the holy lands & trade winds

8/9/2019 the holy lands & trade winds

1/34

Yjfn

:

`k Nur`pnjk dgnkdty jkg `rdfdk dk ten Bnvjkt.

`k Nrjsous, ten lrusgjgns jkg ten rnkjdssjkln.

ten e`by bjkgs

& trjgn wdkgsjbbnp` & l`. ten lrusjgnsay ten wnst & trjgn dk ten njst

lurjtng ay

jooj adrjf`

Venk j ljrf` `h 199,999 Gutle bd`k g`bbjrs jrrdvng jt Jbnpp` dk :866, ten frjkg vdzdnr `rgnrng ten we`bn

l`ksdfkonkt t` an sndzng jkg jbte`ufe ten g`b-bjrs pr`vng t` an `h hubb onjsurn, dt l`st :>,999 g`bbjr t` snlurn tendr

rnbnjsn (V``g :4= :9:). Wen Gutle bnnuwnkgjjbgnrs wnrn k`t `kby usng ay ten Gutle onrlejkts, aut jbs` ay

`tenr wnstnrk kjtd`ks, nspnldjbby ten Nkfbdse we` jbs` nxp`rtng Gutle bd`k g`bbjrs t` ten Nopdrn.

Enr eusajkgs t` Jbnpp` f`kn, ojstnr `' te'Wdfnr3 Aut dk j sdnvn

Dbb tedtenr sjdb, Jkg bdcn j rjt wdte`ut j tjdb,

Dbb g`, Dbb g`, jkg Dbb g`.

\ejcnspnjrns Ojlante. Jlt :, slnkn


2/34

Yjfn

1

Gurdkf ten hdrst ejbh `h ten hdhtnnkte lnktury dt wjs k`t uklòo`k

h`r onk `h bnjrkdkf t` trjvnb t` ten Bnvjkt jkg rnl`rg wejt jktdqudtdns teny ejg snnk tenrn3

ten nxpnrdnklns `h Fujrdk` Xnr`knsn, Jurdspj, Hdbnbh`, Ldrdjl` `h Jkl`kj

jkg Lrdst`h`r` Au`kgnbo`ktd jrn wnbb ck`wk.

QNkjdssjkln Lrusjgnrs=Euojkdst Lrusjgn Bdtnrjturn dk ten Jfn `h Oneong DD

MJON\ EJKCDK\

Nvnk Ydus DD, ten frnjtnst lru-sjgdkf p`pn `h ten Qnkjdssjkln, jgodttng dk j pjssd`kjtn jkg adttnr bnttnr jhtnr ten

Lùkldb `h Ojktuj tejt ten prdklns `h Nur`pn lùbg k`t an arùfet t` pbjln ten f``g `h Lerdstnkgò ja`vn tejt `h

tendr snvnrjb prdkldpjbdtdns3 en l`klbugng gjrcby tejt Vnstnrk Lerdstdjks odfet nkg up bdcn te`sn `h ten Njst, bdvdkf dk

snrvdtugn ukgnr Dsbjodl rubn. Wen hdhtnnkte-lnktury lrusjgns jbs` gdhhnrng hrò te`sn `h ten lbjssdljb pnrd`g dk ejv-

dkf js tendr prdojry àmnlt, k`t ten rnl`vnry `h ten E`by Bjkg, aut ten rnl`vnry `h L`k-stjktdk`pbn. Wenrn wnrn

snvnrjb rnjs`ks h`r teds sedht dk jdo. Wen E`by Bjkg dk ten hdh-tnnkte lnktury wjs dk ten ejkgs `h ten Ojobuc subtjks

`h Nfypt, we` prnsnktng k` pjrtdlubjr odbdtjry ternjt t` ten Bjtdk Vnst jkg wdte weò ten lòonrldjb p`wnrs `h

Dtjby ejg w`rcng ùt j outujbby anknhdldjb o`ynk gn vdvrn wdte rnfjrg t` trjgn. Wen @tt`-ojk Wurcs `h Jsdj Odk`r,

ay l`ktrjst, wnrn j gykjodl odbdtjry p`wnr wdte nxpjksd`kdst gnsdfks dk Nur`pn dtsnbh, jkg ten Dtjbdjk lòonrldjb

p`wnrs hnjrng (teùfe frùkgbnssby, js dt pr`vng) tejt teny wùbg ternjtnk Nur`pnjk trjgdkf dktnrnsts dk tenBnvjkt.> Wen hjbb `h L`kstjktdk`pbn jkg ten jttnkgjkt tjbns `h Wurcdse jtr`ldtdns teus snrvng js j p`wnr-hub syoa`b

`h ten knlnssdty h`r Nur`pnjks t` ukdtn dk `rgnr t` lùktnr Wurcdse gnsdfks `h l`kqunst. Wen rnl`kqunst `h

L`kstjktdk`pbn wùbg an j strjtnfdl lùp h`r ten Vnst js wnbb= dt wùbg lut ten @ttòjk bjkgs dk tw` jkg dkedadt ten

gnvnb`ponkt `h Wurcdse kjvjb p`wnr dk ten k`rtenjstnrk Ongdtnrrjknjk. L`kstjktdk`pbn wjs jbs` `h lùrsn j e`by

ldty, `kn `h ten hdvn pjtrdjrlejb ldtdns `h jkldnkt Lerdstdjkdty, jkg ten ljpdtjb `h ten Frnnc nopdrn.

QNkjdssjkln Lrusjgnrs=

Euojkdst Lrusjgn Bdtnrjturn dk ten Jfn `h Oneong DD

MJON\ EJKCDK\

Vdte ten ubtdojtn hjdburn `h ten Lrusjgns, jkg bjtnr ten gdsl`vnry `h ten Knw V`rbg, dktnrnst dk ten Bnvjkt bjpsng h`r

j wedbn. Wen fnknrjtd`k `h ten Qnkjdssjkln b``cng k` hjrtenr tejk Qòn jkg Frnnln. Aut ay ten nkg `h ten :8te

lnktury Nkfbdse, Hrnkle, jkg Gutle trjgnrs sule js \ejcnspnjrn's 'Ojstnr `h ten Wdfnr' wnrn ajlc jt L`kstjktdk`pbn,\oyrkj, jkg Jbnpp` trydkf t` wrdkf l`klns-sd`ks hrò ten Wurcs, jkg vydkf h`r njstnrk buxurdns dk rnturk h`r tendr

sdbcs jkg w`rstngs.

Dgnktdty dk ten Ongdnvjb Ongdtnrrjknjk V`rbg `h Onrlejkts jkg Ydrjtns,

Cjteryk Qnynrs`k.

Dgnktdty dk ten ongdnvjb Ongdtnrrjknjk w`rbg wjs lòpbnx jkg oubtdhjlntng. Ongdnvjb Nur`pnjks, nspnldjbby

onrlejkts, a`rr`wng jkg sedhtng dgnktdtdns jll`rgdkf t` ten ldrluostjklns. Weny odfet sjdb ukgnr ten hbjfs `h `tenr

p`bdtdns jkg anlòn pdrjtns jkg prdvjtnnrs `k `lljsd`k. Weds stugy nxjodkns ljsns `h sedhtdkf dgnktdtdns, oubtdpbn

dgnktdtdns, a`rr`wdkf `h dgnktdtdns, jkg odstjcnk dgnktdtdns wdtedk j sejrng Ongdtnrrjknjk ojrdtdon lubturn, usdkf

bdtnrjry nvdgnkln, mugdldjb rnl`rgs, trnjtdns, jkg g`luonkts `h prjltdln.

B`kf-gdstjkln dktnrkjtd`kjb trjgn wjs j sdfkdhdljkt hnjturn `h ten ongdnvjb Ongdtnrrjknjk. Venrn tenrn wjs trjgn,

tenrn wjs `htnk pdrjly. Onrlejkts turkng pdrjtn `r prdvjtnnr `k j gdon, lejkfdkf tendr dgnktdtdns. Dgnktdty js j tnro ds

dtsnbh l`ktnstng pjrtdlubjrby dk s`ldjb sldnkln edst`rd`frjpey, aut dt ds stdbb usnhub js b`kf js ten lòpbnxdty ds

ojdktjdkng3 o`rn tejk rjln `r ntekdldty ds dkv`bvng, js bjw, lbjss, p`bdtdljb jhhdbdjtd`k, rnbdfd`k, bjkfujfn, jkg lubturn

ljk jbs` an jt dssun. Weds stugy nxjodkns dkldgnkts `h pdrjly, prdvjtnnrdkf, jkg rnprdsjb, usdkf bjwsudts, bdtnrjturn,

jkg g`luonkts `h prjltdln dk jk nhh`rt t` pràbnojtdzn ten qunstd`k `h dgnktdty dk ten oubtdlubturjb ongdnvjb

Ongdtnrrjknjk w`rbg. Hrò teds nvdgnkln `kn hdkgs ljsns `h sedhtdkf dgnktdtdns, oubtdpbn dgnktdtdns, a`rr`wdkf `h

dgnktdtdns, jkg odstjcnk dgnktdtdns. Wensn jrn ten `rfjkdzdkf ljtnf`rdns `h teds stugy.


3/34

Yjfn

. Wedsspdrdtujbdty ejg dts r``ts dk o`kjstdldso. L`kvnrsnby, ten lrusjgns hurtenr enbpng t` sejpn bjy spdrdtujbdty jb`kf

o`kjstdl bdkns, jkg t` pr`vdgn, dk ten e`spdtjbbnr jkg odbdtjry `rgnrs hùkgng dk ten twnbhte lnktury, o`gnbs h`r knw

o`kjstdl h`ros. Wen lrusjgns wdtknssng ten trjksp`rt `h rnbdfdùs eùsns jkg h`ros `h rnbdfdùs bdhn tejt wnrn

gnvnb`pdkf dk ten Vnst k`t `kby t` ten E`by Bjkg aut jbs` t` Lyprus, Qe`gns, Bnajk`k, Jsdj Odk`r, jkg, h`r j tdon

dk ten tedrtnnkte lnktury, t` ten Bjtdk Nopdrn `h L`kstjktdk`pbn. Jo`kf te`sn knw `rgnrs gdrnltby dkhbunklng ay ten

lrusjgns, ten Ljronbdtns stjkg ùt js `kn wdte r``ts dk ten E`by Bjkg dtsn bh. Hrò ten anfdkkdkf, ten lrusjgns

ejg h`rlng Vnstnrknrs t` b``c any`kg tendr hr`ktdnrs. Wen lùrsn `h ten tedrtnnkte lnktury wùbg jopby gno`kstrjtn,

dk sule jltdvdtdns js ten odssd`ks t` Ledkj jkg t` ten O`kf`bs, ten ojkknr dk wedle ten lrusjgns enbpng t` trjksh`ro

Nur`pn's pbjln dk ten w`rbg. Wen rnbdfdùs `rgnrs, pjrtdlubjrby ten Hrjkldsljks jkg ten Gòdkdljks, t``c ten bnjg,

aut, js Ejodbt`k se`ws, ten wjy wjs pjvng ay ejadts `h supp`rt audbt dk ten Vnst h`r ten knw hùkgjtd`ks dk ten

Njst dk ten lùrsn `h ten twnbhte lnktury.

Venk j ljrf` `h 199,999 Gutle bd`k g`bbjrs jrrdvng jt Jbnpp` dk :866, ten frjkg vdzdnr `rgnrng ten we`bn

l`ksdfkonkt t` an sndzng jkg jbteùfe ten g`b-bjrs pr`vng t` an `h hubb onjsurn, dt l`st :>,999 g`bbjr t` snlurn tendr

rnbnjsn (V``g :4= :9:). Wen Gutle bnnuwnkgjjbgnrs wnrn k`t `kby usng ay ten Gutle onrlejkts, aut jbs` ay

`tenr wnstnrk kjtd`ks, nspnldjbby ten Nkfbdse we` jbs` nxp`rtng Gutle bd`k g`bbjrs t` ten Nopdrn.

Jk dkgdvdgujb ljbbng Mèk ten Zujcnr ' jrrdvng jt L`kstjktdk`pbn jkg anfjk t` prnjle jt ten strnnt l`rknrs rnpnktjkln

t` ten Wurcs dk eds kjtdvn t`kfun. Kjturjbby nkùfe, ten Oèjoongjks b``cng up`k edo js j bukjtdl, jkg l`ksdfkng

edo t` j ojgeùsn, wenrn en bjkfudseng h`r ndfet o`ktes uktdb eds kjtd`kjbdty wjs gdsl`vnrng jkg en wjs tjcnk

anh`rn B`rg Vdkledbsnj. @k nktnrdkf ten joajssjg`r's prnsnkln Mèk rnhusng t` rno`vn eds ejt, wenrnup`k en wjs

ajstdkjg`ng, jkg `k eds lb`tens andkf nxjodkng j bnttnr wjs gdsl`vnrng dk eds p`lcnt jggrnssng t` ten subtjk, p`bdtnby

tnbbdkf tejt o`kjrle tejt en wjs ten slùrfn nopb`yng ay F`g t` pukdse wdlcng Lerdstdjks. Wen Bnvjkt lòpjkyjbwjys snkt ùt lejpbjdks t` `hhdldjtn jt ten vjrdùs t`wks wenrn teny ejg hjlt`rdns nstjabdseng. Gr. L`vnb, we` wjs

jpp`dktng js lejpbjdk t` ten noajssy jt L`kstjktdk`pbn dk :869, wr`tn j w`rc `k ten Frnnc Leurle wedle b`kf

l`ktdkung t` an ten lednh jute`rdty `k ten suamnlt3 jkg eds dktnrnstdkf jkg v`buodkùs gdjry, k`w jo`kfst ten

ojkuslrdpts dk ten Ardtdse Ousnuo, jhh`rgs us ojky dktnrnstdkf fbdopsns dkt` ten bdhn `h ùr onrlejkts jt tejt tdon.

Wen lejkfns wedle tensn trjgnrs ljrrdng ùt ojrc j rnv`butd`kjry arnjc dk Nkfbdse lòonrldjb jltdvdty, aut teny

ljkk`t an snnk js ds`bjtng, spnlubjtdvn vnkturns. Weny hb`wng hrò jk dklrnjsdkfby lènrnkt pr`frjo h`r lòonrldjb


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Yjfn

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trjksh`rojtd`k `k j w`rbg-wdgn sljbn. Gurdkf ten bjtnr :8


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Yjfn

>

-

Lerdst`penr Wynrojk,

Wen Dkvnktd`k `h ten Lrusjgns. W`r`kt` jkg Auhhjb`

Weds a``c, js ten jute`r stjtns, ds j pr`gult `h ten fr`wte `h dktnrnst dk ten lrusjgns dk ten bjst tedrty ynjrs. Dt ds,

e`wnvnr, jbs` j pr`gult `h j gdslussd`k, `r j l`ktr`vnrsy, jo`kf edst`rdjks `h ten lrusjgns dk rnfjrg t` j vnry ajsdl

qunstd`k= Vejt wnrn ten lrusjgns0 Dk pjst ynjrs ten l`ktr`vnrsy `vnr teds dssun ejs gdvdgng edst`rdjks `h ten

lrusjgns dkt` tw` frùps. Wen trjgdtd`kjbdsts jrfung h`r ten lnktrjbdty `h Mnrusjbno js a`te j odbdtjry jkg j spdrdtujb

f`jb `h lrusjgdkf jkg js j cny hnjturn `h ten lrusjgn dkgubfnkln (teds frùp ejs dklbugng, n.f., M`seuj Yrjwnr, Mnjk

Qdlejrg, Ejks Nanrejrg Ojynr, jkg Wynrojk edosnbh). Wendr lrdtdls wnrn ten pburjbdsts (bng ay M`kjtejk Qdbny-

\odte3 teds frùp dklbugns, jo`kf `tenrs, K`rojk Eùsbny), we` dksdstng tejt dt wjs pjpjb jute`rdzjtd`k jb`kn tejt

gnhdkng j lrusjgn3 wenrn pjpjb jute`rdty nxdstng, kjonby, wenrn tenrn wjs pjpjb pr`lbjojtd`k `h dt, tenrn wjs j

lrusjgn. Wenrnh`rn jbb s`rts `h nxpngdtd`ks, wentenr t` Mnrusjbno `r jfjdkst enrntdls, Lerdstdjks, `r pjfjks, wenk

bjukleng ay pjpjb pr`lbjojtd`k jkg wdte pjpjb dkgubfnklns, jrn t` an l`ksdgnrng lrusjgns. Weds wjs ten ojdk tensds

`h M`kjtejk Qdbny- \odte's Vejt Vnrn ten Lrusjgns0 (B`kg`k, :466).

ten lrusjgn wjs gnhdkng jkg dkstdtutd`kjbdzng.

Js ten jute`r wrdtns= "ten kjturn jkg dopjlt `h wejt lùbg an ljbbng gnvnb`png lrusjgdkf jrn nxjodkng ay pbjldkf

gdstdklt, pròdknkt jspnlts `h ten penkònk`k, sule js bjw, bjkfujfn, dojfnry, prnjledkf, rdtujb jkg jllnp- tjkln,

dk tendr nllbnsdjstdljb, p`bdtdljb, lubturjb jkg s`ldjb l`ktnxts t` se`w e`w E`by Vjr rnhbnltng rjtenr tejk dfkdtng dts

surrùkgdkfs. Enrn ten nxlejkfn antwnnk wejt wjs andkf prò`tng wdte dts rnlnptd`k ds pjrjbbnbng ay tenluoubjtdvn dkjgnqujly `h ten rnjbdty jkg ten`ry `h lrusjgdkf t` pr`vdgn j hdro, bjstdkf h`lus `h dgnktdty h`r

Lerdstnkgò" (pp. 8- 6). Wen hdkjb lejptnr gnjbs wdte lrusjgdkf edst`rd`frjpey sdkln ten sdxtnnkte lnktury. @kn `h

ten ojdk l`klbusd`ks (jkg lnrtjdkby ten o`st pr`v`ljtdvn jkg l`ktr`vnrsdjb `kn) `h ten stugy ds tejt dk ten twnbhte

lnktury-tdbb k`w l`ksdgnrng js ten f`bgnk jfn `h ten lrusjgn-tenrn wnrn k` hdro lrusjgn dkstdtutd`ks jkg ejrgby j

lrusjgn o`vnonkt. A`te wnrn ten dkvnktd`k `h edst`rdjks dkhbunklng ay sùrln ojtnrdjb hrò ten bjtn twnbhte jkg

ojdkby ten tedrtnnkte lnkturdns. Dk se`rt, js ten jute`r jrfuns, tenrn wjs dk hjlt k` lrusjgn anh`rn ten Wedrg

Lrusjgn ("Dk ten twnbhte lnktury . . . tenrn wnrn k` lrusjgns t` hdfet" Sp. 14_).

"ten lrusjgns bjlcng gnhdkdtd`k anljusn, dkstnjg `h dbbuodkjtdkf jbb jrùkg teno,

teny tenosnbvns rnhbnltng jkg rnhrjltng ten surrùkgdkf l`ktnxt" (p. 1).

Dt ds rjtenr gdhhdlubt t` jllnpt Wynrojk's jrfuonkt tejt anljusn tenrn wnrn k` lrusjgn dkstdtutd`ks dk ten twnbhte

lnktury tenrn wnrn k` lrusjgns. Hdrst `h jbb, vnry `htnk dkstdtutd`ks jkg bnfjb gnhdkdtd`ks jppnjrng jt j bjtnr stjfn tejk

ten dgnj `r dgnjb teny sjkltd`kng3 h`r nxjopbn, ten dgnjb `h pdbfrdojfn nxdstng dk Vnstnrk Lerdstdjkdty b`kf anh`rn dt

wjs sjkltd`kng ay ten leurle dk ten snvnkte lnktury. \nl`kgby, ten gdhhnrnkln antwnnk pdbfrdos jkg lrusjgnrs wjs

lnrtjdkby oule o`rn àvdùs t` l`ktnop`rjrdns dk ten twnbhte lnktury tejk Wynrojk ds prnpjrng t` jgodt.

Ljkt`r se`ws e`w "ten frnjt ongdnvjbdsts . . ., bdcn jbb lrnjtdvn tedkcnrs jkg jrtdsts, hjsed`kng tendr dktnrprntjtd`ks `h

ten Odggbn Jfns ùt `h ten no`td`kjb wnbbsprdkfs `h tendr bdvns, jkg tensn bdvns wnrn dk turk l`kgdtd`kng ay ten vjst

s`ldjb jkg p`bdtdljb upenjvjbs" (pp. 71-7


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Yjfn

8

Lerdst`penr Wynrojk,

Wen Dkvnktd`k `h ten Lrusjgns. W`r`kt` jkg Auhhjb`

\TBXDJ \LENDK, ^kdvnrsdty `h Ejdhj

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Wen bdhn `h Gugbny K`rte, jhtnrwjrgs \dr Gugbny jkg joajssjg`r h`r ten lòpjky t` ten Y`rtn, ay eds s`k, tnbbs us

oule l`klnodkf ten bdhn jkg jgvnkturns `h j Wurcny onrlejkt dk te`sn gjys. Gugbny K`rte wjs a`rk dk :87:, jkg

wjs snkt ùt t` \oyrkj js jpprnktdln t` j Wurcny onrlejkt wenk ndfetnnk ynjrs `h jfn, wdte j ljpdtjb `h 799]. H`r

ojky ynjrs en bdvng j o`st hrufjb Ehn, cnnpdkf edosnbh jb``h hrò ten nxtrjvjfjkt jkg buxurdùs bdvns wedle ten

Nkfbdse, onrlejkts dk ten \oyrkj hjlt`ry bdvng dk te`sn gjys.

-

Wen trjvnbs `h Anrkjrg` Odlenb`zzd

jkg A`ksdfk`rn A`ksdfk`rd dk ten Bnvjkt (:746-45)

Nvn A`rs``c

Gurdkf ten hdrst ejbh `h ten hdhtnnkte lnktury dt wjs k`t uklòo`k h`r onk `h bnjrkdkf t` trjvnb t` ten Bnvjkt jkg

rnl`rg wejt jktdqudtdns teny ejg snnk tenrn3 ten nxpnrdnklns `h Fujrdk` Xnr`knsn, Jurdspj, Hdbnbh`, Ldrdjl` `h

Jkl`kj jkg Lrdst`h`r` Au`kgnbo`ktd jrn wnbb ck`wk. Dt ejs annk àsnrvng tejt jhtnr ten hjbb `h L`kstjktdk`pbn tenrn

wnrn hnwnr `h sule trjvnbbnrs wdte gnvnb`png jktdqujrdjk dktnrnsts. E`wnvnr, teds wjs bnss trun `h Hb`rnktdkns we`

wnrn hjvùrng ay tendr hrdnkgby p`bdtdljb jkg lòonrldjb rnbjtd`ks wdte ten Wurcs. Ankngntt` Gnd's jllùkt `h eds

mùrkny dk :789-86 ds k`tng aut rjtenr bdodtng dk jrlejn`b`fdljb dktnrnst jkg jbteùfe wn ck`w tejt B`rnkz` gn'

Ongdld's snlrntjry, Kdll`b` Odlenb`zzd, ojgn j trdp tenrn en gdg k`t bnjvn (js hjr js wn ck`w) jky rnl`rg `h dt.

Ejppdby, teds wjs qudtn gdhhnrnkt wdte Odlenb`zzd's nbgnr ar`tenr, Anrkjrg`, we`sn mùrkny wdte A`ksdfk`rn

A`ksdfk`rd antwnnk Muby :746 jkg K`vnoanr :745 ds g`luonktng ay j hubb jkg bdvnby rnl`rg.

-

Wen mùrkjb `h o`gnrk edst`ryJkfb`-Hrnkle rdvjbry dk ten bnvjkt hrò :>5< t` :8:1

Jrteur Bn`k E`rkdcnr

Wen pnrd`g hrò :>5< t` :8:1 wdt-knssng j adttnr gdpbòjtdl struffbn j antwnnk Hrjkln jkg Nkfbjkg dk ten Bnvjkt.

Wen l`khbdlt dkv`bvng lbjdos t` murdsgdltd`k `vnr Lerdstdjk kjtd`ks wedle wnrn k`t `hhdldjbby rnprnsnktng jt ten Y`rtn

jkg `vnr tendr onrlejkts trjgdkf dk ten p`rts jkg tnrrdt`rdns `h ten @ttòjk Nopdrn. Njrby dk ten sdxtnnkte lnktury

Hrjkln ejg nstjabdseng dtsnbh js ten prn-nodknkt Vnstnrk p`wnr dk lòonrldjb jkg gdpbòjtdl rnbjtd`ks wdte Wurcny.

Jppjrnktby sdkln ten trnjty `h ljpdtubjtd`ks `h :>5d-ten cdkf `h

Hrjkln ejg nxnrldsng murdsgdltd`k `vnr Lerdstdjk trjgnrs dk ten Bnvjkt, wedle àbdfng teno t` nktnr jkg g` ausdknss

dk ten @ttòjk Nopdrn `kby ukgnr ten Hrnkle hbjf jkg ukgnr ten nxlbusdvn survndbbjkln jkg rnprnsnktjtd`k `h ten

Hrnkle jo-ajssjg`r jkg l`ksubs.' Jpjrt hrò ten D Nkfbjkg jkg `tenr ojrdtdon kjtd`ks trjgng ukgnr ten Hrnkle hbjf

b`kf anh`rn ten trnjty `h :>5d. W`wjrg ten nkg `h ten sdxtnnkte lnk-tury ten Nkfbdse nktnrng ten Bnvjkt, jkg s``k

Hrjkln wjs l`khr`ktng wdte j o`st jffrnssdvn rdvjb we` lejbbnkfng dts gdpb`-ojtdl js wnbb js dts lòonrldjb

p`sdtd`k dk tejt rnfd`k.

\``k j sullnssd`k `h ljpjabn Nkfbdse joajssjg`rs- Ngwjrg Ajrt`k, Enkry Bnbb`, \dr Weòjs Fb`vnr, jkg \dr

Yjub Ydkgjr-lejbbnkfng Hrjkln's pròdknkt stjkgdkf jt ten Y`rtn jkg nspnldjbby dts murdsgdltd`k `vnr ten `tenr

Lerdstdjk kjtd`ks. Dk teds l`ktnst antwnnk ten tw` p`wnrs, pjbjln dktrdfuns jkg ardanry pbjyng jk dop`rtjkt r`bn dk

swjydkf Wurcdse hjv`rs k`w t` `kn sdgn jkg k`w t` ten `tenr3 aut knvnr h`r jky l`ksdgnrjabn bnkfte `h tdon gdg ten

Y`rtn gnhdkdtnby lòodt dtsnbh t` ten sup-p`rt `h ndtenr kjtd`k, jbteùfe h`r p`bdtd-ljb jkg nl`kòdl rnjs`ks dt wjs

syopj-tentdl t` ten jspdrjtd`ks `h Nkfbjkg. Wen st`ry `h ten Jkfb`-Hrnkle struf-fbn `vnr ten l`vnrdkf hbjf h`r ten

trjgn `h `tenr kjtd`ks dk ten Bnvjkt ejs k`t rn-lndvng jgnqujtn trnjtonkt ay Nkfbdse wrdtnrs.-


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-

Aruln Ojstnrs, Wrjgdkf Gdjsp`rjs jkg 'Kjtd`ks'=

Wen Fnknsds `h Kjtd`kjb Dgnktdtdns dk @ttòjk Jbnpp`

Wen snvnktnnkte jkg ndfetnnkte lnkturdns wdtknssng jk nv`butd`k dk ten gnhdkdtd`k `h frùp dgnktdty h`r sòn `h ten

pn`pbns `h ten Odggbn Njst js j rnsubt `h lejkfdkf pjttnrks `h trjgn. Vedbn tensn trjgdkf lòoukdtdns gdg k`tknlnssjrdby l`ktjdk ten snngs `h kjtd`kjbdso, pr`t` `r `tenrwdsn, tendr nxdstnkln wdtedk ten @ttòjk Nopdrn gdg

lòpnb Odggbn Njstnrknrs t` rnl`ksdgnr tendr gnhdkdtd`k `h frùp b`yjbtdns dk ten bdfet `h nl`kòdl gnvnb`ponkt.W en

nxdstnklnw dtedk ten Nopdrn `h onrlejkt' gdjsp`rjs',j s tensn lòoukdtdns ejvn annk guaang ay Lurtdk jkg `tenrs,:

ds k`t sur-prdsdkf. B`kf-gdstjkln trjgn dk prn-o`gnrk tdons rnqudrng lòpbnx jr-rjkfnonkts `h trust jkg dkh`rojtd`k

sejrdkf, dh dt wnrn t` hukltd`k jt jbb. Wensn prnrnqudsdtnsw nrn o`st `htnk ont wdtedk jk nxtnkgng hjodby, aut wenk

trjgdkf kntw`rcs trjvnrsng j l`ktdknkt `r j snj, jk dkgdvdgujb hjodby wjs ejrg prnssng t` onnt teno3 teny wnrn anttnr

sjtdshdng ay j cdksedp frùp ajsng `k rnbdfd`k, trdan, ljstn, `r ntekdldty. Wen gnvnb`ponkt `h sule spnldjbdzng lbjssns,

`r gdjsp`rjs, `h trjgnrs wjs stdoubjtng dk ojky s`ldntdns ay ten odstrust, hnjr, `r l`ktnopt jll`rgng t` dkgdvdgujbs

we` ejkgbng o`kny jkg, snnodkfby, ojgn pr`hdts hrò ten bjaùr `h `tenrs. Dk ten Odggbn Njst, e`wnvnr, sule j

pjttnrk `h onrljktdbn spnldjbdzjtd`k wjs edst`rdljbby k`t js prnvjbnkt js nbsnwenrn. Jbteùfe ten Ye`nkdldjks jkg ten

njrby Enbbnkns ejg vdrtujbby pr`vdgng ten pjrjgdfo `h trjgdkf gdjsp`rjs, ay ten Qòjk jkg Ayzjktdkn pnrd`gs ten

lòonrln `h ten rnfd`k wjs dk ten ejkgs `h ten oubtdpbdldty `h pn`pbns we` gwnbt dk ten Weds jrtdlbn wjs hdrst

prnsnktng js j pjpnr t` ten Odggbn Njst \tugdns Jss`ldjtd`k Onntdkf dk A`st`k dk K`vnoanr : 458. \upp`rt wjspr`vdgng ay ten \`ldjb \ldnklns Qnsnjrle Lùkldb, ten Gnpjrtonkt `h Nguljtd`k Hubardfet Yr`frjo, jkg Vnsbnyjk

^kdvnrsdty. Oy tejkcs f` t` ten stjhhs `h ten Yuabdl Qnl`rg @hhdln dk B`kg`k, ten \yrdjk Kjtd`kjb Jrledvns dk

Gjojslus, jkg ten Ajajcjkec Jrdvd dk Dstjkaub h`r jbb`wdkf on t` l`ksubt tendr l`bbnltd`ks.

Qjtenr, ten rnfd`k dtsnbh ejg anlòn j lrjgbn `h onrlejkts, we`sn s`ks wnrn nstjabdse-dkf trjgdkf kntw`rcs dk

wnstnrk Nur`pn, jlr`ss ten \jejrj t` Jhrdlj's \jenb, g`wk ten njst l`jst `h Jhrdlj, jkg njstwjrgs t` Ledkj jkg ten

Dkgdns. Dkt` teds lòpbnx trjgdkf w`rbg Dsbjo wjs a`rk. Dts njrby lnkturdns sjw ten pr`spnrdty `h ten lnktrjb-l`rn

Ousbdo bjkgs bdkcng t` b`kf-gdstjkln trjgn. Wrjgn, dk turk, anljon j vnedlbn h`r nxtnkgdkf ten knw hjdte, tenrn-h`rn

Dsbjodl s`ldnty wnblòng dt. Jbo`st jb`kn jo`kf ten ldvdbdzjtd`ks `h ten ongdnvjb @bg V`rbg, Dsbjo jll`rgng t`

onrlejkts j pbjln `h prnstdfn jkg dkhbunkln, j rnhbnltd`k pnrejps `h dts enrdtjfn. Wen Zurjyse, jhtnr jbb, ejg annk j

trjgdkf gdjsp`rj dk tendr `wk rdfet, trjksp`rtdkf ten nxp`rts `h Jrjadj Hnbdx (ten Tnonk) t` ten Ongdtnrrjknjk vdj

\yrdj. Js ten @ncuonkn `h Dsbjo pr`vdgng j l`kgudt h`r trjgn antwnnk Njst jkg Vnst, ten Ousbdos put tendr

fn`frjpedljb f``g h`rtukn t` f``g usn, gòdkjtdkf ten jkldnkt \dbc Q`jg t` Ledkj jkg trjgdkf wdte bjrfnr jrnjs `h

Jhrdlj jkg sùte-njst Jsdj. Vdtedk teds vjst w`rbg tenrn wnrn dkgd-vdgujbs we` spnldjbdzng dk lòonrln, aut wdte

ten nxlnptd`k `h pn`pbns `k ten hrdkfn `h ten Ggr jb-Dsbgo (ten Ousbdo w`rbg) -ten Anranrs `h \dmdbojssj, ten ^yfurs

dk Ledknsn Wurcdstjk, jkg ten @ojkds wdte tendr gnslnkgjkts ten \wjedbd `h ten Njst Jhrdljk l`jst - trjgn wjs k`t

ten o`k`p`by `h jky pjrtdlubjr ntekdl frùp, snlt, `r trdan. Wenrn wnrn, `h lùrsn, ten Cjrdod onrlejkts `h Nfypt,

aut nvnk teùfe ten `rfjkdzjtd`k `h tendr kntw`rc ds k`t lòpbntnby ukgnrst``g, teny snno t` ejvn annk j fudbg `h

onrlejkts, j trjgdkf lòpjky js dt wnrn, rjtenr tejk j trun trjg-dkf gdjsp`rj ajsng `k rnbdfdùs `r ntekdl tdns.1 Ay

:>99, e`wnvnr, ten `pp`rtukdtdns h`r b`kf-gdstjkln trjgn dk Ousbdo bjkgs wnrn anfdkkdkf t` bnssnk, dk pjrt gun t` ten

jrrdvjb `h Nur`pnjks dk ten Dkgdjk @lnjk. Doaung wdte ten rnbdfdùs hnrvùr `h ten Qnl`kqudstj, ten Y`rtufunsn, bdcn

ten \pjkdjrgs dk ten Ongdtnrrjknjk, lùbg `kby snn ten Ousbdosj s nknodns.^ kgùatngby,t eds rnbdfd`k-ajsngj

ktjf`kdsow js dktnksdhdng ay str`kf Ousbdo lòpntdtd`k h`r l`ktr`b `h trjgn t` ten Dkgdns.< Dk ten Dkg`knsdjk

jrledpnbjf`, jffrnssdvn Gutle lòpntdtd`k h`r ten spdln trjgn `htnk bng t` wjr, jkg ten Ousbdo subtjkjtns frjgujbby

b`st ùt t` anttnr tnlek`b`fy jkg `rfjkdzjtd`k.7 Dk ten Ongdtnrrjknjk, Ousbdo onrlejkts we` ejg njrbdnr nstjabdseng

tenosnbvns jt Xnkdln anfjk t` lurtjdb tendr jltdvdtdns js ten Dtjbdjks sùfet o`rn jffrnssdvnbyt ` l`ktr`b ten Bnvjkt

trjgn h`r tenosnbvns.

-

\usjk Kjqudk Ngeno Nbgno, Gjkdnb F`hhojk, jkg Aruln Ojstnrs.

Wen @ttòjk Ldty antwnnk Njst jkg Vnst= Jbnpp`, Dzodr, jkg Dstjkaub.


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Wernn wnbb-kjrrjtng ardnh edst`rdns `h Jbnpp`, Dzodr, jkg Dstjkaub, jkg sòn lòpjrjtdvn lòonkts ojcn up teds

suffnstdvn stugy `h @ttòjk ldtdns. Njle ldty ds le`snk h`r dts ukdqun lejrjltnrdstdls, aut dk njle `kn h`rndfk trjgn

jkg oubtd-ntekdl, oubtd-rnbdfdùs p`pubjtd`ks jrn se`wk t` ejvn annk jt ten l`rn `h @ttòjk urajk s`ldntdns. Weds

hdkn a``c jbs` fdvns us j hrnse wjy `h ukgnrstjkgdkf @tt`-ojk edst`ry. Wen @ttòjk systno jppnjrs enrn js j

l`kgòdkduo `h nbdtns, sòn Ousbdo, sòn k`k-Ousbdo, we` ejg pjrtdtd`kng ten vjrdùs gdonksd`ks `h ten

p`bdtdljb nl`kòy jo`kf ntekdljbby `r rnbdfdùsby gnhdkng sua-nbdtns. @ttòjk Ousbdos l`ktr`bbng ten odbdtjry jkg

ten aurnjulrjly, Jronkdjks ten ajkcdkf systno3 Frnncs jkg Mnws wnrn jltdvn dk tjx hjrodkf jkg dktnrkjtd`kjb trjgn.

Wen b`ljb ajbjkln `h p`wnr antwnnk ten ldty-ajsng k`k-Ousbdo nbdtns jkg ten rurjb `r lnktrjb f`vnrkonkt @ttòjk

Ousbdo nbdtns vjrdng hrò ldty t` ldty jkg hrò lnk-tury t` lnktury. Gjkdnb F`hrojk gnslrdans Dzodr, ten o`st nx`tdl

ljsn. J trjgdkf nktrnp`t, wdte-ùt lubturjb `r edst`rdljb onjkdkf dk ten @ttòjk w`rbg, Dzodr nonrfng dk ten

snvnktnnkte lnktury js j rnkgnzvùs h`r Nur`pnjk onrlejkts wdte b`ljb Jron-kdjks, Mnws, jkg Frnncs t` nxlejkfn

ten f``gs `h Drjk jkg wnstnrk Jkjt`bdj. Wen @ttòjks wnrn dktnrnstng dk Dzodr bjrfnby h`r ten pr`guln `h dts

edktnrbjkgs. @kby dk ten :869s gdg ten C`prubu vdzdnrs anfdk t` nkg`w ten ldty wdte puabdl w`rcs, sdfkdhydkf tejt ten

lnktrjb f`vnrkonkt ejg frjspng dts dop`rtjkln. Dk ten bjtn snvnktnnkte lnktury, Y`rtufunsn Mnws gòdkjtng tjx

hjrodkf3 Ous-bdos l`ktr`bbng rnfd`kjb nxlejkfn3 Frnncs ejkgbng dktnr-rnfd`kjb trjgn3 jkg Jron-kdjks prngòdkjtng

dk dktnrkjtd`kjb lòonrln, nspnldjbby dk ten sdbc trjgn wdte Drjk. Dk ten ndfetnnkte lnktury, wdte Nur`pnjk pjtr`kjfn,

ten Frnncs nonrfng js ten o`st dop`rtjkt frùp3 dk ten kdkntnnkte lnktury, ten @ttòjk rnlnktrjbdzjtd`k `h stjtn

p`wnr hurtenr nkejklng ten p`sdtd`k `h Frnnc onrlejkts we` ab`lcng Ardtdse nhh`rts t` pnkntrjtn ten Jkjt`bdjk

lùktrysdgn. Jt ten sjon tdon Frnncs, Mnws, jkg Jronkdjks wnrn purlejsdkf tjx hjros. Dzodr ds ten nxtrnon ljsn `h

j ldty gnhdkng ay dts h`rndfk jkg odk`rdty nbdtns. Aruln Ojstnrs se`ws tejt Jbnpp` wjs o`rn ajbjklng antwnnk dts

r`bns js j pr`-vdkldjb ljpdtjb jkg j ljrjvjk ldty. Dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury, ten Ynrsdjk sdbc trjgn wjs Jbnpp`'sprdojry dkgustry, wdte Jronkdjks, Lerdstdjk Jrjas, \npejrgdl Mnws, jkg onrlejkts hrò Drjk, Dkgdj, jkg Nur`pn,

aut k`t b`ljb \ukkd Ousbdos, ten prdkldpjb jlt`rs dk teds trjgn. Dk ten ndfetnnkte lnktury, wenk ten Hrnkle `vnrt``c

ten Ardtdse js ten prngòdkjkt Nur`pnjk onrlejkt lòoukdty, ojky Lerdstdjks l`kvnrtng t` Ljte`bdldso, jkg

Bnvjktdkn Ljte`bdls anljon ten o`st sullnsshub `h Jbnpp`'s odk`rdty lòoukdtdns. Wen odg-kdkntnnkte-lnktury

rnvdvjb `h Nur`pnjk trjgn jbs` anknhdtng Jbnpp`'s Lerdstdjk jkg Mnwdse onrlejkts. K`kntenbnss, h`rndfknrs jkg

odk`rdtdns gdg k`t l`ktr`b ten wnjbte k`r gnhdkn ten bdhnstybn `h Jbnpp` js oule js teny gdg `h Dzodr, h`r Jbnpp`'s

edktnrbjkgs wnrn js dop`rtjkt dk ten p`bdtdljb nl`kòy js trjgn. Dk ten ndfetnnkte lnktury, ten wnjc-nkdkf `h ten

lnktrjb stjtn jbb`wng b`ljb k`tjabn hjodbdns t` l`ktr`b ten rurjb edktnr-bjkgs jkg, dk ten bjttnr pjrt `h ten kdkntnnkte

lnktury, tjx-hjrodkf hjodbdns anfjk t` nxpjkg dkt` wenjt pr`gultd`k jb`kf ten Nuperjtns. Weny wnrn rudkng wenk

ten lrnjtd`k `h Drjq jkg Wurcny lut `hh Jbnpp` hrò o`st `h dts kjturjb rnfd`k. Dk ten @ttòjk Nopdrn, ten Dstjkaub

ojrcnt wjs ukdqun.

Dkstjkaub . Fjbjtj, dk ten k`rte `h ten ldty, wdte dts bjrfn p`pubjtd`ks `h Frnnc, Jronkdjk, M nwdse, Nur`pnjk, jkgOusbdo onrlejkts, wjs pnrlndvng ay ten @ttòjks js j gdhhnrnkt cdkg `h lòoukdty. Ay :699, dt ejg anlòn j

bjrfnby Ousbdo ldty wdte k`k-Ousbdos squnnzng dkt` snvnrjb nklbjvns, wedle wnrn andkf puseng t`wjrgs ten

ùtbydkf gdstrdlts. Weds dktnfrjtng systno anfjk t` lrjlc dk ten ndfetnnkte lnktury. Js ten Hrnkle anljon gòdkjkt

`vnr `tenr Nur`pnjks dk ten Dstjkaub ojrcnt, teny snt up tendr `wk l`rp`rjtn strulturn t` strnkftenk tendr l`bbnltdvn

p`sdtd`k, jkg usng tendr dkhbunkln wdte ten @ttòjk stjtn t` arnjc ten frdp `h @ttòjk onrlejkts jkg fudbgs `vnr ten

b`ljb nl`kòy. Weny jbs` jttjlcng ten b`ljb o`k`p`bdns ay pbjydkf ten ntekdldty ljrg, jbbydkf wdte Mnws jfjdkst

Frnncs,

Oneont Aubut. Wen r`bn `h ten @ttòjks jkg Gutle

dk ten lòonrldjb dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten Bnvjkt jkg Jtbjktdl dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury.Wen @ttòjks jkg Gutle dk ten njrby lòonrldjb dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten Bnvjkt jkg Jtbjktdl dk ten snvnktnnkte

lnktury. Js jk nxpjkgdkf trjgdkf kjtd`k dk ten w`rbg nl`kòy, ten Gutle Qnpuabdl pbjyng jk dop`rtjkt r`bn dk ten

lòonrldjb dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten pr`vdklns `h ten @ttòjk Nopdrn jkg Vnstnrk Nur`pn. Wen fr`wte `h @ttòjk-

Gutle nl`kòdl rnbjtd`ks dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury h`bb`wng ten fr`wte `h nl`kòdl rnbjtd`ks antwnnk ten

pr`vdklns `h ten Nopdrn jkg Vnstnrk Nur`pn. Wenrnh`rn, ten tw` w`rbg nl`kòdl systnos, ten @ttòjk jkg

Vnstnrk Nur`pnjk nl`kòy dklrnjsdkfby `pnkng t` njle `tenr.

Wen fr`wte `h trjgn antwnnk ten @ttòjk Nopdrn jkg Vnstnrk Nur`pn ds `kn dkgdljtd`k` h ten lòonrldjb

dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten Bnvjkt jkg Jtbjktdl gurdkf ten snvnktnnkte lnktury. Jk`tenr ds ten dklrnjsng nxp`rts `h


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prnldùs ontjbs (f`bg jkg sdbvnr) hrò Nur`pn terùfeùt ten @ttòjk jrnjs t` ten Njst. Lòpjrng wdte bnvnbs

jlednvng jt ten nkg `h twnktdnte lnktury, trjgn dk f``gs jkg ljpdtjb hb`ws antwnnk ten Bnvjkt jkg Jtbjktdl gurdkf

ten snvnktnnkte lnktury ds dklòpjrjabn dk sdzn.

E`wnvnr, jk`tenr hjlt ds tejt ten v`buon `h b`kf gdstjkln trjgn, trjvnb, lòoukdljtd`k jkg hb`w `h ten prnldùs

ontjbs antwnnk ten tw` rnfd`ks dklrnjsng t` j sdzn tejt wjs dop`ssdabn t` lòpjrn wdte ten njrbdnr lnkturdns. Wen

@ttòjks rnl`fkdsng ten dop`rtjkln `h ten l`kknltd`ks antwnnk ten Ongdtnrrjknjk,te n Qng \nj jkg ten Dkgdjk

@lnjk dk ten l`ktr`b `h njst-wnst trjgn.W eny jttjlengs pnldjb dop`rtjklnt ` ten dopr`vnonkt` h tendr kjvjb h`rln h`r

l`ktr`bbdkf tensn jrnjs. Gurdkf ten sdxtnnkte lnktury, ten @ttòjk Nopdrn ejg annk j sdfkdhdljkt p`wnr we`sn

l`kqunsts wnrn gdrnltng k`t `kby t`wjrg l`kqunrdkf bjkg aut jbs` t`wjrg gòdkjtdkf `r l`ktr`bbdkf ten trjgn

nktrnp`ts jkg lòonrldjbk ntw`rcsj lr`ss ten z`kns `h dktnrkjtd`kjbtr jgn.W en lòonrldjb z`kns dk wedle ten

@ttòjks` pnrjtngn xtnkgngh rò ten Ongdtnrrjknjkt` ten Dkgdjk @lnjk.' Gun t` dts kjvjb jkg lòonrldjb p`wnr,

ten @ttòjk Nopdrn wjs jabn t` gòdkjtn ten trjgdkf rùtns antwnnk Jsdj jkg Nur`pn uktdb ten bjst gnljgns `h ten

sdxtnnktel nktury.

W en nkg `h ten hdhtnnktel nkturyo jrcngt en anfdkkdkf` h j sdfkdhdljkt turkdkf p`dkt h`r ten Vnstnrk nl`kòy.< Wen

gdsl`vnry `h ten Ljpn `h F``g E`pn dk :758 jkg ten sedht `h Dkgdjk jkg Ynrsdjk trjgn rùtns t` ten edfe snjs jrùkg

\ùte Jhrdlj wjs jk dop`rtjkt p`dkt `h l`klnrk h`r ten @ttòjk rubnrs. @h lùrsn, jhtnr ten gdsl`vnry `h ten Ljpn

rùtn spdln trjgn dk ten Ongdtnrrjknjkg dg k`t lnjsn doongdjtnby,j s ds a`rkn ùt ay nvdgnkln. Gun t` tendr p`sdtd`k

dk dktnrkjtd`kjbtr jksdtt rjgn,j kg sdkln teny l`ktr`bbngt en trjgn rùtns h`r j b`kf tdon, ten @ttòjks l`ktdkung t`

fjdk oule rnvnkun hrò trjk-sdt trjgn. \pdlns jkg `tenr vjbujabn pr`gults hrò Jsdj jkg ten Bnvjkt ejg h`rlnkturdns hùkg tendr wjy t` Nur`pn terùfe ten @ttòjk tnrrdt`rdns. @ttòjk p`wnr jt snj jkg ten Nopdrn's

strjtnfy dk ten Ongdtnrrjknjk, Qng \nj jkg Dkgdjk @lnjk dk tejt pnrd`g ejvn annk jggrnssng ay edst`rdjks sule js

@re`kbu (:4863 :467), @zajrjk (:4613 :449) jkg Aruoontt (:441. Ay ten

odggbn `h ten sdxtnnkte lnktury ten @ttòjk Nopdrn ejg anlòn ten prdon stjtn l`ktr`bbdkf jbb ten trjgn rùtns hrò

ten Dkgdjk @lnjk t` ten Ongdtnrrjknjk sdkln ten Ayzjktdkn Nopdrn b`st dts p`ssnssd`ks dk oule `h ten jrnj dk ten

snvnkte lnktury. Wen @ttòjk kjvy pbjyng j lruldjb r`bn dk l`ktr`bbdkf ten trjgn rùtns (Ojktrjk :44>= :::).

Dk eds hjoùs lejptnr `k l`b`kdns, Jgjo \odte k`tng tejt "ten gdsl`vnry `h Jonrdlj jkg tejt `h j pjssjfn t` ten

Njst Dkgdns ay ten Ljpn `h F``g E`pn, jrn tw` frnjtnst jkg o`st dop`rtjkt nvnkts rnl`rgng dk ten edst`ry `h

ojkcdkg" (\odte :44


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Bnvjktdkn lòonrln jbo`st nx lbusdvnby h`lus up`k nxtnrkjb jkg dop`sng ljusns (hbultujtdkf pjttnrks `h

dktnrkjtd`kjb trjgn, jkg ten jttdtugns jkg tnlekdquns `h Nur`pnjks dk tendr gnjbdkfs wdte `tenrs) wenk jssnssdkf ten

lòonrldjb hjtn `h j lnrtjdk b`ljbn `r pr`gult.

Wen jute`r jbs` usns eds rdle sùrlns t` qunstd`k \tnnksfjjrg's lbjssdl tensds tejt dk ten njrby snvnktnnkte lnktury

Nur`pnjk onrlejkts dk Jsdj hdkjbby sullnngng dk ldrluovnktdkf ten ljrjvjk trjgn (pp. 9, ten knw onrlejkts ejg k`t `kby suastjktdjbby pnkntrjtng ten Lòpjky, aut ejg h`rlng ten dopbn-

onktjtd`k `h tendr pr`frjo. Wen l`b`kdjb onrlejkts' lòonrldjb vdlt`ry `vnr ten Bnvjkt-Njst Dkgdj nstjabdseonkt

wjs k`t sdopby ten rnsubt `h tendr supnrd`r nktrnprnknursedp. Wen p`bdtdljb upenjvjbs `h ten :879's ejg ar`cnk tenp`wnr `h ten r`yjbdst-bnjkdkf onrlejkt nbdtn, wedbn nkejkldkf l`r- rnsp`kgdkfby ten p`bdtdljb p`sdtd`k `h ten

pjrbdjonktjrdjk l`b`kdjb trjgnrs. Dkgnng, wdte ten Dkgnpnkgnkt vdlt`ry dk :875, ten knw onrlejkts fjdkng jllnss t`

ten edfenst ldrlbns `h f`vnrkonkt p`wnr, j p`sdtd`k rnsnrvng anh`rn ten ldvdb wjr t` ten Bnvjkt-Njst Dkgdj bnjgnrsedp.

K`t surprdsdkfby, tensn trjgnrs usng tendr knwby-w`k dkhbunkln dk j ojkknr jkjb`fùs t` tejt `h ten `bg nbdtn, ynt dk

jll`rg wdte tendr `wk ar`jgnr lòonrldjb l`klnptd`ks. Venrnjs ten njstnrk trjgdkf lòpbnx ejg nopb`yng tendr

nxtrj-nl`kòdl p`wnr t` o`- k`p`bdzn trjgn jkg nkejkln tendr ojrcnt p`sdtd`k, ten l`b`kdjb onrlejkt frùpdkf usng

tendrs t` try t` pry hrò tendr p`wnrhub Gutle rdvjbs lòonrldjb `pp`rtukdtdns pnrejps ukjttjdkjabn ay purnby

nl`kòdl onjks. Js ejs annk jrfung nbsnwenrn, ten Jlt `h :8>9 ajrrdkf h`rndfknrs hrò ten trjgn t` ten l`b`kdns,

ten Kjvdfjtd`k Jlt `h :8>:, jkg ten hdrst Gutle Vjr jrn k`t hubby lòprnenksdabn jpjrt hrò j l`ksdgnrjtd`k `h ten

knw onrlejkts' lòonrldjb jkg p`bdtdljb strnkfte.5< Dk jk dklrnjsdkfby lòpntdtdvn dktnrkjtd`kjb lò- onrldjb

nkvdr`konkt, `pp`rtukdtdns wùbg rjrnby jky b`kfnr sdopby prnsnkt tenosnbvns. Weny wùbg ejvn t` an lrnjtng, dh

knlnssjry ay p`bdtdljb h`rln.

Edst`ry jkg Nl`kòdls anh`rn :499 wnrn tnksd`ks antwnnk b`ljbby rnlrudtng mjkdssjrdns jkg te`sn trjkshnrrng hrò

nbsnwenrn rnbjtdvnby sbdfet dk Jbnpp` (p. 78)0 Gdg ten tw` hjltd`ks' jadbdty t` l`nxdst dkhbunkln Jbnpp`'s s`ldjb jkg

p`bdtdljb hjardl0 Vey jssuon tejt onrlejkts wùbg o`rn rnjgdby rnfdstnr bjrfn tejk sojbb trjksjltd`ks dk ten Ousbdo

lùrts (p. 8:)0 Odfet k`t ten typns `h trjksjltd`k dkv`bvng, suspdld`ks antwnnk ntekdl `r rnbdfdùs frùps, jkg

dkgdvdgujb wnjbte jbs` enbp gnldgn ten wdsgò `h rnfdstrjtd`k0 Vey wnrn knwby jrrdvng kòjgs pjrtdlubjrby

rnbultjkt t` jllnpt pjssjfn hnns hrò ljrjvjks (p. ::5)0 Jkg, wey ten gdhhnrdkf jppr`jlens t`wjrg o`knybnkgdkf dk


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Jbnpp` jkg dts edktnrbjkg (p. :>4)0 Ojstnrs onktd`ks, aut g`ns k`t gdsluss, tensn hjsldkjtdkf pràbnos, wedle lùbg

an jggrnssng (dh k`t jkswnrng) jkg dktnrprntng dk wjys tejt odfet jopbdhy jkg supp`rt eds dop`rtjkt tensds

l`klnrkdkf dkgdfnkùs dkhbunklns dk dktnrkjtd`kjb lò onrln. Ojstnrs jbs` ojcns snvnrjb qunstd`kjabn jssnrtd`ks.

En dksdsts tejt Dsc nkgnruk (Jbnxjkgrnttj) wjs ten hdrst "l`b`kdjb" p`rt ldty (p. :6), wenrnjs, js \tnnksfjjrg

gno`kstrjtng, dk ten njrby snvnktnnkte lnktury ten nonrf dkf Gutle jkg Nkfbdse Lòpjkdns rngnhdkng ten tnros jkg

h`ld `h trjgn nv nrywenrn.

Js ten "rnfdstnrs `h h`rndfknrs" eùsng dk Dstjkaub gdslb`sn, Gutle, Nkfbdse, Hrnkle, jkg Xnkntdjk onrlejkts

ejadtujbby pdnrlng ten lubturjb gdvdgn, pbukfdkf tenosnbvns h`rlnhubby dkt` ten turo`dbs `h @ttòjk lòonrldjb bdhn

dk Jbnpp` jkg nbsnwenrn. Weds a``c's strnkfte bdns dk dts dktnfrjtd`k `h Jbnpp`'s dkhrjstrulturn dkt` ùr ukgnrstjkgdkf

`h Bnvjktdkn lòonrln. Wen lejptnr nktdtbng "Wen Lòonrldjb Dkstdtutd`ks `h j Ljrjvjk Ldty" l`kstdtutns j rdle jkg

nvnk rnv nbjt`ry nxjodkjtd`k `h Jbnpp`'s str`kf jkg lbjssdljb nl`kòdl strulturn. Dk "Jk 'Dsbjodl Nl`kòy' dk jk

Jfn `h Onrljktdbdso," Ojstnrs tenk lòpjrns tejt ngdhdln wdte ten Vnstnrk Nur`pnjk nl`kòy `h ten ndfetnnkte

lnktury, l`klbugdkf pnrsujsdvnby tejt ten vnry l`klnpts `h lòonrln wedle ejg annk Jbnpp`'s frnjtnst strnkfte dk

jk njrbdnr np`le anljon dts hjtjb hbjw dk j onrljktdbdstdl jfn. Wen gntjdb jkg stybn `h teds w`rc, e`wnvnr, h`rln ten

rnjgnr t` hdfet h`r sule dksdfets.

@h ùr bnfnkgs.

@h ùr bnfnkgs ds dt k`t nvnk sjdg0 Dt ds sjdg.

H`r ds dt k`t ck`wk tejt Bnvjkt ds ten adrtepbjln `h Nur`pj0

Nvnk ^r`pj. ^r`pj, jbs` Bnvjkt, jkg Wyrn0

Oneont Aubut. Wen r`bn `h ten @ttòjks jkg Gutle

dk ten lòonrldjb dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten Bnvjkt jkg Jtbjktdl dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury.

Enkln, uktdb ten nkg `h ten sdxtnnkte lnktury, ten @ttòjk Nopdrn nkm`yng sdfkdhdljkt jkg nvnk dklrnjsdkf pr`hdts ay

ten spdln jkg sdbc rùtns hrò ten Njst t` ten Ongdtnrrjknjk. E`wnvnr,s tjrtdkfj t ten anfdkkdkf` h ten snvnktnnktelnk-tury, teds sdtujtd`k anfjk t` lejkfn wenk ten K`rtenrk Nur`pnjks jppnjrng js jltdvn kjtd`ks dk ten pr`hdtjabn Hjr

Njst trjgn js wnbb js ten Bnvjkt trjgn (Ojktrjk :456= :7


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Weus, "dk ten 'w`rbg nl`kòy' onrlejkts rtrqlj pjabn `h ojcdkf ten stjtn jlt dk l`k-h`rodty wdte tendr dktnrnsts, dk

ten 'w`rbg nopdrn' 0eg stjtn jppjrjtus gòdkjtns ten slnkn jkg onrlejkts pbjy snl`kg hdggbn (ejvn j snl`kgjry

r`bn)" (Dkjbldc :447= 764).

Anh`rn ten snvnktnnkte lnktury, ten Ongdtnrrjknjkr nfd`k wjs ten lnktrn

`h ten w`rbg nl`kòy jkg ten @ttòjk Nopdrn wjs j vnry dop`rtjkt p`wnr dk tejt jrnj.

E`wnvnr, dk ten h`bb`wdkf ynjrs, ten lnktrn `h ten w`rbg nl`kòy sedhtng t` ten Jtbjktdl.

WEN G^WLE JYYNJQJKLN DK WEN @WW@OJK NOYDQN

Lòonrldjb rnbjtd`ks antwnnk ten @ttòjk Nopdrn jkg ten Gutle Qnpuabdl ejvn rnojdkng j bdttbn ck`wk t`pdl dk

ten edst`ry `h a`te lùktrdns. Wen Xnkntdjk, Hrnkle jkg Nkfbdse ljpdtubjtd`ks jkg @ttòjk-Xnkntdjk, Hrnkle jkg

Nkfbdse lòonrldjb rnbjtd`ks ejvn annk nxjodkng ay snvnrjb jute`rs. Aut up t` k`w, jrledvjb g`luonkts `k

lòonrldjb jltdvdtdns `h Gutle onrlejkts dk ten Njstnrk Ongdtnrrjknjk ejvn rnojdkng uktùleng. Jbteùfe ten

:91:/:8:1 Gutle ljpdtubjtd`k jkg njrby gdpbòjtdl rnbjtd`ks ejvn annk dkvnstdfjtng ay Jbnxjkgnr gn Fr``t jkg ten

rnbjtd`ks antwnnk ten tw` kjtd`ks dk ten ndfetnnkte lnktury ejvn annk nxjodkng ay F.Q. A`sslej Nrgardkc, tendr

stugdns h`lus `k ten gdpbòjtdl rnbjtd`ks antwnnk ten tw` lùktrdns (Gn Fr``t :4653 Nrgardkc :46>). Gutle trjgn

jkg sedppdkf dk ten Ongdtnrrjknjk ejvn annk stugdng ay Dsrjnb (:4583 :4543 :449a) jkg Nkfnbs (:446). Dsrjnb

pr`vdgng j fnknrjb pdlturn `h Gutle trjgn jkg sedppdkfd k ten Bnvjkt wedbn Nkfnbs l`klnktrjtng` k Gutle onrlejktj

ltdvdtdns dk ten VnstnrkO ngdtnrrjknjkj rnj sule js Bnfe`rk. Jbteùfe h`rojb gdpbòjtdl rnbjtd`ks antwnnk ten@ttòjk Nopdrn jkg ten Gutle Qnpuabdl wnrn hdrst nstjabdseng dk :8:1, lòonrldjb l`ktjlts ejg jbrnjgy annk ojgn

a`te ay trjvnbbnrsj kg ay onrlejktsn kfjfng dk Ongdtnrrjknjk trjgn anh`rn :899. Wen prnsnkln `h dkgdvdgujb Gutle

suamnlts dk ten Njst Ongdtnr-rjknjk gjtns ajlc t` js njrby js ten :>89s. Wen tubdp (bgbn) wjs ten hdrst dtno lòdkf

hrò ten @ttòjk Nopdrn t` ten Kntenrbjkgs. Dk ten bjst gnljgn `h ten sdxtnnkte lnktury, Gutle ojrdtdon trjgn dk ten

Ongdtnrrjknjk stjrtngt ` fr`w rjpdgby.G utle sedps sjdbng ukgnrh `rndfk (Nkfbdse `r Hrnkle) hbjfs dk ten @ttòjk

p`rts uktdb :8:1. Wen Gutle hdrst trjgng dk ten Bnvjkt ukgnrt en pr`tnltd`k` h ten Hrnkle.W rjgdtd`kjbby, Hrnkleo

jrdtdont rjgn ejg annk l`klnktrjtngo `rn dk ten Ongdtnrrjknjkte jk dk ten Jtbjktdl.D k :>84, ten Hrnkle ejg jbrnjgy

l`klbugng j lòonrldjb trnjty wdte ten @ttòjk \ubtjk, we` ejg fdvnk teno pnrodssd`k t` jbb`w kjtd`ks, wdte k`

trnjty `h tendr `wk, t` trjgn ukgnr ten sjon l`kgdtd`ks, wenk hbydkf ten Hrnkle hbjf (Arjugnb :461= 81>-153 Curjt

:4>45, Hrjkln nxtnkgng tensn prdvdbnfns t` ten Gutle, enkln Gutle onrlejkts àtjdkng

h`rojb pnrodssd`k hrò Cdkf Enkry DX t` trjgn dk @ttòjk p`rts ukgnr ten Hrnkle hbjf (Ennrdkfj :4:9= :84). Js

Arjugnb stjtns, ten Bnvjkt trjgn l`ktdkung t` hbùrdse gnspdtn 'ten gdsl`v-nrdns jkg sòn hukgjonktjb lejkfns dk ten

w`rbg nl`kòy `h ten sdxtnnktej kg snvnktnnkte lnkturdns' (:4613 :465). E`wnvnr, Xnkntdjk trjgn wjs gnlbdkdkf dk

ten Bnvjkt, wedbn Hrnkle, Nkfbdse jkg Gutle trjgn rnfdstnrng jk dklrnjsn hrò ten bjst qujrtnr `h ten sdxtnnkte

lnktury `kwjrgs. Dk `tenr w`rgs, dt wjs k`t s` oule Nur`pnjk Bnvjkt trjgn wedle wjs gnlbdkdkf dk ten njrby o`gno

pnrd`g, aut trjgnrs wnrn k` b`kfnr Dtjbdjks, rjtenr teny wnrn Hrnkle, Nkfbdse jkg Gutle. Anh`rn :8:1, anljusn `h ten

k`k-`hhdldjb p`sdtd`k `h ten Gutle onrlejkts dk ten @ttòjk p`rts, ten l`rsjdrs wnrn ten ojdk àstjlbns h`r tendr

trjgdkf jltdvdtdns dk ten Njst Ongdtnrrjknjk. Js j ojttnr` h hjlt, pdrjly wjs j snrdùs àstjlbn dk ten Bnvjkt h`r ten

onrlejkt vnssnbs. O`rn`vnr, tenrn wjs j lb`sn l`kknltd`k antwnnk trjgn jkg pdrjly.

Wenrn wjs jbs` j p`ssdadbdty h`r ten Gutle t` jpp`dkt l`ksubs, nvnk teùfe teny gdg k`t ejvn tendr `wk ljpdtubjtd`ks

(Gn Fr``t :465= 49). E`wnvnr, pr`tnltd`k ay h`rndfk `r nvnk ay Gutle l`ksubs wjs k`t sjtdshjlt`ry dk ten b`kf ruk.

Vdte ten dklrnjsn dk Gutle trjgn, tenrn wjs jk dklrnjsnd k ejrohubdk tnrhnrnkln ay tenr dvjbsd k ausdknss,j o`kfw

eòt enX nkntdjks jkg Hrnkle wnrn h`rno`st (V``g :4= 77). Hrnqunkt jttjlcs ay K`rte Jhrdljk l`rsjdrs `k ten

Gutle onrlejkts' sedps l`ktdkungd k ten hdrst gnljgn `h ten lnktury Werùfeùt ten @ttòjkt nrrdt`rdns, Gutle

onrlejktsw nrn jbb`wng t` trjgnu kgnrt endr `wk hbjf.Vdte ljpdtubjtd`ksf rjktngt ` ten Ardtdsed k :>59, jkg t` tenGutle jt teds tdon, Hrjkln b`st enr o`k`p`by t` pr`tnlt ten ejrad onrlejkts jkg tendr lò-onrldjb prdvdbnfns dk ten

@ttòjk rnjbo. Hrnkle onrlejkts k`w ejg tw` frnjt rdvjbs= ten Nkfbdse jkg ten Gutle.

Wen Gutle joajssjg`rs jt ten Y`rtn ejg a`te gdpbòjtdl jkg lòonrldjb r`bns. Wen joajssjg`r wjs b`ljtng dk ten

lnktrn `h ten Nopdrn, ten ljpdtjb, wdte eds jpp`dktonkt` h :1,999 pùkgs pnr ynjr andkf pjdg ùt `h ten fnknrjb trjgn

gutdns bnvdng dk ten Qnpuabdl (l`kv``dnk nk bdlnktnk). Dk jggdtd`k, en ejg j sejrn `h ten dklòn hrò ten Gutle

l`ksubjtns dk Dstjkaub, Dzodr, Lyprus jkg Led`s. Wen L`ksubs wnrn jbb`wng t` bnvy l`ksubjr gutdns `k jbb f``gs

ljrrdng ay Gutle sedps pjssdkf terùfe p`rts ukgnr tendr murdsgdltd`k. L`ksubs dk `tenr pjrts `h ten Ongdtnrrjknjk`

kby snrvng ten prdvjtn dktnrnsts `h ten onrlejkts, sedp `wknrs, jkg ljptjdks (Ennrdkfj :4:9=


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:99), Nkfbdse edst`rdjk V``g jssnrtng tejt Gutle ausdknss dk ten Bnvjkt ejrgby joùktng t` 'snrdùs lòpntdtd`k'

h`r ten Nkfbdse. En hùkg teds uksurprdsdkf gun t` ten hjlt tejt "wdte ten sojbb kjturjb rnsùrlns `h tendr lùktry teny

lùbg k`t e`pn t` lòpntn wdte ten ùtput `h Nkfbjkg" (V``g :487). Jk`tenr nxpnrt `k Nkfbdse Bnvjkt trjgn,

Gjvds, stjtns tejt ten Gutle ljon k`wenrn knjr ten Nkfbdse dk ten v`buon `h trjgn dk ten Bnvjkt. En mugfns tejt ten

Gutle wnrn j ojrfdkjb hjlt`r dk ten Njstnrk Ongdtnrrjknjk dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury (Gjvds :469= 199s. Wendr trjgn jltdvdtdns hbùrdseng dk Dzodr js wnbb js dk `tenr p`rts `h ten Bnvjkt. Wendr trjgn

jltdvdtdns dk ten Bnvjkt dklrnjsng t` sule j gnfrnn tejt dk :874 Nkfbdse onrlejkts lò-pbjdkng tejt ten Gutle

onrlejkts wnrn ljpturdkf ten Bnvjkt trjgn anljusn `h tendr bjrfn sedps, lenjp hrndfet jkg b`w lejrfns, jkg tejt bjrfn

qujktdtdns `h Wurcdse f``gs wnrn rnjledkf Nkfbjkg vdj Gutle sùrlns (V``g :4= >7). @k j hnw `lljsd`ks jkg

nspnldjbby wenk ten Jkfb`-Gutle wjr ar`cn ùt dk :8>1, ten Gutle ojgn k` snlrnt `h tendr jdo t` grdvn ten Nkfbdse

ùt `h ten Bnvjkt trjgn ay ojcdkf ten Ongdtnrrjknjkt` ` gjkfnrùsh `r teno. Weny lùbg njsdby ojkjfn teds anljusn

teny l`bbja`rjtng wdte @ttòjk onrlejkts (V``g :4= >>). Dt oust an jggng tejt ten Gutle Bnnu-wnkgjjbgnrs

suppbjktng ten \pjkdse pdnln `h ndfet js ten prnhnrrng l`dk dk ten Bnvjkt ojrcnts.

W@VJQG\ WEN L@OONQLDJB DKWNFQJWD@K

ANWVNNK WEN BNXJKW JKG JWBJKWDL.

@kn ljk prnsuon tejt ten rdsn `h ten @ttòjk-Jtbjktdl lòonrldjbr nbjtd`ks dkhbunklng ten Nur`pnjk w`rbg

nl`kòy jkg l`ksnqunktby dklrnjsng ten v`buon `h dktnrkjtd`kjbt rjgn jkg arùfetk nw trjgdkfp jrtknrst ` ten

Bnvjkt. Enkln, trjgdtd`kjb lòonrldjb rnbjtd`ks anfjk t` lejkfn antwnnk ten @ttòjk Nopdrn jkg ten Vnstnrknrs.

Wen odggbn `h ten snvnktnnkte lnktury ojrcng j knw stjfn dk ten pjttnrk `h @ttòjk-Nur`pnjk nl`kòdl rnbjtd`ks=

@ttòjk rjw ojtnrdjbs anfjk t` an nxlejkfngh `r ojkuhjlturngN ur`pnjkf ``gs, jkg ten @ttòjkt nr-rdt`rdns anfjk

t` an `pnkng t` ten Nur`pnjk ojrcnts. Wen @ttòjk stjpbn jkg `pnk g``r p`bdly t`wjrgs ten knw wnstnrk trjgdkf

kjtd`ks dk ten Bnvjkt lrnjtng knw lòonrldjb lnktrns dk ten Odggbn Njst. Vedbn anh`rn ten snvnktnnktel nktury,t enNur`pnjksw nrn o`stby dk hjvùr `h Jbnpp`, gurdkf tejt tdon teny gdsl`vnrng ten knw trjgdkf jkg pr`guldkf lnktrns

`h ten Nopdrn= Jkcjrj, Aursj, \jb`kdlj, Lyprus jkg Dzodr. Dk ten anfdkkdkf `h ten @ttòjk-Gutle rnbjtd`ks,

Jktwnrp jkg Jbnpp` wnrn tw` dop`rtjkt lòonr-ldjb lnktrns, aut bjtnr dzodr anljon ten lòonrldjb lnktrn h`r ten

w`rbg nl`k-òy dk ten Bnvjkt, wedbn Jostnrgjoa nljon ten lnktrn `h dktnrkjtd`kjb trjgn dk Nur`pn. H`r ten

Nur`pnjks,D zodr anljon ten dktnrkjtd`kjb nktrnp`th `r jbb cdkgs `h lòo`gdtdns antwnnk ten Njst jkg ten Vnst

wedbn ten `tenr ldtdns anljon dop`rtjkt pr`guldkf jkg b`ljb trjgdkf lnktrns. Jbb tensn lnktrns pr`gulng ten ojdk rjw

ojtnrdjbs h`r ten tnxtdbn dkgustrdns `h ten Nopdrn jkg Nur`pn. H`bb`w-dkf sule trjgdkf lnktrns js Jbnpp`, Dstjkaub,

Aursj, Lyprus, jkg Dzodr3 sòn `tenrl dtdns jbs` anljonp r`gultd`kln ktrns.H ròt en odggbn` h ten lnktury`

kwjrgs, jbb tensn lnktrns jppnjrngt ` anlòn vnry dop`rtjktl dtdns dk pr`vdgdkft en rjw ojtnrdjbs h`r ten Nur`pnjk


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w`rbg nl`kòy. @ttòjk h`rndfk trjgn gdg k`t hjbb dk vjbun jhtnr ten gnlbdkn `h ten Vnstnrk Ongdtnrrjknjknl `kòy.

Dkstnjg `h ten Dtjbdjks, gun t` ten @ttòjkn l`kòdl p`bdly, ten K`rtenrk Nur`pnjks anljon ten bnjgdkf wnstnrk

trjgnrs dk ten bjtn sdxtnnkte jkg snvnktnnktel nktury.A y frjktdkfp rdvdbnfns (ljpdtubjtd`ks)t ` ten Hrnkle jkg Nkfbdse

dk ten sdxtnnkte lnktury, jkg bjtnr t` ten Gutle dk ten snvnk-tnnkte lnktury, ten Bnvjkt trjgn l`ktdkung dk ten njrby

o`gnrk pnrd`g. Knvnr-tenbnss, ten @ttòjk-Gutle lòonrldjb rnbjtd`ks ojrcng ten anfdkkdkf `h lnrtjdk lejkfns dk

ten pr`gultd`k pr`lnss `h ten @ttòjk nl`kòy.

Wen Gutle onrlejkts wnrn ten o`st jltdvn lòoukdty a`te dk ten trjgn `h aubcy jkg buxury lòo`gdtdns antwnnk

ten Nopdrn jkg Nur`pn. Weny snkt tensn pr`gults k`t `kby t` E`bbjkg, aut jbs` t` Dtjby, Hrjkln, Fnrojky, Nkfbjkg,

jkg jbs` t` sòn `tenr pbjlns dk Nur`pn. O`rn`vnr, ten Kntenrbjkgs anljon ten ojdk nktrnp`t h`r ten gdstrdautd`k `h

ten Bnvjktdkn pr`gults t` ten Nur`pnjk w`rbg gurdkf ten sjon pnrd`g. Gutle sedps t` ten @ttòjk p`rts sjdbng hrò

ojky gdhhnrnkt p`rts `h Nur`pn= Ejo-aurf, Gjkzdf, Jostnrgjo, Nkceudznk, Q`ttnrgjo, G`rgrnlet, Ljgdz, Bdsa`k,

Nognk, Ajrlnb`kj, ]jktn, Ojrsndbbns, Fnk`j, Kjpbns, Bnfe`rk jkg Ojbtj. Weds trjks-p`rtjtd`k jkg lòonrldjb

kntw`rc antwnnk Nur`pn jkg ten Bnvjkt ojgn ten hb`w `h lòo`gdtdns antwnnk ten tw` rnfd`ks p`ssdabn. Wen

lòonrldjb nxpjksd`k `h Nur`pn jkg ten jlluoubjtd`k `h ljpdtjb bng t` ten lrnjtd`k `h knw dkgustrdns, pjrtdlubjrby dk

ten jrnj `h tnxtdbns, wedle ejg t` hdkg nxp`rt ojrcnts t` l`ktdkun tendr nxpjksd`k. Wen hukgjonktjb dkputs `h ten

Hrnkle, Nkfbdse jkg Gutle tnxtdbn dkgustrdns wnrn sdbc, l`tt`k, bdknk, oèjdr yjrk jkg w``b. Nkfbjkg ojdkby

dop`rtng sdbc, w``b jkg l`tt`k wedbn Hrjkln jkg ten Gutle Qnpuabdl o`stby dop`rtng l`tt`k, sdbc jkg oèjdr. Gun

t` ten nxlejkfn `h f``gs jkg gdhhnrnklns dk lurrnkly rjtn, ten Bnvjkt trjgn wjs vnry pr`hdtjabn h`r ten Vnstnrk

Nur`pnjk nl`kòdns. Wen Nur`pnjk Bnvjkt lòpj-kdns jlluoubjtng frnjt wnjbte hrò teds trjgn. Wendr l`ksubs jkg

joajssjg`rs wnrn jltdvn dk pr`tnltdkf tendr lòonrldjb rdfets. Ojky `h teno wnrn nvnk pnr-s`kjbby dkv`bvng dklòonrldjb jltdvdtdns. L`ksnqunktby, ten @ttòjk Nopdrn dklrnjsdkfby `pnkng dts nl`kòy t` Vnstnrk Nur`pn dk

ten sdxtnnkte jkg snvnktnnkte lnkturdns. Vdte ten wdgnkdkf `h ten kntw`rc antwnnk ten tw` rnfd`ks, ten lòonrldjb

rnbjtd`ks `h ten @ttòjk-Gutle onrlejkts dklrnjsng sdfkdhdljktby. Weds gnvnb`ponkt lrnjtng j knw sdtujtd`k

antwnnk ten ojrcnts `h ten tw` rnfd`ks, ten Bnvjkt jkg K`rte-wnstnrk Nur`pn. Nspnldjbby gun t` ten @ttòjk-Gutle

lòonrldjb rnbjtd`ks, j trnkg anfjk t` gnvnb`p t`wjrgs ten dktnfrjtd`k `h ten Nur`pnjk w`rbg nl`kòy wdte ten

Bnvjkt, jkg j w`rbg ojrcnt h`r f``gs wjs ajsng `k dktnrkjtd`kjb suppby jkg gnojkg. Wensn rnbjtd`ks pbjyng j

lruldjb r`bn gurdkf ten njrby stjfn `h ten dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten @ttòjk nl`kòy wdte ten Nur`pnjk w`rbg

nl`kòy dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury.

Ansdgns ten Gutle jkg Nkfbdse, ten @ttòjks `pnkng tendr ojrcnts t` ten Hrnkle dk ten bjst qujrtnr `h ten lnktury.

Weny rnknwng Hrnkle ljpdtubjtd`ks dk :86< jkg Nkfbdse `kns dk :86>. Jhtnr teds pnrd`g ten Gutle trjgn anfjk t` an

jgvnrsnby jhhnltng ay ten Hrnkle jkg Nkfbdse nxpjksd`k dk ten Njstnrk Ongdtnrrjknjk. Wen hjlt ds tejt ten

snvnktnnkte lnktury wdtknssng ten lòonrldjb dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten Bnvjkt jkg Jtbjktdl. A`te ten @ttòjks jkgGutle pbjyng jk dop`rtjkt r`bn dk teds gnvnb`ponkt.

Ay ten Wurcny Lòpjky pjtnkt `h :>5:, ten we`bn `h ten bulrjtdvn odggbn njst ojrcnt wjs rnsnrvng t` must twnbvn

onrlejkts. Vdtedk j hnw ynjrs teds rnstrdltng a`gy `h trjgnrs wjs ojcdkf sòn `h ten rdlenst sedponkts dk Nkfbdse

lòonrldjb edst`ry, wedbn dkldtdkf ten nkvy jkg rnsnktonkt `h bnss wnbb-pbjlng trjgnrs. @kn `pp`knkt `h ten knw

Lòpjky k` gùat nxjffnrjtng wenk en stjtng tejt, "Dt ds wnbb ck`wk tejt ten pjrts `h Dtjby jkg Wurcny wdbb anjr j

frnjtnr trjgn tejk jbb pjrts `h Lerdstnkgò dk jodty wdte enr ojmnsty." \tdbb, eds ojdk p`dkt wjs ukgnkdjabn= ten

Bnvjkt trjgn wùbg ejvn supp`rtng wdte pr`hdt ojky o`rn onrlejkts wnrn dt k`t h`r ten Wurcny Lòpjky's

o`k`p`by. \` pr`tnltng jk nkvdr`konkt h`r trjgn gnvnb`ponkt lùbg k`t ejvn annk pr`lurng ay must jky onrlejkts.

Wen `rdfdkjb Wurcny Lòpjky wjs j vnry spnldjb frùp. @h ten twnbvn pjtnktnns `h :>5:, sdx wnrn B`kg`k jbgnronk

ay ten :>59's3 ternn wnrn O. Y.'s.

Wen Bnvjkt Lòpjky onoanrsedp ejg nxlbusdvn rdfets t` vjbujabn ojrcnts. Dk ten trjgdtd`k `h ten Onrlejkt

Jgvnkturnrs, ten Ldty's bjrfnst rnfubjtng Lòpjky, teny wdseng t` bnjvn js bdttbn js p`ssdabn t` lejkln dk nxpb`dtdkf

teno. Wen strulturn `h lòonrldjb rnfubjtd`k wjs h`rtdhdng ay sdfkdhdljkt bdodtjtd`ks `k nktry t` ten trjgn. Dkgnng,

ten systno `h jgodssd`ks tnkgng t` pbjln j f``g gnjb `h l`ktr`b `vnr rnlrudtonkt dk ten ejkgs `h ten bnjgdkf

Lòpjky onrlejkts. Enrn ten dkstdtutd`k `h jpprnktdlnsedp pbjyng j lruldjb r`bn. Wen prdojry o`gn `h nktry dkt` ten

Lòpjky wjs terùfe aùkg snrvdln t` j Lòpjky onrlejkt h`r snvnk ynjrs, hùr `h teno dk ten Lòpjky's

`vnrsnjs hjlt`rdns. W` ljrry `k ten trjgn, spnldjb scdbbs wnrn knngng, jkg tensn wnrn gdhhdlubt t` jlqudrn wdteùt ten


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fudgjkln `h j onrlejkt jbrnjgy nkfjfng dk ten trjgn. Nqujbby dop`rtjkt, jpprnktdlnsedp wjs pnrejps ten anst wjy t`

nstjabdse te`sn lòonrldjb l`kknltd`ks up`k wedle sullnss dk teds ausdknss s` `htnk gnpnkgng. Hdkjbby, snrvdln dk

ten Bnvjkt arùfet lòodssd`ks jkg, gurdkf ten bjst ynjrs `h `kn's jpprnktdlnsedp, ten rdfet t` ljrry `k j prdvjtn

trjgn3 hrò tensn sùrlns dt wjs p`ssdabn t` gnrdvn ten dkdtdjb ljpdtjb knlnssjry t` bjukle `kn's `wk ljrnnr. H`r tensn

rnjs`ks-jkg anljusn ten Bnvjkt trjgn lùbg an s` bulrjtdvn-ten prdln `h jpprnktdlnsedp wjs k`rojbby qudtn

suastjktdjb.

Dk fnknrjb, `kby te`sn wdte wnjbte `r f``g l`kknltd`ks lùbg jhh`rg t` m`dk. Dt ds tenrnh`rn ukgnrstjkgjabn tejt j

frnjt kuoanr `h ten Lòpjky's rnlrudts tnkgng t` an rnbjtdvns `h Lòpjky onoanrs. Antwnnk `kn- tedrg jkg `kn-

ejbh `h jbb jltdvn Bnvjkt trjgnrs dk ten :8


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Weds knw jss`ldjtd`k wjs grjwk bjrfnby hrò ten sjon l`b`kdjb onrlejkt frùpdkf tejt wjs jbrnjgy jltdvn dk ten

Vnst Dkgdns sufjr gnvnb`ponkt. Wensn onrlejkts wnrn prnpjrng k`t `kby t` pursun ten pr`mnlt dk gnhdjkln `h ten `bg

Njst Dkgdj Lòpjky, aut jbs` t` nxpjkg dts sl`pn t` nklòpjss ten nstjabdseonkt `h j pbjktjtd`k l`b`ky `hh ten njst

l`jst `h Jhrdlj, ten `pnkdkf `h ten p`rt-t`-p`rt trjgn dk ten Njst, jkg ten dkl`rp`rjtd`k `h ten Fudknj f`bg trjgn.

Wendr pbjk wjs t` dktnfrjtn ten Njst Dkgdns wdtedk j w`rbg-wdgn oubtdbjtnrjb lòonrln wedle wùbg rnpbjln ten

h`ronr tw`-wjy rùtn. Wen knw systno wùbg an hùkgng `k l`b`kdns jkg grjw t`fntenr Nkfbjkg, Vnst Jhrdlj,

Ojgjfjsljr, jkg Dkgdj dk j lòpbdljtng kntw`rc `h nxlejkfn rnbjtd`ksedps. Wen vjrdùs jspnlts `h teds pr`frjo ejg

jbwjys annk `pp`sng ay ten `bg Lòpjky gdrnlt`rjtn wedle, js wn ejvn snnk, ejg jbwjys rnhusng t` anlòn

dkv`bvng dk l`b`kdzjtd`k jkg ejg jgenrng stnjghjstby t` j adbjtnrjb lòonrln. Tnt, ten `bg onrlejkt ojfkjtns ejg

annk s` wnjcnkng ay ten nl`kòdl nhhnlts `h lòpntdtd`k, js wnbb js ten p`bdtdljb dopjlt `h ldvdb wjr, tejt teny wnrn

ukjabn t` e`bg `hh ten knw onrlejkts' `hhnksdvn, wedle wjs ljrrdng `k a`te dksdgn jkg ùt- sdgn ten `bg Lòpjky.

Ay :8>9, Wen l`b`kdjb onrlejkts' lòonrldjb vdlt`ry `vnr ten Bnvjkt-Njst Dkgdj nstjabdseonkt wjs k`t sdopby

ten rnsubt `h tendr supnrd`r nktrnprnknursedp. Wen p`bdtdljb upenjvjbs `h ten :879's ejg ar`cnk ten p`wnr `h ten

r`yjbdst-bnjkdkf onrlejkt nbdtn, wedbn nkejkldkf l`rrnsp`kgdkfby ten p`bdtdljb p`sdtd`k `h ten pjrbdjonktjrdjk

l`b`kdjb trjgnrs. Dkgnng, wdte ten Dkgnpnkgnkt vdlt`ry dk :875, ten knw onrlejkts fjdkng jllnss t` ten edfenst

ldrlbns `h f`vnrkonkt p`wnr, j p`sdtd`k rnsnrvng anh`rn ten ldvdb wjr t` ten Bnvjkt-Njst Dkgdj bnjgnrsedp. K`t

surprdsdkfby, tensn trjgnrs usng tendr knwby-w`k dkhbunkln dk j ojkknr jkjb`fùs t` tejt `h ten `bg nbdtn, ynt dk

jll`rg wdte tendr `wk ar`jgnr lòonrldjb l`klnptd`ks. Venrnjs ten njstnrk trjgdkf lòpbnx ejg nopb`yng tendr

nxtrj-nl`kòdl p`wnr t` o`k`p`bdzn trjgn jkg nkejkln tendr ojrcnt p`sdtd`k, ten l`b`kdjb onrlejkt frùpdkf usng

tendrs t` try t` pry hrò tendr p`wnrhub Gutle rdvjbs lòonrldjb `pp`rtukdtdns pnrejps ukjttjdkjabn ay purnbynl`kòdl onjks. Js ejs annk jrfung nbsnwenrn, ten Jlt `h :8>9 ajrrdkf h`rndfknrs hrò ten trjgn t` ten l`b`kdns,

ten Kjvdfjtd`k Jlt `h :8>:, jkg ten hdrst Gutle Vjr jrn k`t hubby lòprnenksdabn jpjrt hrò j l`ksdgnrjtd`k `h ten

knw onrlejkts' lòonrldjb jkg p`bdtdljb strnkfte. Dk jk dklrnjsdkfby lòpntdtdvn dktnrkjtd`kjb lòonrldjb

nkvdr`konkt, `pp`rtukdtdns wùbg rjrnby jky b`kfnr sdopby prnsnkt tenosnbvns. Weny wùbg ejvn t` an lrnjtng, dh

knlnssjry ay p`bdtdljb h`rln.

Nur`pnjk dgnktdty jkg ten oyte `h Dsbjo= j rnjssnssonkt

Yjub QDLE

Wen ndfete lnktury ler`kdlbnr Dsdg`r Yjlnksds h`r dkstjkln l`dkng ten tnro 'Nur`pnnksns' t` gnslrdan ten jbbdjkln `hQòjk`-Fjbbdl h`rlns wdte te`sn `h ajrajrdjks wedle ukgnr ten bnjgnrsedp `h Lejrbns Ojrtnb gnhnjtng Dsbjodl h`rlns

jt ten gnldsdvn Ajttbn `h Wùrs dk 6 jkg wjs dkdtdjbby sullnsshub gun t` gdvdsd`ks jt teds tdon wdtedk ten Dsbjodl w`rbg. Mnrusjbno wjs

ljpturng dk :944 jkg j snrdns `h lrusjgnr stjtns nstjabdseng jt Jktd`le, Ngnssj, Wrdp`bd jkg Mnrusjbno. Wensn stjtns

wnrn f`vnrkng ay j wjrrd`r f`vnrkdkf lbjss jkg wnrn ejrgby nxjopbns `h l`b`kdns `h snttbnonkt tejt typdhdng bjtnr

Nur`pnjk dopnrdjb nxpjksd`k dk sule pbjlns js Njstnrk jkg \ùtenrk Jhrdlj. Wen lrusjgnrs wnrn dk nhhnlt `k jk

jrong pdbfrdojfn jkg teny nkgng up grjwdkf h`bb`wnrs hrò jbb `vnr Vnstnrk Nur`pn h`r j vjrdnty `h gdhhnrnkto`tdvns, dklbugdkf j rnbdfdùs znjb t` rntjcn Mnrusjbno, j snjrle h`r jgvnkturn js wnbb js j gnsdrn t` dopr`vn tendr

stjtus dk ten Nur`pnjk ongdnvjb s`ldjb `rgnr. \p`rjgdl jttnopts wnrn ojgn `vnr ten h`bb`wdkf lnktury t` nxtnkg

Lerdstdjk p`wnr dkt` \yrdj jkg Yjbnstdkn. E`wnvnr, ten rnvdvjb `h Dsbjodl p`wnr dk ten twnbhte lnktury nkgng teds

nxpjksd`k jkg Mnrusjbno wjs rnljpturng ay j Ousbdo jroy ukgnr \jbjggdk dk ::56. Wen edfe-p`dkt `h lrusjgdkf

jlednvnonkt teus bjstng jaùt j lnktury jkg, jbteùfe tenrn wnrn hurtenr lrusjgns dk ten tedrtnnkte lnktury, tensn

hjdbng t` rnljpturn Mnrusjbno. Dkgnng ten lrusjgnrs wnrn gnldsdvnby gnhnjtng wdte ten Ousbdo ljpturn `h Jlrn dk

:14:. Wen lrusjgns rndkh`rlng ongdnvjb oytes `h Lerdstdjk ledvjbry wedle jrfujaby gdvnrtng jttnktd`k jwjy hrò

o`rn gdrnlt Dsbjodl ternjts t` Lerdstdjk p`wnr. Wen ledvjbrdl qunst t` rnl`kqunr Mnrusjbno l`ktdkung terùfeùt ten

tedrtnnkte jkg hùrtnnkte lnkturdns.


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Wen ajbjkln `h p`wnr systno, e`wnvnr, `kby anljon snlurnby nstjabdseng `kln ten pnrlndvng Dsbjodl ternjt t` ten

s`ldntdns `h lnktrjb Nur`pn ejg annk rno`vng jt ten nkg `h ten snvnktnnkte lnktury. Ay teds tdon, ten ajbjkln `h

p`wnr g`ltrdkn ejg sprnjg hrò dts `rdfdkjb r``ts dk Qnkjdssjkln Dtjby jlr`ss o`st `h ten rnst `h Nur`pn jkg enbpng

sejpn ten ùtb``c `h ten ljstn `h jrdst`lrjtdl gdpbòjts. Wen knw gdpbòjly wjs pdv`tng jrùkg prò`tdkf ten rdvjb

dktnrnsts `h s`vnrndfk kjtd`k stjtns dk ten Vnstpejbdjk Nur`pnjk p`bdtdljb `rgnr. Wenrn wjs bdttbn spjln wdtedk teds

gdpbòjtdl gdslùrsn h`r j rnbdfdùsby-dkspdrng lrusjgn jfjdkst @ttòjk p`wnr. Weds ejg jbrnjgy nonrfng gurdkf ten

hdhtnnkte lnktury dk ten Dtjbdjk pnkdksubj, dk ten kjrr`wby snbh-dktnrnstng anejvdùr `h Dtjbdjk stjtns vds 0 vds @ttòjk

p`wnr. Hrò ten :7>9s t` ten :759s Dtjby ejg hdvn ojm`r wjrs njle bjstdkf tw` ynjrs, gnspdtn ten hjlt tejt tenrn wjs

jk nvnr-prnsnkt Wurcdse onkjln, wedle `k `kn `lljsd`k bng t` j Wurcdse fjrrds`k sndzdkf @trjkt` dk ten cdkfgò `h

Kjpbns h`r hdhtnnk o`ktes jkg usdkf dt js j sùrln `h Lerdstdjk sbjvns. Dt pr`vng dop`ssdabn h`r Y`pn Ydus :: t` h`rfn

jk jktd-Wurcdse l`jbdtd`k js rdvjb p`wnrs wnrn t`` ausy wjtledkf njle `tenr t` an l`klnrkng jaùt ten Wurcs.7: Wen

bjst spjsos `h ten Nur`pnjk lrusjgdkf dgnjb jppnjrng k`t dk Dtjby aut `k ten njstnrk hr`ktdnr `h Nur`pn, wenrn dk

Vjbbjledj ten sullnssd`k `h L`kstjktdkn \lenrajk dk :8>7 rnprnsnktng `kn `h ten bjst `h ten `bg jrdst`lrjtdl wjrrd`r

bnjgnrs. Nbsnwenrn dk njstnrk Nur`pn dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury ten fr`wdkf `pprnssd`k `h ten pnjsjktry onjkt tejt

ten jrdst`lrjtdl lrusjgdkf trjgdtd`k anljon ukgnrodkng ay dktnrkjb lbjss tnksd`ks.

Wen r`bn `h ten `ttòjks jkg Gutle dk ten lòonrldjb dktnfrjtd`k

antwnnk ten Bnvjkt jkg Jtbjktdl dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury

Oneont Aubut

Wen prnsnkt pjpnr h`lusns `k ten r`bn `h ten @ttòjks jkg Gutle dk ten njrby lòonrldjb dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten

Bnvjkt jkg Jtbjktdl dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury. Js jk nxpjkgdkf trjgdkf kjtd`k dk ten w`rbg nl`kòy, ten Gutle

Qnpuabdl pbjyng jk dop`rtjkt r`bn dk ten lòonrldjb dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten pr`vdklns `h ten @ttòjk Nopdrn jkg

Vnstnrk Nur`pn. Wen fr`wte `h @ttòjk-Gutle nl`kòdl rnbjtd`ks dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury h`bb`wng ten fr`wte

`h nl`kòdl rnbjtd`ks antwnnk ten pr`vdklns `h ten Nopdrn jkg Vnstnrk Nur`pn. Wenrnh`rn, ten tw` w`rbg nl`kòdl

systnos, ten @ttòjk jkg Vnstnrk Nur`pnjk nl`kòy dklrnjsdkfby `pnkng t` njle `tenr.

Wen fr`wte `h trjgn antwnnk ten @ttòjk Nopdrn jkg Vnstnrk Nur`pn ds `kn dkgdljtd`k `h ten lòonrldjb

dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten Bnvjkt jkg Jtbjktdl gurdkf ten snvnktnnkte lnktury. Jk`tenr ds ten dklrnjsng nxp`rts `hprnldùs ontjbs (f`bg jkg sdbvnr) hrò Nur`pn terùfeùt ten @ttòjk jrnjs t` ten Njst. Lòpjrng wdte bnvnbs

jlednvng jt ten nkg `h twnktdnte lnktury, trjgn dk f``gs jkg ljpdtjb hb`ws antwnnk ten Bnvjkt jkg Jtbjktdl gurdkf

ten snvnktnnkte lnktury ds dklòpjrjabn dk sdzn. E`wnvnr, jk`tenr hjlt ds tejt ten v`buon `h b`kf gdstjkln trjgn,

trjvnb, lòoukdljtd`k jkg hb`w `h ten prnldùs ontjbs antwnnk ten tw` rnfd`ks dklrnjsng t` j sdzn tejt wjs

dop`ssdabn t` lòpjrn wdte ten njrbdnr lnkturdns. Weds pjpnr jttnopts t` jkjbysn ten r`bn `h ten @ttòjks jkg Gutle

dk teds pr`lnss. Wen @ttòjks rnl`fkdsng ten dop`rtjkln `h ten l`kknltd`ks antwnnk ten Ongdtnrrjknjk, ten Qng \nj

jkg ten Dkgdjk @lnjk dk ten l`ktr`b `h njst-wnst trjgn. Weny jttjleng spnldjb dop`rtjkln t` ten dopr`vnonkt `h tendr

kjvjb h`rln h`r l`ktr`bbdkf tensn jrnjs. Gurdkf ten sdxtnnkte lnktury, ten @ttòjk Nopdrn ejg annk j sdfkdhdljkt

p`wnr we`sn l`kqunsts wnrn gdrnltng k`t `kby t`wjrg l`kqunrdkf bjkg aut jbs` t`wjrg gòdkjtdkf `r l`ktr`bbdkf

ten trjgn nktrnp`ts jkg lòonrldjb kntw`rcs jlr`ss ten z`kns `h dktnrkjtd`kjb trjgn. Wen lòonrldjb z`kns dk wedle

ten @ttòjks `pnrjtng nxtnkgng hrò ten Ongdtnrrjknjk t` ten Dkgdjk @lnjk.' Gun t` dts kjvjb jkg lòonrldjb

p`wnr, ten @ttòjk Nopdrn wjs jabn t` gòdkjtn ten trjgdkf rùtns antwnnk Jsdj jkg Nur`pn uktdb ten bjst gnljgns

`h ten sdxtnnkte lnktury. Wen nkg `h ten hdhtnnkte lnktury ojrcng ten anfdkkdkf `h j sdfkdhdljkt turkdkf p`dkt h`r tenVnstnrk nl`kòy. Wen gdsl`vnry `h ten Ljpn `h F``g E`pn dk :758 jkg ten sedht `h Dkgdjk jkg Ynrsdjk trjgn rùtns

t` ten edfe snjs jrùkg \ùte Jhrdlj wjs jk dop`rtjkt p`dkt `h l`klnrk h`r ten @ttòjk rubnrs. @h lùrsn, jhtnr ten

gdsl`vnry `h ten Ljpn rùtn spdln trjgn dk ten Ongdtnrrjknjk gdg k`t lnjsn doongdjtnby, js ds a`rkn ùt ay nvdgnkln.

Gun t` tendr p`sdtd`k dk dktnrkjtd`kjb trjksdt trjgn, jkg sdkln teny l`ktr`bbng ten trjgn rùtns h`r j b`kf tdon, ten

@ttòjks l`ktdkung t` fjdk oule rnvnkun hrò trjk-sdt trjgn. \pdlns jkg `tenr vjbujabn pr`gults hrò Jsdj jkg ten

Bnvjkt ejg h`r lnkturdns hùkg tendr wjy t` Nur`pn terùfe ten @ttòjk tnrrdt`rdns. : @ttòjk p`wnr jt snj jkg ten

Nopdrn's strjtnfy dk ten Ongdtnrrjknjk, Qng \nj jkg Dkgdjk @lnjk dk tejt pnrd`g ejvn annk jggrnssng ay edst`rdjks

sule js @re`kbu (:4863 :467), @zajrjk (:4613 :449) jkg Aruoontt (:441.

Ay ten odggbn `h ten sdxtnnkte lnktury ten @ttòjk Nopdrn ejg anlòn ten prdon stjtn l`ktr`bbdkf jbb ten trjgn


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rùtns hrò ten Dkgdjk @lnjk t` ten Ongdtnrrjknjk sdkln ten Ayzjktdkn Nopdrn b`st dts p`ssnssd`ks dk oule `h ten

jrnj dk ten snvnkte lnktury. Wen @ttòjk kjvy pbjyng j lruldjb r`bn dk l`ktr`bbdkf ten trjgn rùtns (Ojktrjk :44>=

:::). < Dk eds hjoùs lejptnr `k l`b`kdns, Jgjo \odte k`tng tejt "ten gdsl`vnry `h Jonrdlj jkg tejt `h j pjssjfn t`

ten Njst Dkgdns ay ten Ljpn `h F``g E`pn, jrn tw` frnjtnst jkg o`st dop`rtjkt nvnkts rnl`rgng dk ten edst`ry `h

ojkcdkg" (\odte :447). @k j hnw `lljsd`ks jkg nspnldjbby wenk

ten Jkfb`-Gutle wjr ar`cn ùt dk :8>1, ten Gutle ojgn k` snlrnt `h tendr jdo t` grdvn ten Nkfbdse ùt `h ten Bnvjkt

trjgn ay ojcdkf ten Ongdtnrrjknjk t`` gjkfnrùs h`r teno. Weny lùbg njsdby ojkjfn teds anljusn teny

l`bbja`rjtng wdte @ttòjk onrlejkts (V``g :4= >>). Ay ten odggbn `h ten lnktury, ten nssnkln `h ten GutleBnvjkt trjgn anljon ten nxlejkfn `h oèjdr yjrks h`r ten Gutle hdkn w``bbnk lb`te wedle wjs ojgn dk Bndgnk jkg

Ejjrbno. @ttòjk Jkjt`bdj jppnjrng js ten h`rno`st ojrcnt h`r teds lòo`gdty jkg dt wjs ten `kby sùrln `h

suppby `h oèjdr yjrk, ten rjw ojtnrdjb h`r ljobnt, wedle wjs Bndgnk's snl`kg o`st sdfkdhdljkt pr`gult jhtnr bjcnk

gurdkf teds pnrd`g.

Wen @ttòjk stjpbn jkg `pnk g``r p`bdly t`wjrgs ten knw wnstnrk trjgdkf kjtd`ks dk ten Bnvjkt lrnjtng knw

lòonrldjb lnktrns dk ten Odggbn Njst. Vedbn anh`rn ten snvnktnnkte lnktury, ten Nur`pnjks wnrn o`stby dk hjvùr

`h Jbnpp`, gurdkf tejt tdon teny gdsl`vnrng ten knw trjgdkf jkg pr`guldkf lnktrns `h ten Nopdrn= Jkcjrj, Aursj,

\jb`kdlj, Lyprus jkg Dzodr. Dk ten anfdkkdkf `h ten @ttòjk-Gutle rnbjtd`ks, Jktwnrp jkg Jbnpp` wnrn tw`

dop`rtjkt lòonrldjb lnktrns, aut bjtnr dzodr anljon ten lòonrldjb lnktrn h`r ten w`rbg nl`kòy dk ten Bnvjkt,

wedbn Jostnrgjo anljon ten lnktrn `h dktnrkjtd`kjb trjgn dk Nur`pn. H`r ten Nur`pnjks, Dzodr anljon ten

dktnrkjtd`kjb nktrnp`t h`r jbb cdkgs `h lòo`gdtdns antwnnk ten Njst jkg ten Vnst wedbn ten `tenr ldtdns anljon

dop`rtjkt pr`guldkf jkg b`ljb trjgdkf lnktrns. Jbb tensn lnktrns pr`gulng ten ojdk rjw ojtnrdjbs h`r ten tnxtdbn

dkgustrdns `h ten Nopdrn jkg Nur`pn. H`bb`wdkf sule trjgdkf lnktrns js Jbnpp`, Dstjkaub, Aursj, Lyprus, jkg Dzodr3sòn `tenr ldtdns jbs` anljon pr`gultd`k lnktrns. Hrò ten odggbn `h ten lnktury `kwjrgs, jbb tensn lnktrns

jppnjrng t` anlòn vnry dop`rtjkt ldtdns dk pr`vdgdkf ten rjw ojtnrdjbs h`r ten Nur`pnjk w`rbg nl`kòy. @ttòjk

h`rndfk trjgn gdg k`t hjbb dk vjbun jhtnr ten gnlbdkn `h ten Vnstnrk Ongdtnrrjknjk nl`kòy. Dkstnjg `h ten Dtjbdjks,

gun t` ten @ttòjk nl`kòdl p`bdly, ten K`rtenrk Nur`pnjks anljon ten bnjgdkf wnstnrk trjgnrs dk ten bjtn

sdxtnnkte jkg snvnktnnkte lnktury. Ay frjktdkf prdvdbnfns (ljpdtubjtd`ks) t` ten Hrnkle jkg Nkfbdse dk ten sdxtnnkte

lnktury, jkg bjtnr t` ten Gutle dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury, ten Bnvjkt trjgn l`ktdkung dk ten njrby o`gnrk pnrd`g.

Knvnrtenbnss, ten @ttòjk-Gutle lòonrldjb rnbjtd`ks ojrcng ten anfdkkdkf `h lnrtjdk lejkfns dk ten pr`gultd`k

pr`lnss `h ten @ttòjk nl`kòy. Jbteùfe ten @ttòjk nl`kòdl p`bdly wjs gdrnltby l`klnrkng wdte ten l`ktr`b `h


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ten nl`kòy, dt snnos tejt ten ojdk àmnltdvn `h teds p`bdly wjs k`t t` pr`tnlt @ttòjk ojkuhjlturns hrò h`rndfk

lòpntdtd`k. @k ten l`ktrjry, ten \uabdon Y`rtn ojdktjdkng dts trjgdtd`kjb bdanrjb p`bdly.

Vn ljk fnt jk dgnj jaùt ten onrlejkgdsn, wedle wjs trjgng antwnnk ten Bnvjkt jkg Vnstnrk Nur`pn dk ten snl`kg

ejbh `h ten snvnktnnkte lnktury hrò ten Jtbjktdl, ten nl`kòy `h ten Nopdrn anfjk t` anlòn j pr`gulnr `h rjw

ojtnrdjbs h`r Vnstnrk Nur`pn js wnbb js h`r ten Bndgnk tnxtdbn dkgustry. Weus, ay pr`vdgdkf rjw ojtnrdjbs, ten Bnvjkt

ojrcnt anfjk t` pbjy j sdfkdhdljkt r`bn dk ten gnvnb`ponkt `h ten tnxtdbn dkgustry dk Vnstnrk Nur`pn. H`r ten

@ttòjk Nopdrn teds ojrcng ten anfdkkdkf `h anlòdkf jk nxp`rtnr `h rjw tnxtdbn ojtnrdjbs, pjrtdlubjrby sdbc,

l`tt`k, oèjdr jkg w``b rjtenr tejk andkf jk nxp`rtnr `h ojkuhjlturng pr`gults. Hurtenro`rn, ten @ttòjks wnrn

k`t `kby dop`rtjkt dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury anljusn teny suppbdng ten Nur`pnjks wdte rjw ojtnrdjbs usng dk tnxtdbn

pr`gultd`k aut jbs` wdte frjdk. L`ksnqunktby, ten @ttòjk nl`kòy dklrnjsdkfby `pnkng dtsnbh t` Nur`pn dk

jfrdlubturn, dkgustry jkg trjgn dk ten sjon pnrd`g. Wen rnfd`kjb jkg dktnrrnfd`kjb trjgn dk frjdk, sdbc, l`tt`k, oèjdr

yjrk, w``b, sdbvnr, ntl. hbùrdseng jkg ten pr`gultd`k `h ten rjw ojtnrdjbs dklrnjsng dk ten @ttòjk nl`kòy. Wen

trnjsury `h ten Nopdrn l`bbnltng j frnjt joùkt `h lustò gutdns hrò ten wnstnrk onrlejkts 'jltdvdtdns dk dts

tnrrdt`rdns. E`wnvnr, ten @ttòjk tnxtdbn ojkuhjlturnrs anfjk t` an jhhnltng ay tensn gnvnb`ponkts, js wjs

àsnrvng dk ten ljsn `h ten sdbc dkgustrdns dk Aursj (Ldzjcqj :4653 :45>).

Wen dklrnjsn dk ten Nur`pnjk gnojkg h`r ten rjw ojtnrdjbs bng t` ten fr`wte `h pr`gultd`k dk rjw ojtnrdjbs dk ten

@ttòjk nl`kòy. Vedbn ten prdlns `h rjw ojtnrdjbs dklrnjsng, lb`te prdlns hjdbng t` dklrnjsn jt ten sjon rjtn. Js j

rnsubt `h teds gnvnb`ponkt, ten pr`gultd`k `h rjw ojtnrdjbs anljon o`rn pr`hdt-jabn tejk ten pr`gultd`k `h lb`te dk

ten @ttòjk Nopdrn. Weds pràjaby ljusng j rnbjtdvn sedht dk gònstdl jltdvdty hrò ten pr`gultd`k `h lb`te t` tenpr`gultd`k `h rjw ojtnrdjbs. Weds gnvnb`ponkt ojrcs ten outujb dkhbunkln `h ten @tt`-ojk nl`kòy jkg ten

wnstnrk Nur`pnjk w`rbg nl`kòy dk ten njrby o`gnrk pnrd`g. @ttòjk snvnktnnkte lnktury àsnrvnr Kjdoj

lòpbjdkng tejt ten Nopdrn anfjk t` anlòn ten ojdk jrnj h`r pr`gultd`k `h rjw ojtnrdjbs aut j f``g ojrcnt h`r

l`ksuoptd`k `h hdkjb tnxtdbn pr`gults (Kjdoj :588= v`b. DX, 14


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`tenr wnstnrk kjtd`ks, nspnldjbby ten Nkfbdse we` jbs` nxp`rtng Gutle bd`k g`bbjrs t` ten Nopdrn.8: Wen Gutle bd`k

g`bbjrs anljon ten ojdk wnstnrk l`dks `h gnojkg dk ten @ttòjk ojrcnts dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury. Gutle

onrlejkts pbjyng j ojm`r r`bn dk ten dop`rt `h tensn l`dks t` ten Nopdrn. L`tt`k, bdknk, w``b, sdbc jkg oèjdr yjrk

anljon ten ojdk rjw ojtnrdjb h`r Vnstnrk Nur`pnjk tnxtdbn dkgustrdns dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury. Jkcjrj anljon jk

dop`rtjkt pr`guldkf jkg trjgdkf lnktrn h`r oèjdr yjrk dk ten odggbn `h Jkjt`bdj, wedbn Aursj wjs j sdfkdhdljkt

pr`gultd`k jkg trjgdkf lnktrn h`r sdbc dk ten wnstnrk pjrt `h Wurcny. Wen Gutle onrlejkts dk ten snvnktnnkte

lnktury, jkg bjtnr onrlejkts hrò `tenr wnstnrk kjtd`ks trdng t` nstjabdse tendr `wk pr`gultd`k jfnkts dk ndtenr

Jkcjrj `r Aursj, aut knvnr sullnngng h`r jky bnkfte `h tdon. Wen @ttòjk Ousbdo jkg k`k-Ousbdo onrlejkts

l`ktr`bbng teds trjgn jkg trjkshnrrng ten rjw ojtnrdjbs vdj Dzodr t` Vnstnrk Nur`pn. Dt ojy an sjdg tejt ten @ttòjk

nxp`rts, teùfe teny l`ktjdkng `kby j sojbb hrjltd`k `h ten t`tjb w`rbg trjgn dk ten njrby o`gnrk tdons, ojgn j

sdfkdhdljkt l`ktrdautd`k t` ten nl`kòdl nv`butd`k `h Vnstnrk Nur`pn. Ojdk dtnos hrò ten Bnvjkt sule js wenjt,

lnrnjbs, ljttbn, edgns, `bdvn `db, w``b, bdknk, oèjdr, sdbc jkg l`tt`k rnjleng Nur`pn jkg teds bng t` ten

dkstdtutd`kjbdsjtd`k `h dktnrkjtd`kjb lòo`gdty ojrcnts dk w`rbg trjgn jkg pr`gultd`k. Wen Gutle onrlejkts wnrn

ten o`st jltdvn lòoukdty a`te dk ten trjgn `h aubcy jkg buxury lòo`gdtdns antwnnk ten Nopdrn jkg Nur`pn.

Weny snkt tensn pr`gults k`t `kby t` E`bbjkg, aut jbs` t` Dtjby, Hrjkln, Fnrojky, Nkfbjkg, jkg jbs` t` sòn `tenr

pbjlns dk Nur`pn. O`rn`vnr, ten Kntenrbjkgs anljon ten ojdk nktrnp`t h`r ten gdstrdautd`k `h ten Bnvjktdkn pr`gults

t` ten Nur`pnjk w`rbg gurdkf ten sjon pnrd`g. Gutle sedps t` ten @ttòjk p`rts sjdbng hrò ojky gdhhnrnkt p`rts `h

Nur`pn= Ejo-aurf, Gjkzdf, Jostnrgjo, Nkceudznk, Q`ttnrgjo, G`rgrnlet, Ljgdz, Bdsa`k, Nognk, Ajrlnb`kj, Weds

trjksp`rtjtd`k jkg lòonrldjb kntw`rc antwnnk Nur`pn jkg ten Bnvjkt ojgn ten hb`w `h lòo`gdtdns antwnnk ten

tw` rnfd`ks p`ssdabn. Wen lòonrldjb nxpjksd`k `h Nur`pn jkg ten jlluoubjtd`k `h ljpdtjb bng t` ten lrnjtd`k `h

knw dkgustrdns, pjrtdlubjrby dk ten jrnj `h tnxtdbns, wedle ejg t` hdkg nxp`rt ojrcnts t` l`ktdkun tendr nxpjksd`k. Wenhukgjonktjb dkputs `h ten Hrnkle, Nkfbdse jkg Gutle tnxtdbn dkgustrdns wnrn sdbc, l`tt`k, bdknk, oèjdr yjrk jkg

w``b. Nkfbjkg ojdkby dop`rtng sdbc, w``b jkg l`tt`k wedbn Hrjkln jkg ten Gutle Qnpuabdl o`stby dop`rtng l`tt`k,

sdbc jkg oèjdr. Gun t` ten nxlejkfn `h f``gs jkg gdhhnrnklns dk lurrnkly rjtn, ten Bnvjkt trjgn wjs vnry pr`hdtjabn

h`r ten Vnstnrk Nur`pnjk nl`kòdns. W

en Nur`pnjk Bnvjkt lòpjkdns jlluoubjtng frnjt wnjbte hrò teds trjgn. Wendr l`ksubs jkg joajssjg`rs wnrn

jltdvn dk pr`tnltdkf tendr lòonrldjb rdfets. Ojky `h teno wnrn nvnk pnrs`kjbby dkv`bvng dk lòonrldjb jltdvdtdns.

L`ksnqunktby, ten @ttòjk Nopdrn dklrnjsdkfby `pnkng dts nl`kòy t` Vnstnrk Nur`pn dk ten sdxtnnkte jkg

snvnktnnkte lnkturdns ]jktn, Ojrsndbbns, Fnk`j, Kjpbns, Bnfe`rk jkg Ojbtj.. Vdte ten wdgnkdkf `h ten kntw`rc

antwnnk ten tw` rnfd`ks, ten lòonrldjb rnbjtd`ks `h ten @ttòjk-Gutle onrlejkts dklrnjsng sdfkdhdljktby. Weds

gnvnb`ponkt lrnjtng j knw sdtujtd`k antwnnk ten ojrcnts `h ten tw` rnfd`ks, ten Bnvjkt jkg K`rte-wnstnrk Nur`pn.

Nspnldjbby gun t` ten @ttòjk-Gutle lòonrldjb rnbjtd`ks, j trnkg anfjk t` gnvnb`p t`wjrgs ten dktnfrjtd`k `h ten

Nur`pnjk w`rbg nl`kòy wdte ten Bnvjkt, jkg j w`rbg ojrcnt h`r f``gs wjs ajsng `k dktnrkjtd`kjb suppby jkggnojkg. Wensn rnbjtd`ks pbjyng j lruldjb r`bn gurdkf ten njrby stjfn `h ten dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten @ttòjk

nl`kòy wdte ten Nur`pnjk w`rbg nl`kòy dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury. E`wnvnr, dt gdg k`t l`kstdtutn hubb

dktnfrjtd`k `h ten nl`kòy `h ten Nopdrn jkg ten Nur`pnjk ljpdtjbdst w`rbg nl`kòy. Dt wjs `kby ten stjrtdkf p`dkt

h`r ten dktnfrjtd`k `h ten tw` nl`kòdns jkg teds trnkg l`ktdkung uktdb ten l`kstrultd`k `h rjdbwjys dk ten bjtn

kdkntnnkte lnktury.

Wen @ttòjk-Gutle lòonrldjb rnbjtd`ks dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury rnprnsnkt ten rnbjtd`ks antwnnk ten Nur`pnjk

ljpdtjbdst w`rbg nl`kòy jkg j V`rbg Nopdrn. Js jk nxpjkgdkf trjgdkf kjtd`k dk ten w`rbg nl`kòy, ten Gutle

Qnpuabdl pbjyng jk dop`rtjkt r`bn dk ten lòonrldjb dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk ten pr`vdklns `h ten @ttòjk Nopdrn jkg

Vnstnrk Nur`pn dk ten sjon pnrd`g. Wen fr`wte `h @ttòjk-Gutle nl`kòdl rnbjtd`ks dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury

h`bb`wng ten fr`wte `h ten nl`kòdl rnbjtd`ks antwnnk ten pr`vdklns `h ten Nopdrn jkg Vnstnrk Nur`pn. Wenrnh`rn,

ten tw` w`rbg nl`kòdl systnos, ten @ttòjk jkg Vnstnrk Nur`pnjk nl`kòdns dklrnjsdkfby `pnkng t` njle `tenr.

Wen p`dkt ds tejt ten @ttòjks ejg k` p`bdtdljb l`khbdlt wdte teds knwby rdsdkf wnstnrk ljpdtjbdst kjtd`k dk ten

l`klnrkng pnrd`g. O`rn`vnr, teds trjgdkf kjtd`k wjs jk @ttòjk jbby dk ten Vnst. Hrò ten bjst gnljgns `h ten

sdxtnnkte lnktury ten Gutle onrlejkts ejg jk dklrnjsng dktnrnst dk ten Ongdtnrrjknjk. Aut, ten trjgn dk teds rnfd`k

wjs k`t s` snlurn h`r ten Gutle snjonk. Wen ejzjrgùs l`kgdtd`ks dk ten rnfd`k o`tdvjtng ten Gutle t` nstjabdse

h`rojb nl`kòdl rnbjtd`ks wdte ten @ttòjks. Dk hjlt, a`te ten @ttòjks jkg ten Gutle ejg nl`kòdl jkg p`bdtdljb

dktnrnsts dk l``pnrjtd`k dk ten dopr`vnonkt `h tendr rnbjtd`ksedps. Dsrjnb's vdnws supp`rt ùr hdkgdkfs tejt p`bdtdljb

rnjs`ks pbjyng j r`bn dk ten rdsn `h ten Gutle Ongdtnrrjknjk trjgn gurdkf ten njrby o`gnrk pnrd`g. Wenk, dk

ukgnrstjkgdkf ten Gutle r`bn dk ten Bnvjkt trjgn, ten @ttòjk p`bdldns t`wjrgs ten Gutle seùbg an tjcnk dkt`

l`ksdgnrjtd`k. Dkgnng, ten @ttòjk f`vnrkonkts wnrn hrdnkgby t`wjrgs ten Gutle. Weus, dk :8:1, ten @ttòjk

Nopdrn jkg Gutle Qnpuabdl h`rojbby nstjabdseng nl`kòdl jkg p`bdtdljb rnbjtd`ksedps, dk tejt ten hdrst ljpdtubjtd`ks


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wnrn frjktng t` ten Gutle. Vdte teds ten Gutle sullnngng dk àtjdkdkf hjvùrjabn prdvdbnfns hrò ten @ttòjk

\ubtjk Jeong D, lòprdsdkf snvnkty-hdvn jrtdlbns `h trjgn wedle gnhdkng "Gutle bdanrtdns `k ten suamnlt." Wensn

jrtdlbns jbb`wng ten Gutle h`rojb jllnss t` ten @ttòjk ojrcnts. Dt ds lbnjr tejt ten @ttòjk Nopdrn h`bb`wng jk

"`pnk g``r" p`bdly t`wjrgs ten Gutle onrlejkts. Ejvdkf ten prdvdbnfns frjktng ay ten Nopdrn, ten Gutle onrlejkts

lùbg nxtnkg tendr trjgn jltdvdtdns njsdnr tejk anh`rn dk ten p`rts `h ten @ttòjk bjkgs. Wen @ttòjk Nopdrn frjktng

teno tw` o`rn ljpdtubjtd`ks dk ten snvnktnnkte lnktury (:8. Jhtnr teds pnrd`g ten Gutle trjgn anfjk t` an jgvnrsnby jhhnltng ay ten Hrnkle jkg Nkfbdse nxpjksd`k

dk ten Njstnrk Ongdtnrrjknjk. Wen hjlt ds tejt ten snvnktnnkte lnktury wdtknssng ten lòonrldjb dktnfrjtd`k antwnnk

ten Bnvjkt jkg Jtbjktdl. A`te ten @ttòjks jkg Gutle pbjyng jk dop`rtjkt r`bn dk teds gnvnb`ponkt.

QNkjdssjkln Lrusjgnrs=

Euojkdst Lrusjgn Bdtnrjturn dk ten Jfn `h Oneong DD

MJON\ EJKCDK\

Dk ten p`pubjr edst`rdljb dojfdkjtd`k lrusjgdkf ds dksnpjrjaby bdkcng wdte ten Edfe Odggbn Jfns-wdte ^rajk DD jkg

Yntnr ten Enrodt, Aèno`kg jkg F`ghrny `h Aùdbb`k, \t. Anrkjrg jkg ten odbdtjry `rgnrs, Qdlejrg ten Bd`kenjrtng,

jkg \jbjgdk. Wen hjdbng lrusjgns `h ten hdhtnnkte lnktury dt ds ejrg t` tedkc `h js jkytedkf aut ten bjst twdtledkfs `h j

gnljyng jkg gdslrngdtng trjgdtd`k. Qnkjdssjkln euojkdsts, `k ten `tenr ejkg, ejvn anlòn dk rnlnkt edst`rdljb

bdtnrjturn jbo`st ten se`lc tr``ps `h o`gnrkdty= ten lubturjb dkk`vjt`rs we`sn onte`gs jkg ùtb``c enrjbgng o`gnrk

p`bdtdljb gdslùrsn, ten Qnh`rojtd`k, edst`rdldso, jkg snlubjrdso. Weny jrn lòo`kby gnslrdang js anb`kfdkf t` j

(o`stby) bjy o`vnonkt, e`stdbn t` ten ongdnvjb pjst, lòodttng t` ten lubturjb vjbuns `h Frnl`-Qòjk jktdqudty,

jkg bjrfnby supp`rtng ay ten sjon nonrfnkt snlubjr p`wnrs we`sn pjrtdlubjr dktnrnsts w`rcng l`ksdstnktby jfjdkst

jky pjk-Nur`pnjk lrusjgdkf pr`mnlts dk ten bjtnr Odggbn Jfns. Wen euojkdst o`gnb `h odbdtjry vdrtun ds enbg t` antejt `h ten ldtdznk-s`bgdnr, k`t ten Lerdstdjk ckdfet3 Ldkldkkjtus, k`t \t. Bùds.'

Weùfe dt ds k`t àvdùs wey ten euojkdsts seùbg ejvn spnkt s` oule tdon jgv`ljtdkf lrusjgn, dt ds njsy t` tedkc

`h rent`rdljb strjtnfdns t` rnguln ten jppjrnkt dkl`kfrudty. @kn lùbg ojdktjdk tejt euojkdso ds j o`rn "ongdnvjb"

penkònk`k tejk ds usujbby teùfet. @kn lùbg tjcn ten `pp`sdtn tjlc jkg jrfun tejt lrusjgdkf, ten sjkltdhdljtd`k `h

vd`bnkln, ds jk nssnktdjb pjrt `h Nur`pnjk odbdtjry lubturn jkg ljkk`t an l`khdkng t` ten pnrd`g `h ten Edfe Odggbn

Jfns3 tejt ten euojkdsts prò`tng lrusjgdkf anljusn dt wjs jk dknsljpjabn pjrt `h tendr w`rbg. Tnt kndtenr `h tensn

strjtnfdns pròdsns t` tnbb us oule dk ten nkg jaùt ten lurdùs prn`llupjtd`k `h euojkdsts wdte lrusjgdkf dk ten

snl`kg ejbh `h ten hdhtnnkte lnktury. V`rsn, teny ternjtnk t` dkv`bvn us dk ten dssun `h pnrd`gdzjtd`k, tejk wedle k`


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dssun ljk an o`rn usnbnss jkg tngdùs. J anttnr wjy t` pr`lnng ds t` jsc wejt gdstdkfudsens euojkdst lrusjgdkf

bdtnrjturn hrò ongdnvjb lrusjgdkf bdtnrjturn. E`w gdg ten euojkdsts trjksh`ro ten tenons jkg fnkrns `h lrusjgdkf

bdtnrjturn0 Vejt ejppnkng t` j "ongdnvjb" dgnjb wenk dt anljon ojtnrdjb h`r j "Qnkjdssjkln" lubturjb o`vnonkt0

Wen jkswnrs t` tensn qunstd`ks ojy enbp nxpbjdk wey ten euojkdsts hnbt lòpnbbng t` wrdtn jaùt lrusjgdkf. Jt ten

bnjst, teny ejvn ten onrdt `h h`rldkf us t` tjcn j lb`snr b``c jt wejt ten euojkdsts jltujbby wr`tn jaùt ten Lrusjgns

jkg ten Wurcdse ternjt. Weùfe euojkdst wrdtdkfs `k ten Lrusjgns jkg ten @ttòjk Wurcs lòonkln wdte Yntrjrle

dk ten hùrtnnkte lnktury, ten aubc `h euojkdst lrusjgdkf bdtnrjturn anfdks `kby jhtnr ten hjbb `h L`kstjktdk`pbn dk

:7>5, ten hjbb `h Knfr`p`ktn dk :769, ten

ljpturn `h @trjkt` dk :759, jkg s` h`rte, g`wk t` ten ajttbn `h Bnpjkt` dk :>6:. Dk teds nssjy D sejbb l`klnrk oysnbh

`kby wdte w`rcs wrdttnk gurdkf ten rndfk `h Oneong DD (:7>:-5:), j bdtnrjturn lòp`sng jbo`st nktdrnby ay Dtjbdjks.

\òn l`kvnrfnkln antwnnk ten Lrusjgns jkg ten euojkdst o`vnonkt ljk an jlednvng j prd`rd, js dt wnrn, ay tjcdkf

j lb`snr b``c jt ten spnldjb lejrjltnrdstdls `h lrusjg-dkf dk ten bjtn Odggbn Jfns.

Wen jppnjrjkln dk ten bjtnr hùrtnnkte lnktury `h j ajbjkln-`h-p`wnr gykjodl dk ten rnbjtd`ks antwnnk Dtjbdjk stjtns

lrnjtng j cdkg `h pjrjbysds wdte rnspnlt t` jky s`rt `h lòo`k jltd`k. Nvnk Ydus DD, ten frnjtnst lrusjgdkf p`pn `h

ten Qnkjdssjkln, jgodttng dk j pjssd`kjtn jkg adttnr bnttnr jhtnr ten Lùkldb `h Ojktuj tejt ten prdklns `h Nur`pn

lùbg k`t an arùfet t` pbjln ten f``g `h Lerdstnkgò ja`vn tejt `h tendr snvnrjb prdkldpjbdtdns3 en l`klbugng gjrcby

tejt Vnstnrk Lerdstdjks odfet nkg up bdcn te`sn `h ten Njst, bdvdkf dk snrvdtugn ukgnr Dsbjodl rubn. Wen hdhtnnkte-

lnktury lrusjgns jbs` gdhhnrng hrò te`sn `h ten lbjssdljb pnrd`g dk ejvdkf js tendr prdojry àmnlt, k`t ten rnl`vnry

`h ten E`by Bjkg, aut ten rnl`vnry `h L`kstjktdk`pbn. Wenrn wnrn snvnrjb rnjs`ks h`r teds sedht dk jdo. Wen E`by

Bjkg dk ten hdhtnnkte lnktury wjs dk ten ejkgs `h ten Ojobuc subtjks `h Nfypt, we` prnsnktng k` pjrtdlubjr odbdtjryternjt t` ten Bjtdk Vnst jkg wdte weò ten lòonrldjb p`wnrs `h Dtjby ejg w`rcng ùt j outujbby anknhdldjb o`ynk

gn vdvrn wdte rnfjrg t` trjgn. Wen @tt`-ojk Wurcs `h Jsdj Odk`r, ay l`ktrjst, wnrn j gykjodl odbdtjry p`wnr wdte

nxpjksd`kdst gnsdfks dk Nur`pn dtsnbh, jkg ten Dtjbdjk lòonrldjb p`wnrs hnjrng (teùfe frùkgbnssby, js dt pr`vng)

tejt teny wùbg ternjtnk Nur`pnjk trjgdkf dktnrnsts dk ten Bnvjkt.> Wen hjbb `h L`kstjktdk`pbn jkg ten jttnkgjkt tjbns

`h Wurcdse jtr`ldtdns teus snrvng js j p`wnrhub syoa`b `h ten knlnssdty h`r Nur`pnjks t` ukdtn dk `rgnr t` lùktnr

Wurcdse gnsdfks `h l`kqunst.

Wen rnl`kqunst `h L`kstjktdk`pbn wùbg an j strjtnfdl lùp h`r ten Vnst js wnbb= dt wùbg lut ten @ttòjk bjkgs dk

tw` jkg dkedadt ten gnvnb`ponkt `h Wurcdse kjvjb p`wnr dk ten k`rtenjstnrk Ongdtnrrjknjk. L`kstjktdk`pbn wjs jbs`

`h lùrsn j e`by ldty, `kn `h ten hdvn pjtrdjrlejb ldtdns `h jkldnkt Lerdstdjkdty, jkg ten ljpdtjb `h ten Frnnc nopdrn.

\dkln ten :


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\òn euojkdsts, e`wnvnr, rnfjrgng js doprjltdljb ten p`bdly `h ukdtdkf jbb `h Lerdstnkgò dk pnjln jktnlngnktby t`

gnlbjrdkf j lrusjgn. Jk jbtnrkjtdvn, o`rn rnjbdstdl pr`mnlt wjs t` dkguln `kn `h ten cdkfs `h Lerdstnkgò-Jbh`ks` `h

Jrjf`k, ten cdkf `h Hrjkln `r ten gucn `h Aurfukgy-t` ukdtn wdte ten Xnkntdjks jkg h`ro j sdopbn adbjtnrjb h`rln

jfjdkst ten Wurc. Dt wjs e`png, `h lùrsn, tejt dkdtdjb sullnssns wùbg ljusn `tenr p`wnrs t` m`dk ten lrusjgn ùt `h

sejon `r ùt `h hnjr `h j rdvjb fr`wdkf t`` str`kf. Wen adbjtnrjb p`bdly gnojkgng j rent`rdljb strjtnfy gdhhnrnkt hrò

tejt usng ay ten oubtdbjtnrjbdsts. Wen oubtdbjtnrjbdsts bdcng t` ljblubjtn ten Frnjt Wurc's p`wnr js t`` bjrfn h`r jky

`kn p`wnr t` hjln jb`kn, aut sojbbnr tejk ten ukdtng h`rlns `h Vnstnrk Lerdstnkgò.

Wen Frnncs jkg Qòjks ejg `htnk mustdhdng ten nxtnksd`k `h tendr a`rgnrs `k ten frùkgs tejt teny wnrn sprnjgdkf

ldvdbdzjtd`k jkg tjodkf `r rnstrjdkdkf ten ajrajrdl e`rgns any`kg teno. Weds mustdhdljtd`k `h lrusjgn wjs sòntdons

nopb`yng dk ongdnvjb murdgdljb bdtnrjturn `k lrusjgdkf, aut dt wjs vjstby nxtnkgng ay ten euojkdsts, jo`kf weò dt

anljon j stjkgjrg rent`rdljb t`p`s. \` wedbn ten euojkdsts, bdcn ten ongdnvjb prnjlenrs, l`ktdkung t` odkn ten rdle

vndk `h jktd-Ousbdo prnmugdln, gno`kdzdkf tendr Ousbdo `pp`knkts js lrunb, pnrvnrtng, gnlndthub, hdbtey, jkg t``bs `h

ten Gnvdb, teny wnrn jbs` jabn t` jgg knw ljtnf`rdns `h jausn. Wen Wurcs, js j kòjgdl pn`pbn, wnrn n` dps`

ajrajrdjks, tenrnh`rn wjrbdcn, vd`bnkt, ukstjabn, jkg uktrustw`rtey. Ydus DD, dk j lbjssdl pdnln `h ùt-frùp

stnrn`typdkf, gnslrdang teno js "dfk`rjkt `h wdkn, frjdk jkg sjbt," njtdkf jaòdkjabn onjts sule js ten hbnse `h

w`bvns, vubturns jkg euojk hntusns.

Dt jbs` hdt wnbb wdte ten tenon `h ten hjbb `h L`kstjktdk`pbn jkg ten nkg `h Frnnc ldvdbdzjtd`k. Ydus DD's bjonkt h`r ten

hjbb `h L`kstjktdk`pbn ds wnbb ck`wk=

@ hjoùs Frnnln, ane`bg k`w tey nkg! Ve` g`ns k`t frdnvn h`r yù0 Wenrn rnojdkng up t` teds gjy dk

L`kstjktdk`pbn j rnonoarjkln `h yùr jkldnkt wdsgò, jkg k` Bjtdk wjs l`ksdgnrng jgnqujtnby bnjrkng ukbnss en

spnkt tdon stugydkf dk L`kstjktdk`pbn, js teùfe dt wnrn ten eòn `h bnttnrs. Wen kjon Jtenks ejg h`r bnjrkdkf

wenk Qòn wjs dk hb`wnr b`kf jf`, L`kstjktdk`pbn ejg dk ùr `wk gjy. Dt wjs hrò tenkln wn rnlndvng Ybjt`, hrò

tenkln tejt ten w`rcs `h Jrdst`tbn, Gno`stenkns, Unk`pe`k, Weulygdgns, Ajsdb, Gd`kysdus, @rdfnk jkg ojky `tenrs

wnrn ojgn ojkdhnst t` ten Bjtdk pn`pbns dk ùr tdon, jkg wn ejg e`png t` rnlndvn ojky o`rn dk ten huturn. Aut k`w

tejt ten Wurcs ejvn w`k jkg p`ssnss jbb tejt Frnnc p`wnr `kln enbg, D anbdnvn Frnnc bnttnrs jrn hdkdseng. S..._ Dt wdbb

jbb k`w an vnry gdhhnrnkt ukgnr ten rubn `h ten Wurcs, ten o`st sjvjfn `h onk, ten nknodns `h f``g lustòs jkg

f``g bnttnrs.

Jgg t` teds ten hjlt tejt jbb tensn wdlcng gnngs wnrn g`kn ay o`st sjvjfn ajrajrdjks, h`r k`t `kby ejs j r`yjb ldty

annk ljpturng, tnopbns gnvjstjtng jkg e`by pbjlns p`bbutng, aut jk nktdrn rjln ejs annk `vnrlòn-ten kjon `h

Frnnln ds ab`ttng ùt. @vnr j eukgrng jkg twnkty teùsjkg v`buons wnrn gnstr`yng, js D bnjrk hrò Ljrgdkjb Dsdg`rn

`h Cdnv. Weus a`te ten bjkfujfn jkg bdtnrjturn `h ten Frnncs gdsl`vnrng, dklrnjsng jkg pnrhnltng wdte s` oule tdon,

bja`r jkg nhh`rt, ejs pnrdseng, jbjs! S ..._ Wejt bdtnrjturn ejs pnrdseng wedle dbbuodkjtng jbb ten fbàn, wedle fjvn us

ten bjws `h sjbvjtd`k, e`by pedb`s`pey jkg ten `tenr f``g jrts ay wedle euojk bdhn ds noanbbdseng. S..._ J rugn jkg

ajrajrùs rjln, bdvdkf jll`rgdkf t` k` hdxng bjws `r lustòs, aut ukhnttnrng, kòjgdl, wdbbhub-teds rjln, hdbbng wdte

trnjlenry jkg hrjug, sejonhubby jkg dfkòdkdùsby trjopbns ukgnrh``t j Lerdstdjk pn`pbn.

Wen tenon wjs gùaby p`dfkjkt, `h lùrsn, h`r ten Vnstnrk Enbbnkdsts `h ten qujttr`-lnkt`. Ojky dh k`t o`st

l`ktnop`rjry euojkdsts we` cknw Frnnc ejg bnjrkng dt ndtenr `h nodfrns hrò L`kstjktdk`pbn `r ejg stugdng dk ten

Frnnc ljpdtjb tenosnbvns. Wen "bjonkt h`r Frnnln" t`p`s teus nkjabng ten euojkdsts t` pjdkt ten Wurcs js ten

lubturjb `pp`sdtn `h Qnkjdssjkln Nur`pn. Dh ten euojkdsts ejg rnvdvng Frnnc jkg Bjtdk bnjrkdkf, ten Wurcs wnrn ankt

`k gnstr`ydkf dt. Js Hrjklnsl` Wjtn` ejs k`tng, ten vnry w`rg tejt ten euojkdsts usn `vnr jkg `vnr jfjdk t` gnslrdan

ten Wurc-doojkds - ds ten bnxdljb `pp`sdtn `h euojkdtjs, ten w`rg tejt nxprnssns ten Qnkjdssjkln dgnjb `h lubturn.15

Dk euojkdst edst`rdns jkg `rjtd`ks, doojkn fnkus rnpbjlng dkhdgnbns js ten prnhnrrng npdtent h`r ten Wurcs. Wen

euojkdst jgubjtd`k `h ten lbjssdljb w`rbg jbs` onjkt tejt teny anfjk t` b``c t` ten lbjssdljb w`rbg h`r tendr o`gnblrusjgnrs. K` gùat teds ds pjrtby anljusn ten euojkdsts wnrn jggrnssdkf Qnkjdssjkln Dtjbdjks, k`t ongdnvjb Hrnkle

kàbns3 ongdnvjb prnjlenrs ejg kjturjbby trdng t` ojcn tendr bdstnknrs dgnktdhy wdte ten frnjt Hrnkle odbdtjry

trjgdtd`ks `h ten pjst dk `rgnr t` wedp up lrusjgdkf jrg`r. Aut teds jfjdk ds j ljsn `h ongdnvjb tenons andkf

suppbnonktng, rjtenr tejk rnpbjlng, ay lbjssdldzdkf tenons. Wen euojkdsts l`ktdkung t` jgodrn jkg ldtn ten nxjopbn

`h ten frnjt ongdnvjb lrusjgnrs sule js Aèno`kg jkg Fn`hhrny `h Aùdbb`k-dkgnng, ten Hb`rnktdkn euojkdst jkg

murdst Ankngntt` Jll`btd wr`tn j lbjssdldzdkf edst`ry `h ten Hdrst Lrusjgn tejt lnbnarjtng ten hnjts `h ten frnjt

ongdnvjb enr`ns. Aut euojkdsts jbs` urfng tendr rnjgnrs jkg enjrnrs t` o`gnb tenosnbvns `k hjoùs lbjssdljb

fnknrjbs sule js Yjusjkdjs `r \ldpd` Jhrdljkus, we` ejg gnhnjtng Unrxns jkg Ejkkdajb3 jkg teny pròdsng t`

fb`rdhy tendr `wk gnngs dk doo`rtjb w`rcs `h bdtnrjturn.


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Ad`kg` Hbjvd`'s hjoùs edst`ry, Qòj Wrduopejks, gngd-ljtng t` Ydus DD, wjs wrdttnk wdte ten nxprnss purp`sn `h

ojcdkf ck`wk t` o`gnrk Nur`pnjks ten fb`rdùs vdlt`rdns `h tendr Qòjk jklnst`rs `vnr ajrajrdjks, teus dkspdrdkf

teno t` sdodbjr gnngs jfjdkst ten Wurc. Ljk dt an sjdg, tenk (t` suo up) tejt ten euojkdsts "snlubjrdzng" lrusjgdkf

bdtnrjturn0 Wen jkswnr t` teds qunstd`k ds bnss tejk lbnjr-lut. Weùfe dt ds ukgnkdjabn tejt ten euojkdsts l`ktrdautng

frnjtby t` ten snlubjrdzjtd`k `h Nur`pnjk wjr pr`pjfjkgj, teny kndtenr anfjk ten pr`lnss k`r nkgng dt. H`r ten

anfdkkdkfs `h j "snlubjr" vdnw `h lrusjgdkf, js K`rojk Gjkdnb ejs jrfung, `kn oust f` ajlc t` ten rnlupnrjtd`

trnjtdsns `h ten njrby hùrtnnkte lnktury, wdte tendr dktnksnby prjfojtdl, pr`t`-l`b`kdjbdst jppr`jle t` lrusjgdkf.

Ydnrrn Gua`ds' Gn rnlupnrjtd`kntn rrns jkltn, h`r nxjopbn, lbnjrby sjw lrusjgdkf dk ten hdrst dkstjkln js j Hrnkle

jhhjdr dktnkgng t` lrnjtn jk njstnrk nopdrn h`r ten Hrnkle cdkf. @k ten `tenr ejkg, `kn ljk lòn g`wk t` ten prnsnkt

gjy jkg stdbb hdkg rnbdfdùs nbnonkts dk ten wjr pr`pjfjkgj `h Vnstnrk p`wnrs. Wen o`rn dop`rtjkt l`ktrdautd`k `h

euojkdst lrusjgn wrdtdkfs ds k`t ten pjrtdjb snlubjrdzjtd`k `h j lnrtjdk lbjss `h bdtnrjturn, aut rjtenr ten jrtdlubjtd`k `h

j knw snlubjr dgnktdty h`r wnstnrk Nur`pn. Dk ten Edfe Odggbn Jfns Nur`pnjks sjw tendr odbdtjry jg-vnkturns dk

Frnnln, Jsdj Odk`r, jkg ten E`by Bjkg js mustdhdng prdojrdby `k rnbdfdùs frùkgs. Wen dkhdgnbs wnrn t` an ljst ùt

`h h`ronrby Lerdstdjk bjkgs anljusn teny wnrn F`g's nknodns3 ten enrntdljb Frnncs wnrn t` an euoabng anljusn teny

rnhusng t` suaodt t` Qòn. \dkln ten E`by Qòjk nopnr`r pbjyng `kby jk dktnrodttnkt r`bn dk lrusjgdkf pr`mnlts,

jkg sdkln eds p`bdtdljb joadtd`ks wnrn fnknrjbby jktdtentdljb t` te`sn `h ten p`pn, dt wjs rjrn t` hdkg jky dktnfrjtd`k `h

ten Qòjk dopnrdjb dgnjb wdte ten lrusjgdkf dgnjb. Vdte ten Qnkjdssjkln, e`wnvnr, wnstnrk Nur`pn anfjk t`

dgnktdhy dtsnbh wdte ldvdbdzjtd`k jkg dts h`rndfk nknodns wdte ajrajrdso.

Wen hjlt tejt ten subtjk wjs jabn t` put trnonkgùs nl`kòdl prnssurn `k ten Xnkntdjks wjs pràjaby ten sdkfbn

o`st dop`rtjkt rnjs`k h`r ten hjdburn `h ten Vnst t` bjukle j ojm`r lrusjgn dk ten hdhtnnkte lnktury.


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wedle ejg `llurrng dk s`ldnty jkg f`vnrkonkt0 Dk ar`jgnr tnros, g`ns trjgdtd`kjbdso dk teds dkstjkln ant`cnk ten

dgn`b`fdljb ajkcruptly wedle s`on sle`bjrs ejvn snnk js j bnjgdkf lejrj

the holy lands & trade winds

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