The Holocaust: From Persecution to Mass Murder

8/6/2019 The Holocaust: From Persecution to Mass Murder

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The Holocaust:From Persecution to Mass Murder



Nazi Persecution of Jews Began in

1933 With Boycotts and Vandalism



The Nazis Also Removed Jews from

Positions of Responsibility

Nazi Propaganda Showing

a Jewish Teacher Being

Ejected from a School



Nazi Propaganda Against Jews Was

Both Vicious and Relentless





Ugly AntiUgly Anti--Semitism SaturatedSemitism Saturated

German Textbooks and ClassroomsGerman Textbooks and Classrooms

The Poison

Mushroom

The Jew as

Worshiper of Money

The Jew as

Child Molester ³The Jewish nose

is shaped like the

number 6.´

The Jew as

Cheating

Businessman

Jews as Torturers

of Animals







Throughout Germany Towns Posted

Anti-Semitic Signs

´Jews Are Not

Welcome Hereµ



Anti Anti--Jewish Violence Erupted With a NewJewish Violence Erupted With a New

Ferocity Beginning With Ferocity Beginning With K ristallnacht K ristallnacht ²²TheThe

Night of Broken Glass, 9Night of Broken Glass, 9--10 November 193810 November 1938

Jews Were Physically

Attacked and Publicly

Humiliated



Jewish Owned Businesses WereJewish Owned Businesses Were

SmashedSmas

hed



Some 200 Synagogues All Over Some 200 Synagogues All Over

Germany Were BurnedGermany Were Burned

Baden-Baden

Aachen

Frankfurt

Munich (?)



In 1939 T4²the Nazi EuthanasiaCampaign²Was Begun. Over 100,000

Had Been Murdered by 1942

Heyde

Gas Chamber at

HartheimMass Grave at

Hadamar





Several Countries Asked Germany to Stamp the

Passports of Jews With Special Identification



The Nazi Concentration Camp System

Had Begun to Take Shape in 1933

Dachau Oranienburg



The System Was to Grow Enormously



After the German Conquest, Terror Against the

Jews of Poland Began Immediately



Throughout Poland, Jews Were

Herded Into Ghettos



In Warsaw, Jews Were Jammed Into a Small

Area, and the Nazis Thought of Every Insult

Jews Were Required to Use This

Bridge to Avoid Touching a

´Germanµ Street



Conditions in the Ghettos Were Atrocious;

Jews Suffered Systematic Starvation



The Victims Numbered in the Hundreds of Thousands; Children Were Especially Hard Hit



In 1941 the War Against the Jews Went Into a New Phase²the Einsatzgruppen Campaign in

the Soviet Union



The Paths of the Einsatzgruppen



Massacres Occurred Throughout

European Russia

These Children Were All Shot



More Than One Million Jews Were

Exterminated by the Einsatzgruppen in 1941-42



The Worst Atrocity Was Outside

of Kiev, at a Place Known As BabiYar . The Massacre Took Place inLate September 1941



The SS Sent a Report to Himmler on theEffectiveness of the Einsatzgruppen in the

Baltic Nations



Vans Using Carbon Monoxide WereExperimented With Both in Russia and at the

Death Camp at Chelmno



However, the SS Leadership Decided That a MoreEfficient Way of Killing Jews Had to Be Devised. They

Discussed it at Wannsee in January 1942

Eichmann Heydrich

Freisler



Large Concentration Camps Had Already BeenEstablished in Poland. Now They Were to Be

Made Into Full-Fledged Extermination Camps



Auschwitz Was the Largest of the

Extermination Camps



Jews From All Over Europe Were Sent to

Auschwitz and the Other Camps



Many Jews Were Shipped from as Far

as Western Europe

France Nazi Transit Camp in the

Netherlands



Jews Being Sent From Greece



The Ordeal of the Train Ride Came

First



Sometimes, Very Few Survived

This Man Was the Sole Survivor in His Boxcar



Auschwitz: Arrival





Auschwitz: Selection



The Auschwitz Orchestra



³Death Gate´



Auschwitz: to the Gas Chamber





Removing the Dead: TheSo

nderk omm

and o s





Auschwitz: Cremation



One of the Crematoria



Outdoor Cremation

S onderkommandos Burning Bodies



Cremation Pit



Auschwitz: Life in the Camp



Food: The Prisoners¶ Priority



Roll Call Fit for Work Punishment



The Shooting Wall



Removing the Dead



The SS Conducted HideousMedical Experiments on Jews,Gypsies, Russian POWs, and

Many Others at Auschwitz and

Other Camps



High Altitude Experiment, Dachau



Freezing Experiment, Dachau



Collecting Scientific³Specimens´



Josef Mengele, the³Angel of Death´



Some of Mengele¶s Victims





Other Experiments Included Forced

Starvation«



Forcing People toI

ngest Salt Water«



Burning People With Chemicals«



And Operations to Remove Body Tissues, Organs,

Bones, and Genitalia²Usually Without Anesthesia



There Was Heroic Resistance to the N

azis in Many Places

Jewish Partisans



Th M ifi U i i f h W



The Magnificent Uprising of the WarsawGhetto in April 1943 Was the Largest Act

of Mass Resistance









Mordecai Anielewicz, Leader of the

Warsaw Ghetto Uprising



There Were Even Revolts in the DeathCamps

Roza Robota,

Leader of the Auschwitz

Revolt, October

1944

Crematorium 4, Blown Up in the

Revolt



In 1943 There Had Been a MassEscape From Sobibor and an Uprising

and Mass Escape from Treblinka

W Al W WW Al W W



There Were Also Those Who WereThere Were Also Those Who Were

RescuersRescuers

Jews Being Smuggled Out of Denmark

S ih R f 6 000S ih R f 6 000



Sugihara, Rescuer of 6,000Sugihara, Rescuer of 6,000

Lithuanian JewsLithuanian Jews



Oskar Schindler Oskar Schindler

A d th G t t R f AllA d th G t t R f All



And the Greatest Rescuer of All, And the Greatest Rescuer of All,

RaoulRaoul WallenbergWallenberg



Unfortunately, Many Were Only TooEager to Help the Nazis

Pro-Nazi Antonescu Head of the

Iron Guard

Codreanu

R i J W Eith Shi d t



Romanian Jews Were Either Shipped toAuschwitz, Murdered Where They Were, or Murdered in Camps in Far Eastern Romania

(Transdniestra)



Certain Concentration Camps Gaineda Particularly Grim Reputation

Mauthausen





Ebensee

Sachsenhausen

Ravensbrueck



Majdanek Was the First DeathCamp to Be Liberated (1944)







Ab 3 0 000 ill d



About 350,000 Were Killed atMajdanek



Treblinka Was Given the Job of Exterminatingthe Jews of the Warsaw Area



On the Way to Treblinka



Treblinka: 900,000 Dead

Mound of Human Ashes



Belzec: 600,000 Dead





Chelmno: 340,000 Dead



Sobibor: 250,000 Dead

Aerial Photograph



And the Worst of All, Auschwitz: 1.5million to 2,000,000 Dead

Th N i F d th E i t d P i f th D th



The Nazis Forced the Emaciated Prisoners of the DeathCamps to Make Long Marches Away From Allied

Forces. Countless Thousands Died On Them.

A N i G f d h



As Nazi Germany Was Defeated, theAllies Opened Up the Camps

A h i W Lib d i J



Auschwitz Was Liberated in January1945



Some Other Auschwitz Survivors

B f M Lib i C T



But for Most, Liberation Came TooLate







Th E id i th W t W



The Evidence in the West WasHorrifying and Overwhelming



Buchenwald







Dachau











U.S. Soldiers Handed Out Justice



Belsen-Bergen















General Eisenhower Inspects Ohrdruf



German Civilians in Many Places



German Civilians in Many PlacesWere Forced to Confront the Horror

There Were Many Other Victims of



There Were Many Other Victims of the Nazis. The Gypsies«

More Than 200,000 of Europe¶s Gypsies Were Massacred



The Russian Prisoners of War«

Almost 4,000,000 Russian POWS²80% of Those

Captured²Died in German Captivity



Non-Jewish Civilians in Poland«

Over 2,000,000 Non-Jewish Polish Civilians Died

Under German Rule



Slave Laborers Other Than Jews«

Over 7,000,000 Slaves, Many of Them

Ukrainian, Were Captured by the Nazis

And Civilians Throughout Occupied



And Civilians Throughout OccupiedEurope

Lidice, Czechoslovakia

Oradour, FranceSS Murderer Reinhard

Heydrich



The Gestapo Terrorized Countless Civilians, AsDid Gestapo Man Klaus Barbie the ³Butcher of



Did Gestapo Man Klaus Barbie, the Butcher of Lyons´²Sadist, Torturer, Mass Murderer

But Far and Away the Most Numerous



But Far and Away the Most NumerousVictims Were the Jews

The Nazis Murdered At Least 6,000,000 of Europe¶s 9.5 million Jews

How and Where Did Jews Die?



From the Einsatzgruppen: about 1,500,000 (of which

approximately 100,000 were killed in gas vans) the rest byshooting

In Auschwitz, Majdanek, Treblinka, Belzec, Sobibor, and

Chelmno, combined: about 4,000,000, mostly by poison gas

but also by starvation, disease, exposure, torture, andshooting.

In the ghettos of Eastern Europe: Unknown precisely; perhaps

400,000 to 500,000, chiefly by starvation, sometimes by

deliberate shooting in massacres.

Additionally, Jews died in other camps, in partisan fighting,

and in violence perpetrated by hostile anti-Semitic local

populations. Numbers are unknown.

Many of the Perpetrators Were



a y o t e e pet ato s We ePunished

Nazi War Criminals On Trial at Nuremberg



Site at Oswiecim Where Auschwitz Commandant R. F.

Hoess was Hanged, 1947

Adolf Eichmann on Trial in Jerusalem,



,1961

³I will leap into my grave laughing because the feeling that I have 5 million

people on my conscience is a source of extraordinary satisfaction.´



Sadly, Many Others Escaped Justice

Mengele Himmler Alois

Brunner²

Possibly Still

Alive Today!



Especially the Biggest Criminal of All



From The U.S. Holocaust Museum

The Holocaust Will Stand For All Time AsO f th W t C i i th Hi t f



One of the Worst Crimes in the History of

the Human Species

The Holocaust: From Persecution to Mass Murder

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