Mark Zeitoun The Impact of Armed Conflict on Urban Water Services (protracted armed conflict and explosive weapons) Experts’ Workshop - Water in Post-Conflict Situations and the Role of the Security Council Lund University , 15 February 2018 www.zanstudio.com
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MarkZeitoun
TheImpactofArmedConflictonUrbanWaterServices
(protractedarmedconflictandexplosiveweapons)
Experts’Workshop- WaterinPost-ConflictSituationsandtheRoleoftheSecurityCouncil
LundUniversity,15February2018
www.zan
stud
io.com
ExplosiveWeapons• Impactcanbedirectand/orreverberating• Extentinspacedependsonthecomponentoftheservice
thatisdamaged• Durationdependsonthepre-attackconditionoftheservice
Protractedarmedconflict• Impactcanbedirect,indirect,orcumulative• Indirectimpactaremoredifficulttodealwiththandirect• Cumulativeimpactarethemostdifficulttodealwith
Implications• StrengthenIHL• Makefundingmechanismsmoreadaptable• Increasetechnicalcapacity• Re-worktherelief-rehabilitation-developmentcontinuum
https://www.icrc.org/en/document/urban-services-protracted-conflict-report
Summary
1.WaterServicebasics2.ImpactofExplosiveWeapons
3.ImpactofProtractedArmedConflict4.Implications
Urbanservicesaremorethanjustinfrastructure
ICRC
FoodElectricity
HealthWater
Wastewater
Finance
Interdependentservices
Urbanservicesareinter-dependent
1.WaterServicebasics2.ImpactofExplosiveWeapons
3.ImpactofProtractedArmedConflict4.Implications
ICRC
Explosiveweapons- directandreverberatingeffects
WaterSource
Reservoir andBooster Station
Distribution
networkWater Treatment
Plant
Upstream
Downstream
Mid-stream
Electrical PowerPlant
Upstream DownstreamMid-stream
Blast WaveFragmentation
Thermal Energy
Explosion Direct effects... + Reverberating effects...... on people, hardware,and consumables.
... on up, mid, or downstream components of the same service;... on other services (the ‘domino effect’);... far from the impact zone; and... long after the detonation has occured.
Explosiveweapons- directandreverberatingeffects
‘hierarchyofservicecomponents’(up,mid,ordownstream)
Spatialextent:f’n ofhierarchyofcomponent
Duration:f’n ofthe‘baselineresilience’(i.e.redundanciesandpreparedness)
Explosiveweapons- directandreverberatingeffects
1.WaterServicebasics2.ImpactofExplosiveWeapons
3.ImpactofProtractedArmedConflict4.Implications
Ruth MacDougall
Hardwarepressuredropsinwaternetworks
Consumableslootingofwarehousespricespikesà rationing
Peoplebrain-draintrauma
Indirect impact>directimpactICRC
ICRC
ICRC
Directandindirectimpactcanaccumulate
1.WaterServicebasics2.ImpactofExplosiveWeapons
3.ImpactofProtractedArmedConflict4.Implications
IHL• Directimpactofexplosiveweaponsare‘reasonably
foreseeable’,bothinspaceandintime• Proportionalityassessmentsshouldincludeengineers
withinthetargetingcell• Reverberating,indirect,andcumulativeimpactshouldbe
betterdocumentedandcommunicated– sothattheybecome‘reasonablyforeseeable’
Programming(forprotractedconflicts):• Donorstomakefundingmechanismsmoreadaptable• Agenciestoincreasetechnicalcapacity
Conceptual• Re-worktherelief-rehabilitation-developmentcontinuum
Thank–you
Implications
INSTEADOF
TRY
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