The history of_aviation

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THE HISTORY OF AVIATION

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ERAS IN AVIATION

• EARLY YEARS – 200 BC THRU 1890 AD• PRE-POWERED FLIGHT – 1860-1903• EARLY POWERED FLIGHT – 1903-1914• WORLD WAR I – 1914 – 1918• RECORDS ATTEMPTS – 1918 – 1939• WORLD WAR II – 1939 – 1945• JETS AND SPEED – 1945 – 1958• SPACE – 1958 - PRESENT

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FROM THE BEGINNING OF HISTORY MAN HAS DREAMED

OF FLIGHT

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EARLY YEARS 200 BC THRU 1890 AD

• GREEK MYTHOLOGY– DAEDALUS & ICARUS

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• GREEK MYTHOLOGY– DAEDALUS & ICARUS

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• ITALIAN ARTIST/INVENTOR– LEONARDO DA VINCI – 1452 AD -1519 AD

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• ITALIAN ARTIST/INVENTOR– LEONARDO DA VINCI FORESAW THE

PARACHUTE, HELICOPTER AND AIRCRAFT

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• MONTGOLFIER BROTHERS - JOSEPH AND JACQUES ETIENNE

• MADE THE FIRST HOT AIR

BALLOON FLIGHT IN DECEMBER

1782 IN FRANCE• MADE FIRST MANNED FLIGHT

NOVEMBER 1783

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• CIVIL WAR – 1862 THROUGH 1865– OBSERVATION BALLOONS WERE USED TO

MONITOR TROOPS AND SPOT ARTILARY

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• CIVIL WAR – 1862 THROUGH 1865

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• INVENTIONS– BALLOONS

• GAS• HOT AIR

– CONCEPTS• PARACHUTE• HELICOPTER• HUMAN POWERED GLIDER

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PRE-POWERED FLIGHT 1860-1903

• UNPOWERED GLIDERS– OTTO LILENTHAL 1848-1896– OCTAVE CHANUTE 1832-1910– CAPTAIN F. FERBER– WRIGHT BROTHERS

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• OTTO LILIENTHAL

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• OCTAVE CHANUTE

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• CAPTAIN F. FERBER

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• WRIGHT BROTHERS

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• INVENTIONS– RIGID FRAME AIRCRAFT– HUMAN CONTROLED FLIGHT

• WEIGHT SHIFTING– WING DESIGN– PITCH CONTROL SURFACES

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EARLY POWERED FLIGHT1903-1914

• EARLY POWERED FLIGHT– SAMMUEL PIERPONT LANGLEY – WRIGHT BROTHERS – ORVILE and WILBER– GLEN CURTIS– GLEN L MARTIN– LOUIS BLEROIT – CAL ROGERS– LINCOLN BLEACHLEY

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• SAMUEL PIERPONT LANGLEY – 1834 TO 1906

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• WRIGHT BROTHERS – ORVILE AND WILBER– FIRST POWERED HEAVIER-THAN-AIR FLIGHT

DECEMBER 17, 1903

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• GLEN CURTIS – 1878 TO 1930– INVENTER AILERON CONTROLS– MOTORCYCLE RACER

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• GLEN L MARTIN – 1886 TO 1955– AIRCRAFT DESIGNER

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• LOUIS BLERIOT – 1872 TO 1936– FRENCH INVENTOR– FIRST AIRCRAFT TO FLY ACROSS THE ENGLISH

CHANNEL IN JULY 1909

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• CAL ROGERS – 1879 TO 1912 – FIRST COAST TO COAST FLIGHT – 84 DAYS, SEPTEMBER 17, 1911 TO NOVEMEBER 5, 1911– 74 LANDINGS, INCLUDING 12 CRASHES– AIRCRAFT CALLED “VIN FIZ” AFTER A GRAPE SOFT DRINK.– AIRCRAFT WAS A WRIGHT MODEL EX FLYER

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• LINCOLN BEACHEY – 1887 TO 1915– RACED AGAINST BARNEY OLDFIELD’S RACE

CAR AT COUNTY FARES

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• INVENTIONS– AIRCRAFT MOTORS– PROPELLERS– THREE AXIS FLIGHT CONTROLS– WHEELED LANDING GEAR– FLOAT PLANES

• RECORDS SET FOR SPEED, DISTANCE, AND ENDURANCE

• AIR RACES BECAME POPULAR IN AMERICA AND EUROPE

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WORLD WAR I1914 - 1918

• WAR FOUGHT IN EUROPE BETWEEN ENGLAND AND FRANCE AGAINST GERMANY AND AUSTRIA

• GREAT ADVANCES IN BOTH SINGLE ENGINE AND MULTI-ENGINE AIRCRAFT AND DIRGIBLES

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• BRITISH AIRCRAFT– TRAINER – AVRO 54K

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• BRITISH AIRCRAFT– FIGHTERS – SOPWITH CAMEL

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• BRITISH AIRCRAFT– FIGHTERS – SE-5A

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• BRITISH AIRCRAFT– BOMBER – DEHAVILAND DH-4

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• FRENCH AIRCRAFT– FIGHTERS – SPAD XII

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• FRENCH AIRCRAFT– FIGHTERS – NEIUPORT 28

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• FRENCH AIRCRAFT– ENGINE – GNOME 9-N

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• FRENCH AIRCRAFT– ENGINE – HISPANO SUIZA 8BE

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• GERMAN AIRCRAFT– FIGHTER – FORKER D-VII

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• GERMAN AIRCRAFT– FIGHTER – FORKER Dr1

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• GERMAN AIRCRAFT– FIGHTER – HALBERSTADT CL IV

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• GERMAN AIRCRAFT– BOMBER – GOTHA

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• GERMAN AIRCRAFT– DIRIGIBLE (ZEPPELINS)

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• ITALIAN AIRCRAFT– BOMER – CAPRONI 36

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• AMERICAN AIRCRAFT– TRAINERS – JENNY JN-4

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• AMERICAN AIRCRAFT– TRAINERS – STANDARD J-1

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• AMERICAN AIRCRAFT– TRAINERS – THOMAS MORSE SCOUT

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• AMERICAN AIRCRAFT– ENGINES – CURTIS OX-5

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• AMERICAN AIRCRAFT– ENGINES – LIBERTY V-12

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• INVENTIONS– INCREASED HORSE POWER ENGINES

• ROTARY AIR COOLED• WATER COOLED

– MULTI-ENGINE AIRCRAFT– DIRIGIBLES– ADVANCE ARMAMENT

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BARNSTORMING, RECORDS ATTEMPTS AND AIRLINES

1918 – 1939

AFTER THE END OF WORLD WAR I AVIATION INCREASED RAPIDLY BECAUSE OF THE REASONS

• SURPLUS AIRCRAFT READILY AVAILABLE• NUMEROUS TRAINED PILOTS• GREAT INTEREST IN AVIATION FROM PUBLIC• BEGINNING OF AIR TRANSPORTATION FOR GENERAL PUBLC• SPEED AND DISTANCE RECORDS

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1918 – 1939

• BARNSTORMING– BARNSTORMING WAS AN ACTIVITY DONE BY MANY

WAORLD WAR I PILOTS THAT ALLOWED THEM TO KEEP FLYING

– PILOTS WOULD PURCHASE SURPLUS AIRCRAFT AND FLY THEM AROUND THE COUNTRY TO FAIRS SELLING RIDES TO PASSENGERS AND DOING AEROBATIC FLIGHT

– AIRCRAFT WERE RARE AND MOST PROPLE HAD NOT SEEN ONE FLYING, THEREFORE THERE WAS GREAT INTEREST IN SEEING BARNSTORMERS

– MANY PEOPLE GOT THEIR FIRST RIDE IN AN AIRPLANE WITH A BARNSTORMER

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1918 – 1939• FIRST AROUND THE WORLD FLIGHT FLOWN BY 4 ARMY

“WORLD CRUISER” AIRCRAFT IN 1924

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1918 – 1939• ROSCOE TURNER (WITH GILMORE) WAS AN EARLY RACER

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1918 – 1939• EARLY AIRLINES

– AIRLINES WERE STARTED AFTER WORLD WAR I FLYING PASSENGERS AND MAIL

– AIRLINE FLIGHTS CAUSED THE RAPID INCREASE IN THE SIZE AND SPEED OF THESE AIRLINERS

– AIRLINES WENT FROM CRUDE BIPLANES TO METAL HIGH PERFORMANCE AIRCRAFT IN A FEW SHORT YEARS

– THE FORD TIR-MOTOR AND THE DOUGLAS DC-3 WERE TWO OF THE AIRLINERS DEVELOPED

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1918 – 1939• FORD TRI-MOTOR

– THREE ENGINES

– 100 MPH CRUISE

– 14 PASSENGERS

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1918 – 1939• DOUGLAS DC-3

– TWO ENGINES

– 180 MPH

– 24 PASSENGERS

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1918 – 1939

• IGOR I. SIKORSKY WAS A RUSSIAN IMIGRANT WHO DEVELOPED MANY AIRCRAFT INCLUDING THE HELICOPTER AND LARGE FLYING BOATS

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RECORDS ATTEMPTS 1918 – 1939

• PRIZES FROM SPEED AND DISTANCE FLIGHTS– CHARLES LINDBERG– AMEILA AIRHART– WILYE POST– JIMMIE DOOLITTLE

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• CHARLES LINDBERG– SELF TRAINED PILOT– FLEW AIR MAIL– FIRST SOLO FLIGHT FROM NEW YORK TO PARIS– TEST PILOT– FLEW COMBAT MISSIONS AGAINST JAPANESE AS A

CIVILIAN PILOT AND IS THOUGHT TO HAVE SHOT DOWN AT LEAST ONE JAPANESE AIRCRAFT

– NATIONAL AVIATION EXPERT

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• CHARLES LINDBERG GAINED FLYING EXPERIENCE WHILE FLYING AIR MAIL FROM ST. LOUIS TO CHICAGO. HE HAD TO BAIL OUT OF AN AIRPLANE ONCE.

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• “Lindbergh Does It! New York To Paris in 33 1/2 Hours; Flies 1,000 Miles Through Snow and Sleet; Cheering French Carry Him Off Field on May 21, 1927” - New York Times

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• CHARLES LINDBERG FLEW WITH BOTH ARMY AIR CORPS UNITS IN THE P-38 LIGHTENING AND MARINE UNITS IN THE F4U CORSAIR

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• AMELIA EARHART– BEGAN FLYING IN 1921– SET WOMAN’S ALTITUDE RECORD OF 14,000 FEET IN 1922– FIRST WOMAN TO FLY ACROSS ATLANTIC OCEAN FIRST

AS A PASSENGER IN 1928– SET SPEED RECORDS FOR WOMEN– FIRST WOMAN TO FLY SOLO ACROSS ATLANTIC OCEAN

AND COAST0TO-COAST IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1932– SET NUMEROUS SOLO DISTANCE FLIGHT RECORDS– LOST IN PACIFIC OCEAN WHILE TRYING TO FLY AROUND

THE WORLD IN 1937

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• AMEILIA EARHART WAS AN EARLY FEMALE PILOT BORN IN ATCHINSON KANSAS WHO SET SPEED AND DISTANCE RECORDS


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• AMEILIA EARHART HELPED TO ORGANIZE AND FLEW IN “POWDER PUFF DERBY” AIR RACES FOR WOMEN

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• AMEILIA EARHART SET MANY RECORDS FLYING HER LOCKHEED VEGA

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• AMEILIA EARHART WAS LOST WITH HER NAVIGATOR ED NOONAN SOMEWHERE NEAR HOWLAND ISLAND IN THE PACFIC OCEAN IN 1937 WHILE FLYING HER LOCKHEED 12

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• WILEY POST– BORN IN GRAND SALINE, TEXAS IN 1898– STARTER IN BARNSTORMING AS SKY DIVER IN 1924– LOST SIGHT IN ONE AS A RESULT OF AN ACCIDENT– TRAINED HINSELF TO FLY WITH ONE EYE– FLEW AS PERSONNEL PILOT FOR F. C. HALL IN LOCKHEED

VEGA “WINNIE MAE”– FLEW AROUND TO WORLD WITH NAVIGATOR HARLOD

GATTY IN 1931– FLEW AROUND THE WORLD SOLO IN 1933– FLEW HIGH ALTITUDE EXPERIMENTS IN 1934– DIED IN AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT WITH WILL ROGERS IN 1935

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• WILYE POST’S LOCKHEED VEGA “WINNIE MAE”

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• WILEY POST AND HAROLD GATTY FLEW THE “WINNIE MAE” AROUND THE WORLD IN 1931 IN 8 DAYS, 16 HOURS

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• WILYE POST FLEW AROUNGD THE WORLD SOLO IN 1933 IN 7 DAYS, 19 HOURS

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• WILYE POST PIONEERED HIGH ALTITUDE FLIGHT WITH A PRESSURE SUIT THAT HE HELPED TO DESIGN. HE FLEW THE WINNIE MAE AS HIGH AS 50,000 FEET AND DISCOVERED THE JET STREAM.

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• JIMMIE DOOLITTLE– ARMY TRAINED PILOT WON BOTH BENDIX AND

THOMPSON THROPY RACES– WORKED FOR SHELL OIL COMPANY TO DEVELOP HIGH

OCTANE GASOLINE– MADE FIRST “BLIND” TAKEOFF AND LANDING IN193X– COMMANDED FIRST BOMBER RAID AGAINST JAPAN USING

B-25 BOMBERS FLOWN FROM THE AIRCRAFT CARRIER “HORNET”

– COMMANDER OF THE EIGHTH AIR FORCE IN ENGLAND– DEVELOPED BUSINESS AVIATION FOR SHELL OIL AFTER

WORLD WAR II

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• JIMMIE DOOLITTLE WITH TRAVEL AIR (BEECHCRAFT) “MYSTERY SHIP” RACER

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• JIMMIE DOOLITTLE’S 1932 GEE BEE RACER

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• The B-25 MEDIUM BOMBER WAS ONE OF AMERICA’ MOST FAMOUS AIRPLANES OF WORLD WAR II. IT WAS THE TYPE OF BOMBER USED BY GENERAL JIMMIE DOOLITTLE FOR THE “TOKYO RAID” ON APRIL 18, 1942

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• In June 1985, retired Lieutenant General James H. Doolittle became General James H. Doolittle when President Reagan and Senator Goldwater pinned on the same four-star insignia that General George Patton had given him on the occasion of Patton receiving his fourth star more than 40 years earlier.


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• INVENTIONS– GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS FOR “BLIND”– RADIO NAVIGATION– HIGH ALTITUDE FLIGHT– HIGH OCTANE GASOLINE– GLOBAL NAVIGATION

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WORLD WAR II1939 - 1945

• WORLD WAR II INVOLVED ALL OF THE MAJOR COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD. AVIATION MADE GIANTIC ADVANCES DURING THIS PERIOD.– PRESSURIZED BOMBER CABINS– ALL WEATHER FLIGHT– JET PROPULSION– ENORMOUS NUMBER OF AIRCRAFT PRODUCED– RADAR AND RADIO NAVIGATION

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• WORLD WAR II BROUGHT THE ADVENT OF HIGH POWER AND HIGH SPEED AIRCRAFT FROM ALL COUNTRIES

• VERY EARLY IN THE WAR SOME BIPLANES WERE USED, MOSTLY BY THE BRITISH, BUT THESE WERE RAPIDLY REPLACED

• MANY THOUSANDS OF AIRCRAFT WERE PRODUCED BY ALL COUNTRIES

• VERY LARGE INCREASES IN AIRCRAFT SPEED AND ALTITUDE OCCURRED DURING THIS TIME

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• EARLY SUCCESSFUL WERE THE BRITISH FAIRLY SWORDFISH AND GLOSTER GALDIATOR

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• EARLY FIGHTER OPPONENTS DURING THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN WERE THE MESSERSCHMITT 109, SUPERMARINE SPITFIRE AND HAWKER HURRICANE

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• THE GERMANS USED JUNKER STUKA DIVE BOMBERS, HEINKLE 111 AND DORNIER 217 BOMBERS TO ATTACK ENGLAND DURING THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN

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• IN THE PACIFIC FRONT JAPANESE ZEROS WERE FOUGHT BY AMERICAN VOLUNTERS FLYING CURTIS P-40 FOR THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT

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• AS WORLD WAR II PROGRESSED THE PRODUCTION OF AIRCRAFT ACCELERATED AT AN INCREDIBLE RATE.

• WHOLE TOWN SUCH AS PLANEVIEW IN WICHITA WERE CONSTRUCTED TO HOUSE THE AIRCRAFT WORKERS. THOUSAND OF PEOPLE WHO HAD BEEN FARMERS AND HOUSEWIVES WERE TRAINED TO MANUFACTURE AIRCRAFT AND OTHER WAR MATERIALS.

• THE WOMEN IN THE AIRCRAFT INDUCTRY WERE SYMBOLIZED BY “ROSIE THE RIVETER”

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• IN THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER COUNTRIES TENS OF THOUSAND OF PEOPLE WERE TRAINED TO BE PILOTS, NAVIGATORS, GUNNERS AND BOMBARDIERS FOR THE AIRCRAFT.

• THOUSANDS MORE PEOPLE WERE TRAINED TO MAINTAIN AND REPAIR THESE AIRCRAFT.

• OTHER SUPPORT PEOPLE SUCH AS RADIO OPERATORS AND WEATHER MEN WER TRAINED.

• AIR BASES WERE CONSTRUCTED THROUGH OUT THE WORLD TO SUPPORT THE WAR EFFORT.

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• THE UNITED STAES ENTERED WORLD WAR II AFTER THE JAPANESE BOMED OUR BASE IN PEARL HARBOR IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

• AFTER ENTERING THE WAR THE UNITED STATES EXPANDED AIRCRAFT PRODUCTION TO MORE THAN 100,000 AIRCRAFT PER YEAR.

• NEW ROUTES WERE DEVELOPED TO FLY THESE AIRCRAFT ALL OVER THE WORLD FROM ALASKA TO AUSTRALIA.

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• AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT PROGRESSED AT A RAPID PACE THROUGHOUT THE WAR. SUCH FAMOUS BOMBERS AS THE B-17, B-24 AND B-29 WERE USED BY THE UNITED STATES

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• THE UNITED STATES ARMY AIR CORPS DEVELOPED HIGH SPEED LONG RANGE PISTON ENGINE FIGHTERS SUCH AS THE P-51 MUSTANG, P-47 THUNDERBOLT AND P-38 LIGHTNING

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• THE UNITED STATES NAVY USED CARRIER BASED FIGHTERS AND BOMBERS SUCH AS THE F6F HELLCAT, F4U CORSAIR AND TBM AVENGER

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• WORLD WAR II CAUSED THE DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD WIDE AIRWAYS, AIRPORTS AND MAPPING OF PREVIOUSLY UNEXPLORED AREAS.

• TRANSPORTATION OF WAR MATERIALS RESULTED IN THE DEVELOPMENT AIR AICRAFT WITH GREATER CAPACITY TO CARRY CARGO AND PERSONNEL.

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• THE PRINCIPLE CARGO AIRCRAFT USED BY THE UNITED STATES WERE THE C-46 COMMANDO, C-47 DAKOTA, C-54 SKYMASTER AND C-69 CONSTELLATION

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• THE UNITED STATES ARMY USED ITS FIRST HELICOPTER IN WORLD WAR II. THIS AIRCRAFT WAS THE SIKORSKY R4

HOVERFLY.

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• DURING WORLD WAR II THE GERMAN MILITARY DEVELOPED JET AND ROCKET POWERED AIRCRAFT AND JET AND ROCKET GUIDED MISSILES

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• INVENTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS– POWER PLANTS

• TURBOCHARGED/SUPERCHARGED PISTON ENGINES• JET ENGINES• ROCKET ENGINES

– LONG RANGE MULTI-ENGINE AIRCRAFT– RADIO NAVIGATION AND COMMUNICATION– PRESSURIZED HIGH ALTITUDE AIRCRAFT

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JETS AND SPEED

• THE POST WORLD WAR II ERA PROVIDED THE AVIATION COMMUNITY WITH THOUSANDS OF SURPLUS AIRCRAFT AND TRAINED PILOTS

• MANY PEOPLE THOUGHT THAT THIS WOULD CAUSE AN EXPLOSION OF PRIVATE AVIATION, HOWEVER THIS DID NOT HAPPEN AS EXPECTED

• THERE WAS A GREAT INCREASE IN THE PERFORMANCE OF HIGH SPEED AIRCRAFT USING INFORMATION PRIMARILY GATHERED FROM GERMANY SCIENTISTS

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JETS AND SPEED

• THE EARLY AMERICAN JET FIGHTER AIRCRAFT WERE IN DEVELOPMENT AT THE END OF WORLD WAR II

• THESE AIRCRAFT WERE THE P-59 AIRACOMET AND P-80 SHOOTING STAR

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JETS AND SPEED

• DURING THE LATE 1940’s DURING WERE MANY JET BOMBER DESIGNS BUILT AND FLOWN TO EXPERIMENT WITH HIGH SPEED JET POWERED AIRCRAFT. THESE INCLUDE THE B-45, B-46, B-48 AND B-49

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JETS AND SPEED

• EXPERIMENTAL ROCKET AIRCRAFT WERE DEVELOPED TO REACH VERY HIGH SPEEDS

• THE BELL X-1 AIRCRAFT PILOTED WORLD WAR II FIGHTER PILOT CHUCK YEAGER BROKE THE SPEED OF SOUND

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JETS AND SPEED

• THERE WERE MANY EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT DEVELOPED IN THE LATE 1940’s AND THE 1950’s RESEARCHING MANY ASSPECTS OF FLIGHT

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JETS AND SPEED

• CIVILIAN AVIATION BEGAN TO DEVELEOP NEW IMPROVED AIRCRAFT SUCH AS THE BEECH BONANZA AND THE CESSNA 170. MODERNIZED VERSIONS OF THESE AIRCRAFT ARE STILL IN PRODUCTION TODAY

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JETS AND SPEED

• COMMERCIAL AIRLINES INITIALLY USED SURPLUS MILITARY AIRCRAFT TO ESTABLISH NEW AIRLINES. MANUFACTURES DEVELOPED NEW AIRCRAFT INCLUDING THE DOUGLAS DC-6 AND THE PRESSURIZED DOUGLAS DC-7 AND LOCKHEED SUPER CONSTELLATION

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JETS AND SPEED

• THE NAVY ALSO BEGAN TO USED JET PWERED AIRCRAFT. THE FIRST JET FIGHTER TO FLY FROM AN AIRCRAFT CARRIER WAS THE McDONNELL FH-1 PAHNTOM. THIS WAS FOLLWED BY THE F2H BANSHEE AND THE NORTH AMERICAN FJ-1 FURY

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JETS AND SPEED

• THE KOREAN WAR BROUGHT THE FIRST JET VERSUS JET COMBAT WHEN THE NORTH AMERICAN F-86 SABER JET FOUGHT THE RUSSIAN MIG-15

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JETS AND SPEED

• DURING THE KOREAN WAR THE AIR FORCE AND THE NAVY USED HELICOPTERS TO RESCUE WOUNDED SOLDIERS AND DOWNED FLIGHT CREWS. THESE HELICOPTERS INCLUDED

THE SIKORSKY H-19 CHICKASAW AND H-5 DRAGON FLY

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JETS AND SPEED

• THE “COLD WAR” WITH THE RUSSIANS BROUGHT ABOUT RAPID ADVANCES IN THE SIZE AND SPEED OF THE BOMBERS USED BY THE UNITED STATES AIR FORCE. THE MAIN BOMBERS WERE THE B-36 PEACEMAKER, B-47 STRATOJET AND B-52 STRATOFORTRESS

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JETS AND SPEED

• DURING EARLY 1950’s JET THE EARLY JET POWERED AIRLINERS WERE BUILT BY BRITISH COMPANIES. THE DEHAVILLAND COMET AND VICKERS VISCOUNT TURBOPROP LED THE WAY

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JETS AND SPEED

• THE AMERICAN AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY QUICKLY FOLLOWED THE BRITISH BY COMING OUT WITH FASTER AND LONGER RANGE JET AIRLINERS, THE BOEING 707 AND THE DOUGLAS DC-8. BTOH OF THESE AIRCRAFT HAD LONGER SERVICE LIVES AND ARE STILL IN USE TODAY. THE 707 WAS THE FIRST JET “AIR FORCE ONE” PRESIDENTIAL AIRCRAFT

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JETS AND SPEED JETS AND SPEED

• BOTH MILITARY FIGHTERS AND BOMBERS BECAME CAPABLE OF SUPERSONIC FLIGHT IN THE 1950’s WITH THE “CENTURY SERIES” FIGHTER AND THE B-58 HUSTLER BOMBER

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JETS AND SPEED

• THE PRESSURES OF THE COLD WAR LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BOTH MEDIUM RANGE AND INTERCONTINENTAL RANGE BALLISTIC MISSLES SUCH AS THE REDSTONE, ATLAS AND TITAN MISSLES

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JETS AND SPEED

• THE RUSSIANS SHOCKED THE WORLD WHEN THEY LAUNCHED THE FIRST SPACE SATELLITE IN OCTOBER 1957. THIS BASKETBALL SIZED, 183 POUND SATETLLITE WAS CALLED SPUTNIK

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JETS AND SPEED

• THE UNITED STATES FOLLOWED THE RUSSIANS BY LAUNCHING A 32 POUND SATELLITE CALLED EXPLORER IN JANUARY 1958. THE SPACE RACE HAD STARTED

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SPACE AND BEYOND

• SCOTT CROSSFIELD WAS ONE OF THE GREAT TEST PILOTS DURING THIS ERA.

• HE FLEW MANY EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT AND WAS THE FIRST MAN TO FLY TWICE THE SPEED OF SOUND IN THE DOUGLAS SKYROCKET. HE WAS ALSO THE FIRST MAN TO FLY THE X-15.

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SPACE AND BEYOND• NACA (NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE for AERONAUTICS)

BECAME NASA (NATIONAL AERONAUTICS and SPACE ADMINISTRATION) IN 1958. ONE OF FIRST EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT FROM NASA WAS THE HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL X-15. THE X-15 EXPLORED FLIGHT OUT TO MACH 6.7 (6.7 TIMES THE SPEED OF SOUND) AND ALTITUDE OF 354,200 FEET (67 MILES) ON AUGUST 22, 1963

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SPACE AND BEYOND

• CIVILIAN BUSINESS AVIATION BEGAN MOVING INTO THE JET AGE WITH THE BEECHCRAFT TURBO-PROP POWERED KINGAIR AND TH JET POWERED NORTH AMERICAN SABERLINER AND LEAR JET.

•

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SPACE AND BEYOND

• VERY LARGE JET AIRLINERS WERE DEVELOPED AND PUT INTO COMMERCIAL SERVICE DURING THE 1960’S. THESE INCLUDED THE DOUGLAS DC-10, LOCKHEED L-1011 AND

BOEING 747.

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SPACE AND BEYOND

• IN APRIL 1961 THE RUSSIANS AGAIN STARTLED THE WORLD BY LAUNCHING YURI GAGARIN IN A VOSTOK SPACE CRAFT ORBITING THE WORLD

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SPACE AND BEYOND

• ON MAY 25, 1961, PRESIDENT KENNEDY ANNOUNCED TO THE NATION A GOAL OF SENNDING AN AMERICAN TO THE MOON BEFORE THE END OF THE DECADE.

• THIS BEGAN AN IMMENSE PROGRAM TO FLY MEN TO THE MOON. THIS PROGRAM WAS EXECUTED IN THREE STEPS: – PROJECT MERCURY– PROGECT GEMINI– PROJECT APOLLO

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SPACE AND BEYOND

• PROJECT MERCURY– SINGLE MAN CAPSULES TO EXPLORE SUB-ORBITAL AND

ORBITAL FLIGHTS– SEVEN MERCURY ASTRONAUTS

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SPACE AND BEYOND

• ON MAY 6 1961 NASA LAUNCHED ALAN SHEPARD IN “FREEDOM 7”, THE FIRST AMERICAN HUMAN SUBORBITAL FLIGHT

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SPACE AND BEYOND

• MERCURY SPACECRAFT “FRIENDSHIP 7” CARRIED ASTRONAUT JOHN H. GLENN Jr. TO BECOME THE FIRST AMERICAN TO ORBIT THE EARTH ON FEBRUARY 20, 1962. GLENN CIRCLED THE EARTH THREE TIMES. THE SPACE FLIGHT LASTED 4 HOURS AND 55 MINUTES.

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SPACE AND BEYOND

• THE GEMINI PROGAM FOLLOWED PROJECT MERCURY FROM 1963 -1966. GEMINI CAPSULES CARRIED TWO ASTRONAUTS TO EXPLORE EXTENDED SPACE FLIGHT REQUIRED TO REACH THE MOON. THE GEMINI CAPSULE WAS AN ENLARGER MERCURY CAPSULE .

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SPACE AND BEYOND

• THE 12 FLIGHT GEMINI PROGRAM EXPLORED MANY NEW PROLEMS THAT WOULD BE ENCOUNTERED WHILE GOING TO THE MOON INCLUDING THE RENDEZOUS OF TWO SPACE CRAFT AND SPACE WALKS

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SPACE AND BEYOND

• FOLLOWING THE COMPLETION OF THE MERCURY AND GEMINI PROGRAMS, THE APOLLO PROGRAM BEGAN THE FLIGHTS TO THE MOON IN A CAPSULE DESIGNED TO CARRY THREE MEN.

• THE MIGHTY SATURN V ROCKET WAS DESIGNED THE TO LAUNCH THE CAPSULE AND ITS SUPPORT MODULE.

• THE CREW COMPARTMENT CONSISTED OF THE MAIN CREW MODULE AND THE TWO MAN LUNAR LANDING MODULE WHICH WENT TO THE MOON AND THEN RETURNED TO CREW BACK TO THE MAIN MODULE ORBITNG THE MOON

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SPACE AND BEYOND

• THE SATURN V ROCKET WAS 364 FEET TALL AND WIEGHED MORE THAT 6,699,000 POUNDS.

• 5 ROCKET MAIN STAGE MOTORS WITH A TOTAL THRUST OF 7,648,000 POUND LIFTED THE ROCKET.

• THE SATURN V LAUNCHED BOTH THE APOLLO MISSIONS AND SKYLAB

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SPACE AND BEYOND

• THE APOLLO PROGRAM BEGAN IN 1963 AND ENDED IN 1972• THE PROGRAM CONSISTED OF 11 MANNED FLIGHTS.

– 4 MANNED EARTH AND MOON ORBITIAL FLIGHTS– 7 FLIGHTS FOR MOON LANDINGS– APOLLO 13 DID NOT LAND ON THE MOON DUE TO AN

EXPLOSION ENROUTE TO THE MOON– NEIL ARMSTRONG WAS THE FIRST MAN TO SET FOOT ON

THE MOON, JULY 20, 1969– EUGENE CERNAN WAS THE LAST MAN TO LEAVE HIS

FOOT PRINT ON THE MOON, DECEMBER 14, 1972

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SPACE AND BEYOND

• APOLLO 11 WAS THE FIRST MISSION TO LAND ON THE MOON.

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SPACE AND BEYOND

• THE APOLLO SPACE SHIP CONSISTED OF THE COMMAND MODULE, LUNAR MODULE

• THE LUNAR MODULE CONTAINED THE LUNER ROVER

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SPACE AND BEYOND

• DURING THE 1960’S AND EARLY 1970’S THE UNITED STATES WAS ENGAGED IN A WAS TO PROTECT SOUTH VIETNAM. MUCH OF THIS WAR WAS FOUGHT IN AIR BATTLES.

• SOME OF THE SIGNIFICANT AIRCRAFT USED DURING THIS WAR WERE THE F-4 PHANTOM, F-105 THUNDERCHIEF AND THE B-52 STRATOFORTRESS

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SPACE AND BEYOND

• HELICOPTERS WERE USED IN GREAT NUMBERS DURINE THE VIET NAM WAS. HELICOPTERS SUCH AS THE UH-1 HUEY AND CH-47 CHINOCK WERE USED TO TRANSPORT TROOPS AND SUPPLIES

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SPACE AND BEYOND

• DURING THE 1960’S AND THE 1970’S GENERAL AVIATION GREW TREMENDOUSLY.

• POPULAR AIRCRAFT DURING THIS PERIOD WERE THE CESSNA 172, PIPER CHEROKE AND THE MODERNIZED BEECHCRAFT BONANZA

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SPACE AND BEYOND

• LESSON FROM THE VIETNAM WAR WERE USED TO DESIGN NEW MILITARY FIGHTER AIRCRAFT

• THESE AIRCRAFT WERE THE F-15 EAGLE, F-16 FIGHTING FALCON AND THE A-10 THUNDERBOLT II

131

SPACE AND BEYOND

• AS A CONTINUATION OF SPACE EXPLORATION NASA DEVELOPED THE SPACE SHUTTLE. THE SPACE SHUTTLE WAS DESIGNED TO PLACE A CREW INTO EARTH ORBIT FOR EXPERIMENTATION PURPOSES

132

SPACE AND BEYOND

• THE SPACE SHUTTLE MADE ITS FIRST TEST FLIGHT IN 1977

• THERE WERE 8 SPACE SHUTTLE AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURED

• THE SPACE SHUTTLE HAS FLOWN 114 MISSIONS

• TWO SPACE SHUTTLES HAVE BEEN DESTORYED IN ACCIDENTS

133

SPACE AND BEYOND

• COMMERICAL AIRLINERS WERE DEVELOPED TO BE MORE ECONOMICAL TO OPERATE. THESE AIRCRAFT INCLUDE THE BOEING 757/767747-400 AND MCDONNEL-DOUGLAS MD-11.

134

SPACE AND BEYOND

• MILITARY AIRCRAFT DEVELOPED THE NEW F-117 FIGHTER AND B-2 BOMBER TO ENTER HIGH THREAT MILITARY AREAS UNDETECTED BY RADAR. THESE AIRCRAFT USE THEIR

SEALTH CHARACTERISTICS FOR THEIR PROTECTION.

135

SPACE AND BEYOND

• THE EXPERIMENTAL AIRPLANE ASSOCIATION WAS FOUND IN THE 1950’S TO PROMOTE BUILDING OF PRIVATE EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT. THE TREND HAS GROWN AND TODAY MANY AIRCRAFT SUCH AS THE RV SERIES, LANCAIR AND OTHERS ARE BEING BUILT ALL OVER THE WORLD

136

SPACE AND BEYOND

• THE WARBIRD MOVEMENT HAS SAVE MANY MILITARY AIRCRAFT FROM BEING DESTORYED. TODAY MANY AIRSHOWS FEATURE WORLD WAR II AND KOREAN WAR FIGHTERS FLYING WITH THEIR MODERN BROTHERS

137

SPACE AND BEYOND

• AVIATION CONTINUES TO GROW EVERY YEAR

• THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PEOPLE TO WORK IN AVIATION ALSO CONTINUES TO GROW

• THE FUTURE WILL BRING NEW ADVENTURES THAT ARE NOT YET UNDERSTOOD OR FORE SEEN

The history of_aviation

Engineering

air flight

coast flight

manned flight

aviation early years

hot air balloon flight

ad civil war

engine aircraft

crashes aircraft