-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 Arriving at an old age reduces educational aainment change in propensity to hold a higher educational degree, in %-points age at arrival 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 15 12 14 16 17 19 18 20 average age at arrival effect compared to refugees who arrive at age four spread of the estimated age at arrival effect (95% cfi) Arriving one year earlier increases the propensity to hold a higher educational degree by 3.6%-points The impact of age at arrival on education and mental health We find significant and meaningful impacts of refugee age at arrival on educational aainment, but not on mental health. This shows that refugee children who arrive at an older age will have substantially reduced educational outcomes compared to those who arrive at a younger age. This implies that child refugees arriving via family reunification would benefit substantially from reductions in asylum application processing time. CPB Discussion Paper Sander Gerritsen, Mark Kaenberg, Sonny Kuijpers January 2019