The Human Mosaic The Human Mosaic CHAPTER FOUR CHAPTER FOUR Speaking about Places: The Geography of Language
Dec 14, 2015
The Human MosaicThe Human Mosaic
CHAPTER FOURCHAPTER FOUR
Speaking about Places: The Geography of Language
Introduction
- Difference between Language and Dialect? - What is a Pidgin Language? - A Lingua Franca? - Are you Monolingual, Bilingual, or
Polyglot? - Do you know any words you use that are not “English”?
I) Linguistic Culture Regions
A. Language Families 1) Indo-European Language Family
Slavic, Germanic, Romance, Iranic, Indic, Celtic, etc.
Mother (English) Mutter (German) Madre (Spanish) Meter (Greek) Madar (Iran) Matka (Polish)
What is behind the global significance of Indo-European languages?
2) Afro-Asiatic Family a) Semitic (Arabic, Hebrew, Amharic) b) Hamitic (Berbers, Tuaregs, Cushites)
3) Other Language Familiesa) Altaic (Turkic, Mongolic)b) Niger-Congo (south of Sahara Desert;
Swahili) c) Austronesian (Polynesian; Malay-
Indonesian) d) Uralic Family (Finnish, Hungarian)
e) Sino-Tibetan (Chinese, Burmese, Tibetan) f) Austro-Asiatic (Vietnamese and
Cambodian)g) Other Families (Khoisan of the Kalahari;
Dravidian of S-India; Native American tongues; Basque; etc.)
- languages like Basque are “language isolates” as they do not have any genealogical relationship with other living languages
B) English Dialects in the United States
- the use of “isoglosses” in geolinguistics - three major dialects in the United States:
1) Northern Dialect 2) Midland Dialect 3) Southern Dialect
Is it soda, pop, or coke?
Turnpike, parkway, interstate, or freeway?
Buggies? Draws? Skeeter? Tater? Britches?
Are you perhaps fixin' to do something?
Ebonics and AAE: pidgin language or dialect?
II) Linguistic Diffusion
- 10,000 BP about 15,000 languages - today less than 6,000 languages - importance of relocation diffusion!
A. Indo-European Diffusion
- 9,000 BP in SE-Turkey - importance of agriculture in the diffusion - later dispersal of Latin, English, and
Russian
B. Austronesian Diffusion
- 5,000 BP in SE-Asia - from New Zealand to Madagascar (!) - Polynesian and the study of Ward, Webb,
and Levison
C. Searching for the Primordial Tongue
(NOVA: “In Search of the Primordial Tongue”)
- Nostratic in the Middle East about 12,000 to
20,000 BP (Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic, etc.)
- Dene-Caucasian (Sino-Tibetan) - Na-Dene (American-Indian) - What is the Primordial Tongue of all these?
D. Linguistic Globalization?
Will continuing globalization create just a handful of dominating languages? What are the most likely candidates?
III) Linguistic Ecology
A. Habitat and Vocabulary - Inuit (arctic climate) / Arabic (desert climate)- Spanish / Scottish Gaelic (rough terrain) - English (wet coastal plain)
B. Habitat Provides Refuge - linguistics refuge areas (e.g. Native
Americans) - linguistic shatter belts (e.g. Caucasus Mnts)
C. Habitat Guides Migration - Diffusion of Indo-European Language - Stable vs. Unstable Language Borders- importance of natural infrastructure (e.g.
rivers, coastlines)
IV. Culturo-Linguistic Interaction
A. Technology and Linguistic Dominance - role of agricultural revolution - writing (~ 6 millennium BP in Egypt &
Sumeria) - Trans-Siberian Railroad vs. Cyberspace
B. Language and Empire - Imperial Expansions and their result
C. Social Moral Model - Charles Withers’ study of conquered
people - Example of Native Americans
- low social status - losing pride in one's culture
- Bilingual People in the United States - 1910 (~25%) vs. today (< 14%)
WWI / Lusitania
D. Economic Development Model
- example of Wales in the United Kingdom - clearance model & changeover model
E. Language and Religion
- Islam and Arabic - Latin and Roman Catholicism - Protestant Reformation and the
Standardization of the German language
V. Linguistic Landscapes
A. Messages
- "hostile" vs. "friendly" landscape - the big yellow M
B. Toponyms (Place names)
- Huntsville (specific “Hunts” / generic “ville”)
- generic toponyms of the United States- Northern: Randolph CENTER, Orange
SOUTH - Midland: PittsBURGH, HarrisBURGH - Southern: Cypress BAYOU, Gum GULLY
C. Toponyms and Cultures of the Past
- Arabic place names on Iberian Peninsula - Guadalquivir, Guadalajara
- Native American place names in the U.S. - states, rivers, mountains, etc.
- Spanish place names in the U.S.
D. Toponyms and Environmental Modifications
- Neuroth & Bayreuth - What about Frankfurt? Erfurt? Schweinfurt?