The Hundred Years’ War 1337 - 1453. Cause The feudal relationship between the Kings of England and France.

The Hundred Years’ War1337 - 1453

Cause

• The feudal relationship between the Kings of England and France.

• The King of England was the Duke of Normandy.

• The Duke of Normandy owed homage to the King of France.

• Edward III refused homage to Philip VI.

• Philip confiscated Edward’s land in Aquitaine.

• Edward declared he was the King of France, not Philip.

• Growing English commercial dominance in Flanders.

• French influence in Scotland.

Phase 1 - 1337-1396

• 1337-1338: English establish bases in Flanders• 1338: Edward proclaims himself King of France

• 1340: Battle of Sluys; English destroy French fleet.

• 1346: English expedition into France– 26 August 1346: Battle of Crécy

Italian, c. 1400

Battle of CrécyEnglish

• Commanded by Edward III

• 3,000 knights and men-at-arms• 10,000 English archers• 4,000 Welsh light troops

– (one half were archers)

• 3,000 misc. troops

French

• Commanded by Philip VI

• 12,000 knights and men-at-arms• 6,000 Genoese crossbowmen• 17,000 light cavalry• 25,000 feudal militia

“This was probably the best-organized, most-experienced, and best-disciplined force gathered in Western Europe since the days of the Roman legion.”

English

• 2 knights • 40 men-at-arms• “A few dozen” Welsh infantrymen

• Total: c. 200 dead and wounded

French

• Philip VI WIA• King John of Bohemia KIA

• 1,542 nobles and knights • 10,000-20,000 others• “Thousands” of horses

Losses

• “In a purely military sense . . . this was one of the most decisive battles in world history. . . . Since the time of Crécy, infantry has remained the primary element of ground combat forces.”

1346-1347: Siege and capture of Calais

• 1347-1354: Truce• 1355: Resumption of the war.• August-September 1356– Raid by Prince Edward– 19 September: Battle of Poitiers

English

• Commanded by Prince Edward “The Black Prince”

• 4,000 knights and men-at-arms• 4,000 light cavalry• 3,000 English archers• 1,000 light infantry

French

• Commanded by John II

• 8,000 knights and men-at-arms• 8,000 light cavalry• 2,000 crossbowmen• 2,500 infantry• 15,000 feudal militia

English

• c. 1,000 KIA

• c. 1,000 WIA

French

• John II POW

• 2,500 KIA

• 2,600 POW

Losses

• September-October 1356: English withdraw.

• 1356-1360: English raids.

• 1360: Peace of Bretigny– John ransomed for 3 million

“gold crowns”(c. $60 million today)

• 1360-1367: Peace

• 1364: John II dies• 1376: Prince Edward dies• 1377: Edward III dies• 1380: Charles V dies

• 1396: Peace of Paris between Richard II and Charles VI

30 year peace

• 1399: Richard II deposed by Henry Bolingbrooke– becomes Henry IV

Phase II - 1396-1457

• 1402-1405: – French support for Scotland and Wales– French raid on English coast

• Burgundians assassinate Louis, Duke of Orleans

• Political chaos in France

• 1413: English alliance with Burgundy• 1415: English invasion of France– 25 October 1415: Agincourt

English

• Commanded by Henry V

• 900 knights and men-at-arms• 8,000 archers

French

• Commanded by Charles d’AlbertConstable of France

• 30,000 men– 10,000 knights and men-at-arms– 1,200 mounted

English

• 13 men-at-arms• 100 footmen

French

• Charles d’Albert, Constable of France KIA

• 5,000 nobles and knights KIA• 1,000 nobles and knights POW• c. 5,000 others KIA

Losses

• 1422: Henry V dies– Henry VI weak and eventually insane

• 1429: Charles VII crowned in Rheims.

• 1429-1431: Joan of Arc– Captured by the Burgundians– Bought by the English– Tried for heresy and executed

By October 1453 England controls only Calais.

In England:War of the Roses1455-1485