The Impact of Computer Technology

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The Impact of Computer Technology

Computers are not needed for the invasion of privacy.

Computers simply make new threats possible and old threats more potent.

Privacy can mean:• Freedom from intrusion.• Control of information about oneself.• Freedom from surveillance.

Privacy and Personal Information

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Invisible Information Gathering

Examples:• Satellite surveillance.• Caller ID.• 800- or 900-number calls.• Web-tracking data; cookies.• Peer-to-peer monitoring.• Others…

Q: Recall an example of invisible information gathering about you.

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Cookies ?

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cookie theft

cookie sniffingcross-site scriptingcookie poisoning

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The Impact of Computer Technology Profiling

Using data in computer files to predict likely behaviors of people. Some examples:• Businesses engage in

profiling to determine consumer propensity (kecenderungan) toward a product or service.

• Government agencies use profiling to create descriptions of possible terrorists.

Q: How might profiling be used with your personal information?

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Monitoring and Tracking

Examples:• GPS (global positioning

system).• Cell-phones.• Blackboxes in automobiles.• Other wireless appliances.

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More Examples

•Traffic Monitor Camera can be used to check vehicles, persons•Face recognition for unwelcome people

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Consumer Information

Consumer DatabasesGathering Information:

• Warranty cards.• Purchasing records.• Membership lists.• Web activity.• Change-of-address forms.• Much more…

Q: Recall ways in which you have contributed to consumer databases.

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Consumer Databases (cont’d)

Limiting Collection, Use, Sharing, and Sale of Personal Data:

• Consumers can take measures to restrict the use of their personal information.

• Some information sharing is prohibited by law.

• Some information sharing is prohibited by published, privacy policies.

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Marketing: Using Consumer Information• Trading/buying customer lists.• Telemarketing.• Data Mining.• Mass-marketing.• Web ads.• Spam (unsolicited e-mail).

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More Privacy Risks

Social Security Numbers (SSNs)

Appear in:• Employer records.• Government databases.• School records.• Credit reports.• Consumer applications.• Many other databases.

Q: What are the risks of using SSNs as identifiers?

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More Privacy Risks

National ID Card SystemIf implemented, the card could

contain your:• Name.• Address.• Telephone number(s).• Photo.• SSN.

Q: What other personal information should a national ID card contain?

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More Privacy Risks

National ID Card System

If implemented, the system could allow access to your:

• Medical information.• Tax records.• Citizenship.• Credit history.• Much more…

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More Privacy Risks

Personal Health and Medical Information

Data can include:• History of substance abuse.• Treatment for sexually

transmitted disease.• Extent of psychiatric help

received.• Any suicide attempt(s).• Diagnosis of diseases

(diabetes, angina, cancer, etc.).

• Use of prescribed medicines.

• Much more…

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More Privacy Risks

Public RecordsAvailable in paper form and/or online:

• Bankruptcy.• Arrest.• Marriage-license

application.• Divorce proceedings.• Property ownership.• Salary (if employed by state

or federal government).• Wills and Trusts.• Much more…

Q: How should access to public records be controlled?

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Protecting Privacy: Education, Technology, and Markets

EducationMust include awareness of:

• How the technology works.• How the technology is being used.• The risks brought on by the technology.• How to limit unwanted use of personal information.• Applicable state and federal laws and regulations.

Q: How do you limit unwanted use of your personal information?

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TechnologyEnhance privacy using:

• Cookie disablers.• Opt-in/opt-out options.• Anonymous Web services.• P3P (Platform for Privacy Preferences).• ‘Good’ passwords.• Audit trails.

Q: What privacy-enhancing technology do you use regularly?

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Market ResponseMarkets can protect your privacy by:

• Using trusted third parties.• Adhering to established privacy policies.• Purchasing consumer information directly from the consumer.• Developing and selling privacy-enhancing technologies and

services.

Q: Have you read the privacy policies at Web sites you frequent?

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Protecting Privacy: Law and Regulation

Philosophical ViewsSamuel Warren & Louis Brandeis:

• Individuals have the right to prohibit publication of personal facts and photos.

Judith Jarvis Thompson:• No distinct right to privacy.• Privacy rights result from rights to our property, body, and

contracts.

Transactions:• Transactions have two parties, often with conflicting

preferences about privacy.

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Contrasting ViewsFree-market View

• The parties of a transaction are viewed as equal.• Truth in information gathering.• Strong reliance on contracts.• Freedom of speech and commerce.

Consumer-Protection View• The parties of a transaction are viewed differently.• More stringent consent requirements required by law.• Strong limitations on secondary uses of information required

by law.• Legal restrictions on consumer profiling.

Q: How should the privacy of consumer transactions be regulated?

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Contracts and RegulationsBasic Legal Framework:

• Enforce agreements and contracts.• Publish privacy policies.• Set defaults for situations not in contract.

Requiring Specific Consent policies:• Adhere to informed consumer consent.• Use opt-in policies.

Legal Regulations:• Determine effectiveness, direct and hidden costs, and any loss

of services or inconvenience.

Q: Recall a situation where you exchanged personal information for some benefit.

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Contracts and Regulations (cont’d)

Ownership of personal data. Can an individual own:• Facts (e.g. marriage license in public records)?• Personal information (e.g. your date of birth)?

Freedom of speech• Prohibiting communication of information may violate the ???

Amendment.

Q: When does protecting privacy conflict with freedom of speech?

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EU (European Union) Privacy RegulationKey points:

• Limited collection of personal data.• Data must be up-to-date and destroyed when no longer

needed.• Consent for sharing data is required.• Sensitive data (e.g. religion) can only be provided with

consent.• Notify consumers about the collection and intended purpose of

data.• Restricted access and sharing of criminal convictions.

Q: Can the EU’s privacy regulations work in the US? Indonesia ?

The Impact of Computer Technology

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