity and intra-group correlation are given in brackets,
with statistical significance denoted as *** 1%, ** 5% and * 10%. 2. Null hypothesis is rejected at the one percent level
31
Figure 1: Foreign Workers in Malaysian Manufacturing, 1985-2005
Legend: FW: Total number of foreign workers (left scale) FWD: TEMP: Share of foreign workers in total employment, % (right scale) Source: Compiled from unpublished returns to the Annual Survey of Manufacturing Industries conducted by the Department of Statistics, Malaysia.
Figure 2: Share of Foreign Workers (%) and Real Annual Average Wages (in log) in Malaysian Manufacturing, 1985-2005
(a) All Workers
(b) Unskilled Workers
Legend: FWD: TEMP: Share of foreign workers in total employment, % (left scale) FWD: TUKW: Share of unskilled foreign workers in total unskilled production workers, % (left scale) RWG: TEMP: Logarithmic of Real annual average wages of total employees (right scale) RWG: TUKW: Logarithmic of Real annual average wages of unskilled production workers (right scale) Source: Compiled from unpublished returns to the Annual Survey of Manufacturing Industries conducted by the Department of Statistics, Malaysia.
Figure 3: Share of Foreign Workers in Total Employment (%) and Real Annual Average Wages (in log) in MSIC 5-digit Industries, 2000-2005 (a) All Workers
) (b) Unskilled Workers
Legend: FWD: TEMP: Share of foreign workers in total employment, % (left scale) FWD: TUKW Share of unskilled foreign workers in total unskilled production workers, % (left scale) RWG: TEMP: Logarithmic of Real annual average wages of total employees (right scale) RWG: TUKW: Logarithmic of Real annual average wages of unskilled production workers (right scale) Source: Compiled from unpublished returns to the Annual Survey of Manufacturing Industries conducted by the Department of Statistics, Malaysia.
88.5
99.5
1010
.5RW
G: TE
MP
0 20 40 60 80FWD: TEMP
7.58
8.59
9.510
RWG:
TUKW
0 20 40 60 80FWD: TUKW
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