The History of Europe 400-1715 Notes

7/29/2019 The History of Europe 400-1715 Notes

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oHistory Lectures 11/12/2012 6:08:00 AMHistory Lecture Notes :::: Medieval to Early Modern History. Fall of Roman

Empire to 1715.

c. 293 First division of the Roman Empire under Diocletian293-476 The slow disintegration of the Western Roman Empire

Political History: were no great heroes, battles, or events. Intellectual:Little new, ideology remains the same. Economic: Economic decline starts earlier (c. 200); great structural

change comes later (c. 700)

312 Christianity tolerated under Constantine I

410 Sack of Rome by Visigoths led by Alaric I

476 Deposition of Romulus Augustus (last western Roman emperor) by

Odoacer

Empire was too large, overextended its abilities. Internal political conflicts lead to breakup of power. Rise of eastern empire weakened the West. Germanic hordes invaded the empire from the north, disrupting

everything and weakening the military strength of the empire.

Rise of Christianity493-526 Theoderic the Ostrogoth rules Italy

527-65 Reign of Justinian632 Death of Muhammad (c.571-632)

Quran: Holy book of Islam711 Arabs invade Spain

733/4 Battle of Poitiers: Charles Martel defeats Muslims750/53 Pippin III deposes the last Merovingian king and is anointed Kingof the Franks

768-814 Reign of Charlemagne

772-97 Wars against the Saxons

778 Battle of Roncevaux

800 Charlemagne crowned Emperor in Rome by Pope Leo III

Christmas 800 AD, ROME, St. Peters Basilica New Holy Roman Empire (800-1806)

o Oral Societyo Respect for tradition


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o Symbols, dress, external appearance Tension between Pope and Emperor

814 Death of Charlemagne

843 Division of the Carolingian Empire (Treaty of Verdun)

911 Death of last Carolingian king of the East Franksc. 911 King Charles the Simple recognizes Viking settlement in Normandy

919 Saxon dynasty takes over Germany and Italy

962 Otto I crowned emperor in Rome

987 Capetian dynasty assumes power in France

1066 Norman Conquest of England

1095 First Crusade proclaimed

1099 Jerusalem captured

1201-04 Fourth Crusade

1291 Fall of Acre

Lecture 3

o St. Peter = first bishop of Rome = First Popeo Constantine funded building of St. Peters basilica, so he is associated

with it.

o Until some time in the middle ages, Popes resided in St. Giovanni deLatenci (or something)

o Carolus Magnus (Charles the Great) Carolomagni Charlemagneo Charlemagne is unexpectedly crowned Charles Agustus

Revived western empire Claims he didnt want to be emperor

o Oral Society little use for written documentso In this period, clothing is codified according to social standing and groups.o Hagia Sophia built by Justiniano Liutprand = western traveller to Byzantiumo Byzantine Empire = very advancedo Patriarch of Constantinople = Pope of Romeo Battle of Poitiers Frankish forces beat Islamic forceso Icons & Iconoclasm

Some thought there was risk of idolatry Iconoclasm came in and destroyed icons

o Aachen = palace of Charlemagne


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Europe Circa 1000 AD

o Apocalyptic expectations in popculture. Belief that end of the world was coming in 1000 AD Evidence in Revelations Antichrist figure

o Many secular leaders labeled antichristsAt this time:

Christiandom unsafe/threatened/unstableo Threatened from north by Vikingso Viking raids turn into future trade routes

Hard to get a good perspective of things from writings because allwritings were from Monks.

o Monks dont get out into the world, stay shut up inmonasteries

Agrarian Revolution:o Climate Changeo Technological Improvements

3 field crop rotation Iron plow Yoke for horses, with shoes too

o Increased output Prior to 1000 AD : 2-3:1 for output:seed Post 1000 AD : 6,7-13:1

o These improvements changed the entire economy and societyof the time.

Allowed people to move into cities because enough foodwas being produced that they could survive without

farming themselves.

Feudal System:o Feudal system does not mean fightingo Lord invests a vassal with land, etc.

It is a contract homage/fealty Noble gets the vassals service in military Vassal gets income and protection

Investiture: investing land in your vassal Fiefdom


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Benefice = temporary land granto Originally Kings vassals (counts, barons) would administer

justice in Kings name.

When king is gone, administer justice in their own nameo Fiefs originally for life, but eventually become hereditary.

This is beneficial because now vassals will take bettercare of it/appreciate it more

Impact of Feudalism on Nobility:o Nobility engages in life of ChivalryChevalhorseo Starts from early age, ~8, male children sent to the house of

a lord to learn the ways of men, etc. as a young vassal

o ~13-14 squire1066 AD: William the Conqueror seizes all of England

Engages in perfect feudal state, with him at the head: strong leaderCRUSADES 1095-1291

BIG SCALE ~2 Million people directly/indirectly affected Holy War vs Pilgrimage vs Journey

o Many different ideas, all backed by the religious piety that isrequired to justify such an enterprise.

4thCrusade: Didnt have money to pay for the ships so agreed toattack other Christians/Byzantine cities for Venice

o war with Byzantium Reasons to go on a crusade:

o Duty to God Sanctioned/sent off by pope

o Career move Pilgrimage: Pilgrimage to Jerusalem thought of as best/most

important place to visit as a Christian.

o History of Christ (beginning and end) is in Jerusalem Three Criteria for Just War: St. Augustine:

o Initial impetus must be just/good self defenseo Fighting must rest on a legitimate authority no private

warfare

o War is only lawful with it is fought with same impetusthroughout cannot turn into profit trip


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Problems with the Crusades:

Lack of single command Huge diversity of peoples involved

o Difficulties communicating anything to everyone Lack of motivation once it got reasonably underway Seljuk Turks cause problems for pilgrims

o Radical Muslims dangerous for travelersEffects:

Revival of Jihad Holy War Christianization of Chivalry Trade stimulation/new trade routes Violent anti-Semitism New idea of reasoned argument for justification of crusades

12th Century Renaissance

Stand upon the shoulders of giantso Aristotle + Plato

Three Orders of Society: Decreed By God (old social structure):

Those who pray Oratores : Clergy (head) Those who fight Bellatores : Nobility (arms) Those who work Laboratores : The rest (body)

Orders of society begin to be questioned by contemporary philosophers: Many different levels within each group:

o Common people = laborers vs. merchants Serfs could become free after being in a city for a year and a day. Would band together to form conspiracies against lords in an

effort to abolish serfdom

o Known as communes or amacitia Changes in social order began to become acceptable to all (within

reason), not to say that all enjoyed it.

o Aristocrats still disparaged serfs Magna Carta questions old traditions of serfdom, classes, etc.

o Many amendments for the purpose of protecting merchants Merchants are still the lowest class, shows they are

gaining power/importance

Universities are formed by kings and by the church


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Feature own rules and a program of study Usually awarded extralegal powers by the church or other

authorities

Economic and Social improvements seen in the construction of giant

Cathedrals

September 26, 2012

Expansion of Royal Power

Control over violence/warfare monopolizing armies Control over system of justice Backing of church

Ideology: Kingship:

Divine Right: Rule by the will and grace of God, and anointed byHim

o Based on the Bible Old Testament Book of Kings David + Saul

Feudal/Chivalric Rule: Emphasizes feudal relationships betweenkings and subjects loyalty.

o Takes religion out of the picture Christian King: Must be violent, it is necessary (or at least thought

of as necessary. No peaceo Many Christian models of kings from antiquity to follow

Vespasian killing Jews, with others: tells current kingsto do likewise

Dangers with King relying on ChurchFrance: Capetian Monarchy

Carolingian Empire dies outo Barons choose new King. chose Capetian because he is

WEAK and easy to manipulate

o Capetians = VERY LUCKY 3 Centuries of smooth successions (male heir of right

age and fortitude survives to adulthood, every

generation)

Phillip the August expands territory by 4x


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o Contemporary King John (England) fails at everythingSocial Stuff:

Idea that women were imperfect menOctober 8, 2012 BLACK DEATH (1346-1351)

Problems leading up to the Black Death

People move to cities, economies expand across the boardo Population grows exponentially, peaking at ~75 Million

(Europe) in 1300. Evidence in Magna Carta with The city of

London being an entity, along with merchants

Overcrowding Europe 1300-1340 = overdeveloped

o Disruption of Trade Routes: Wars disrupt trade routes w/Asiavia Middle East

Ottoman Turks causing problems decline of tradingcities

o Wars: Systematic and Continuous: took toll on economy +people (Hundred Years War) via heavy taxes, blockades,

were expensive, and government loans

o Collapse of Banking System: England took out massive loans Could not repay them

Banks had overlent to others, assuming Englandwould pay them back

Banks go bankrupt and fail. Collapse bringsdown all large banks and by connection, the

smaller ones that depended on them.

o FAMINE: Growth of economy/population up to this pointdepended on surplus of food (cities depended on it)

Mediocre land was being used in the short term to fuelthis growth runs out of usefulness abandoned

Eventually even good land is abandoned climate drop 10-15% of population dies Grain is the staple of peasants/everyone else, when it

fails there is famine.

Greenland is abandoned


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Grapes cant be grown in many places Glaciers expand Rivers start freezing where they didnt before Crops stunted in fields 3 years in a row

Rain for months = rotted cropsBLACK DEATH STRIKES 1346-1351

Central Asia expands from there

Ireland to Baghdad to Manchuria to Sweden 30-50% of Europe Dead (on top of Famine Deaths)

People blame:

Pestilence = light from the stars eclipses, etc. ?? Gods wrath (commonly accepted) The Jews (makes no sense since they died too Infected air

NOT BUBONIC PLAGUE

Same bacteria (Yersinia Pestis) but transferred via human lice, notrats and fleas

CONSIQUENCES

Population: Stagnation Politics: Profound Instability Economics: Recession Overall: Transformational

o Viewed as the end of the Middle Ages and possible beginningof the Renaissance.

o Great equalizer of population and distribution of food.o Served as a watershed/turning point in history

October 9, 2012

The Social Crisis of the Late Middle Ages (c. 1300-1450)

1.Multiple Forms of Crisis: A World Out of Balance Economy and demography

o Politics


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Church and State Documentation Mental Attitudes: The psychology of crisis

o Internal strife and conflicts point to a world that is out of balance. Balanceof power is disrupted.

o Late medieval society is a different society from earlier times No longer oral society Everything is recorded and written down (Montaillou, Froissart) Records kept

o Attempts to fix the crisis result in despair.o Culture of DEATH in popular society, from clergy and others.

Graphic nature of death discussed Prepare/focus on the afterlife Many images survive of death, etc.

o 1300-1330: Revenues of Great landholders of Lancaster = -30%(economic decline) -> continues all through 14th century.

o Many people forced to abandon homes/villages and become vagrants. 40-50% of villages abandoned in some parts of Germany.

Due to war, famine, economy, etc.o Plague destroys population repeatedly, keeps population down for a

century or more. Normally population will spring back, but the returning

waves of plague prevented this from happening. Successive waves tookout 10%-20% of population

o Economic Losses: Those in political power attempted to put extrapressure on those under their sway in order to recoup their losses at the

expense of others.

o Statute of Laborers (1351) Parliament of England freezes wages oflaborers because at the time revenues were falling and laborers were

demanding more money. Crisis

2.Social Strife:Economic pressures cause a struggle for life

Broad Coalitions: role of middle class

3.Case Studies: Rebellionso Flanders Peasant Rebellion: Wage workers are very vulnerable to

times of crisis. Have no land of their own so in crisis, no work.


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o 1323-1328-- At this time great land owners = tax collectors and try tocollect taxes early to invest before they were due to make more money.

Peasants revolt, attack nobles/tax collectorso Centuries of tension explode

Monasteries are also large land holders, peasants move against theclergy.

People involved in revolt not only the poor. 3000 totalo 900 (30%) had no lando 2100 (70%) owned land

50 (2%) of these had 100 acres of land Peasant government for those interim 5 years. This uprising thought of as out of order peasants should work the

land. imbalance, against natural order

Nobles from all over Europe support local count in surpressing thisrevolt.

o Kerelslied Song KerelsCharles about peasants, peasants in anegative light, with the nobles crushing them underfoot and punishing

them for their disobedience.

1358-- Jacquerie in France

1381-- English Rising

Urban Rebellion: 1378--Ciompiof Florence

Ciompi is a pejorative term for the peasants

4. Conclusion

Vulnerability of proletariat

Emerging class consciousness

Role of taxation

October 10, 2012

The Political Crisis of the Late Middle Ages (1300-1450)

1. External Strife, Internal Divisions: The Search for Political Stability

o Hundred years war: cause: Last capetian king dies without male heirs fighting for the crown.

o Monarchies are easily destabilized via problems with succession ^o Internal civil wars also plague England and France


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France: Armagnacs vs. Burgundians England: War of the Roses: Lancaster vs. York

o Nobles have armies, can devastate countrysideo Intense partisanship within the city states at the time (like Milan and

Venice), so they are paralyzed by this internal division.o Podesta: Someone who stands above politics to govern citystate during

these times become small dictators

2. Representative Institutions:

Growing influence in times of crisis: the power of money

Types:

o Social organizationo Importance of citieso Size of the countryUniqueness of English Parliament

Parliaments are relatively common at this time in Europe English parliament c.1250 Parliaments become more important and gain more power in late

middle ages.

Parliaments/Crown need money, and so are influenced by ito Waro Universitieso Everything

Raising taxes = revolto Crown attempts to talk to peasants to convince them that

higher taxes are necessary uses parliament for this end.

Crown calls parliament into session 151 times in one centuryo Sessions grow longer

Grow more independent from crown, question ways ofgovernment

By ~1450, in session 6 months a year Many parliaments only called into session when crown needs

emergency money

Parliaments begin to expand to other issues i.e. Statute of Laborers Large Cities =Powerful Parliament via economic ties, Parliaments

begin to dictate foreign policy.


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o Parliament vs. Crown in the future Hansa: German: Cities ally with each other to protect their

economic interests

Different classes have roughly the same power in (clergy vs. middleclass vs. nobility)

Estates General: France: head of parliament?3. Late Medieval Nationalism and its Limitations

o Limitations: feudalism; Church; regional identities Feudalism goes against nationalism, because ones ties are to their

lord and no one else.

Church supports a more international feeling, without anynationalistic tendencies.

Nationalism is prevented by these things Regional identities: people are attached more to local customs, etc.

o Secularization of the state apparatus; Roman law Administrators no longer are clergy but people who graduated from

national universities. Not always guided by supremacy of the Pope

guided by defense of the state nationalism

James of Vitry: c. 1200: University of Paris: students organizedaccording to Nationes (based on national/ethnic origin) regional

identities Strife among nationes, fight with eachother based on ethnicities

o Stereotypes based on regional identities

o Conclusion: advances in national feeling in France and England4. Propoganda

Crown tries to stimulate nationalism to gain supporto History writing: national histories

Crown commissions writing of national histories to gain nationalsupport.

National histories emphasize common tradition of people within thenation, esp. the current ruler.

Happens in almost every nation, connection between current rulerand heroes of the past (i.e. King Arthur).


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o Ceremony: the spectacle state Rituals used to inspire awe in the common people Place rulers above the rest theater/spectacle state

MIDTERM

October 15, 2012

The Renaissance

French word meaning rebirth refers to Italy around 15th century

Renaissance Italians recognize that their age is different and goingthrough dynamic change.

1. Renaissance Self-Perceptions

A. The Recovery of Antiquity

Contemporaries believed that they were rediscovering the culture ofantiquity that they felt brought about a new appreciation for the

human condition.

They felt that this had been lost in the middle ages.B. The Rediscovery of the Individual

Attributed all of these things to their own genius, the great peoplewho lived at this time.

o Were the people who invented the term dark ages Just the fact that the renaissance people can rediscover the

classical antiquities is because they were preserved throughout the

middle ages

This is the 4th renaissance of European history. Carolingian Ottonian 12th

Century

Italian Renaissance writers emphasize some of the classical writers who

had not been completely appreciated before explored new sides of

the classical greats.

Renaissance scholars learned classical Greek


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o Gets huge boost in 1439 when church council meets inFlorence to try to address the great split between the Greek

Orthodox and Catholic churches.

o Greek scholars come to Florence Italian scholars get very excited about this visiting scholars

2. Some of them stay behind in Italy and are employed by Cosimo de

Medici to start a Plutonic Academy

Plato becomes very important 15th cen. Scholars are obsessed with absorbing as much knowledge

as they can.

Lorenzo de Medici decides to throw a public banquet every yearto honor Platos birthday (nov. 7)

Size of Library/scholarliness becomes a symbol of your wealth, sogreat families vie for the largest library

o Takes scholarliness out of the hands of the Church/monks People begin to study everything from Languages of the past

(history of language) to art history to ruins

Lorenzo Valla (d. 1457): Donation of Constantine: claims that thedonation of Constantines Western Empire to the Pope was a

forgery.

o Subjects the language to critical scrutiny and realizes that itwas not written in the Latin of the 4th Century, but was frommuch later.

o Also saw internal inconsistencies with places. Study of causation. Rediscovery ofCiceros works began an educational movement

studia humanitatis humanities liberal arts

o Luomo universale the universal man A man who couldread/write poetry, read the classics, speak and argue

effectively, etc.

Why? Was a political activist in his own day, fought against thedespotism of the Roman empire.

Cicero was a champion of living an active lifeC. New Direction in Art

Raphael ex: School of Athens (1509)@VaticanCelebrates classicalantiquity


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Leonardo da Vinci dissected approx. 30 cadavers. Very talentedstudent of anatomy, physics.

o Found an image of a bicycle in one of his notebooks.o Studied of light as it hits things, like a sphere.o Mona Lisa (c. 1503)

Michelangelo ex: Sistine Chapel Ceiling(1508-1512)o Statue of David: 17ft tall

Crivelli ex:Annunciation with St. Emidius (1486) Artist showingoff mastery of perspective & classical architecture

Mantegna ex: Dead Christ (c. 1490) perspective is from positionof feet.

Fillipo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) ex: Dome of Basilica di Santa Mariadi Flore in Florence

Balthasar Castiglione: Wrote Courtier, a book about court life andhow to succeed in society at this time

Death masks were made to preserve what people looked likeOctober 16, 2012

Realism

Political thought: tell it as it is vs. ideals art

Secularism

80% of artistic production of Renaissance has religious themes.o They are now world-grounded Dead Christo Emphasis on man anatomical presence

Individualism

Universal man Being everything you possibly can be

Context of all ^^ : The Urban Setting: City life/culture/economics/politics

Michelangelos Davidwas commissioned by the Wool Guild Mona Lisa could be portrait of the second wife of some rich guy Florence had an air that was conducive to freedom of thought

(not exact) : Vasari


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o Said cost of living was so high, so everyone had to be veryindustrious and very good at what they did

England: only 10% of population living in towns of over 10000 Tuscany: over 25% of population living in towns of over 10000 Why this level of urbanization?:

o Geophysical Location: Italy can dominate international trade because it sticks

out into the Mediterranean

Italy = natural funnel/port of entry for goods from theEast can easily then go to northern Europe

Venice: conjunction of natural communication routes Naturally defended by lagoons

In 1200 year history of being anindependent city state, enemies only made

it into the lagoons twice, and both times

were then defeated

o Trade: SPICES: 2000 Tons per year into Italian ports Trade in allum needed for dying textile industry Gems, exotics, etc Cotton Cyprus Salt Aegean Coast Highly Lucrative Revenues of Venetian state were 50% higher than

entire French nation/state due to this trade

Genoese attempt to find a route around Africa 2centuries before Vasco de Gama

Venetian ship building extremely efficient Florence had 80 banks headquartered in it

Result:All of this developed independent of Royal control

The inhabitants of these cities are going to think intrinsicallydifferently

Higher literacy compared to other places: necessaryo In Florence, 50% of school age children are in schools,

including girls


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Rapid development of printing Goes to Italyo Italy displaces Germany as head of printing

Aldus Manutius: printer who set to print all of Greek literature The typefaces we use today were invented in 14th cen. People must be literate to survive Double-entry bookkeeping? Simplified bookkeeping Mechanical clocks organize/rationalize rhythm of city life

o Time is money 1460: Alarm Clock Life is a race CARRERA Career Society is much more responsive to personal talent instead of

connections and people you know.

Society Rewards Talent Technically under the jurisdiction of Pope and Holy Roman Empire

o Play these sides off each other to eventually gainindependence as autonomous states

Important states: Milan, Venice, Florence, Papal States, Naples Everyone had a stake/something invested in how the state ran

o Constant constitutional tinkering to represent groups Establishment of permanent embassies Balance of power system between states to preserve the status quo Patsi Conspiracy: Pope Sixtus IV (1471-84): Set up nephews as

territorial wars: he starts to rock political boat because the lands he

takes start getting close to Florence Lorenzo de Medici warns

Pope to stop Pope plots to kill Lorenzo De Medici and put Patsi

family in place w/ruler of Pisa decide to do it while they were at

Mass at the Florence Basilica (bodyguards wouldnt be aware)

two priests in on the plot sound of bell = sign two priests

would stab him Giuliano de Medici (brother) stabbed 19 times

and died, Lorenzo de Medici stabbed once in neck but escaped

result: archbishop + priests murdered along with 70 political

enemies. Pope enraged that the Medicis harmed clergy. Gets

King of Naples to get army to attack Florence Lorenzo goes to

Naples unannounced and convinced King of Naples that they dont

want to go to war because then all of Italy would go to war.

Succeeded in rationally defusing situation.


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October 17, 2012

Existence of Italy as a conglomerate of independent city-state endsin 1400s when they are invaded repeatedly

Exuberant Period over in 1500s Italys Rennaissance gets exported by invaders in the 16 th century

o 16th century European renaissance Political crystallization that leads to new monarchies that are

much more stable than things that had existed previously.

What is new about them?o Monarch monopolizes instruments of coercion

Armies Justice system Taxes Legislation

o Leads to new era of stabilityo Territorial consolidation move towards the creation of the

states as we recognize their boundaries today

o Ex: Unification of Spain 15th century: 5 independent entities By the end of 15th century, united Spain. 1469 marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella precede to

conquer everyone else

o Exploit old and new concepts/resourceso Internal Control has been regained

How?

Economy has recovered political control has recovered Economic Expansion: Trade:

o Increase both in value and quantity of traded goodso 33%-50% of French trade is concentrated in Lyon

especially textileso Seville is crossroads of world tradeo Antwerp: Northern Europes most important trading city.

People come from all over the world.


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People come to trade in credit financial stuffo Italy loses prominence as trading center to rest of Europeo 15th Century: Medici bank largest

16th Century: Fugger bank (8x more capital) getreturns of50% every year. Bull Market conditions

o Iron foundries increase by 900%o Aristocrats stop living in castles for protection, they move into

towns/cities and begin to build palaces.

Agriculture Production

Northern Hemisphere seems to go through another climate changeat the end of the 15th century period of agriculturally favorable

climate until end of 16th century.

1470-end of 16th century: Yield ratio doubles per acreo Push for more acreage

More food Population UP at increasing rate 1470: 50M 1600: 100M

repopulated past Black Death levels Greater demand stimulates economy

Bigger Economy: Who profits

Real wages goes down Cost of living goes up, price of food goes up Decline of living standards in 16th century

o Decline of 50% from 1450-1550 KINGS do well those with land to cash in do well

State Finances

The state rides the wave of economic expansiono Can collect more tolls/taxes and tax a richer populationo Can increase productivity of its own land

1485-1509 (Henry VII) : Non-Parliamentary revenues up by x3o by 1603, up by x9 from 1485 levels (but inflation also exists)

1450-1600: tax revenue up by x10 1475-1504: Effective reign of Isabella: Castilian Crown brings in

x30 more money by the end of the reign.


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Money is then put to use to extend royal power creation of royalbureaucracies.

1520s: Coined term Secretary of State (Spain) Expansion of government all down the line, at each level of

enforcement People brought in to administrate: Intelligent, loyal, non-royal

o Consult talent, not relatives Meritocracy

Tax revenue also goes to production of vast armieso GUNPOWDER WEAPONRY

Ends the stalemate that existed due to castles sinceeverything was based on cavalry

100 Years War: Area that took English 10 years to take,French take back in 1 year and 3 days with artillery.

Flatten 60 castles

o Nobles can no longer afford to fight private wars due to thecost of artillery and fielding an effective (massive) army

Monopoly of war goes to the Kings Pacification of internal strife

Ferdinand and Isabella Henry VII (England) Henry VIII Charles V Francois VI ?

The Prince: Machiavelli October 18, 2012

The School of Athens: Raphael puts contemporary faces on classicalphilosophical heroes to show the state of Italy and their opinion of

themselves. They are the new philosophers.

Anatomical focus Naturalism

October 22, 2012


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The material crises of the middle ages could have been dealt with, and

overcome, and life would have gone on. It was the compounding factor of a

lack of spiritual leadership that led to the great changes we know. People

had no hope/anything to fall back on. Church lacked moral backing and support that it once had. Crisis in

institutional church religious crisis arises.

Background: The Church: What held up its power?

(1) Universal: it included practically everyone in Western Europe.o Overrides distinctions of country and class receiving

standardized sacraments

At times can be seen as the only thing that holds all of Europetogether

Clergy has special extralegal powero Immune from ordinary taxationo Lands have special libertieso Etc.

(2) Churchs moral example: Clings to ideal values.o Stands for education, peace, moderation, welfare, hospitalso Has moral clout People build cathedrals, go on crusades

(3) Sacramental power: Offer salvation/eternal lifeo Matthew ch. 16: 18-19

Power of THE KEYS grant/deny salvation Excommunication is scary youre doomed

o Pope Boniface VIIIs Bull :Unam Sanctum Road to salvation runs through the pope

Look into Popes crest know each layer: John Paul IIo Keys = keys to Heaveno First crown: 1130: Popes sovereigntyo Second crown: 1302: Popes spiritual supremacyo Third crown: 1342: Popes moral supremacyo Benedict XVI changes crest, gets rid of crowns for a miter.

Boniface VIII vs. Philip IV (1296-1303)o Loses to French King French clergy WILL be TAXED and

French clergy will be subject to French jurisdiction

Pope moves headquarters to Avignon (1309-1376)


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o Babylonian CaptivityPapacy was being held in captivityby French monarchy.

Reference to captivity of Jews in Babylon Not really true at all. Avignon was independent state

France is a superpowero 7 French popeso 117 out of ~130 cardinals were French

1378: Two popes elected strife. Great Schismo Each pope claims legitimacy, excommunicating their oppose

Lasts for 40 years: Pisa: Both of the old popesdeposed, and a new one appointed But old popes

wont admit defeat so now 3 popes for 8 years.

No UNITY Church cant pretend to be above politics

1417: Constance: All 3 popes kicked the fuck out, Martin V chosen. Concordats: Agreement between Pope and ruler of a state:

o Clerical/church power in that state is negotiatedo Control of branches of this international organization handed

over to local authorities via concordats

Disillusionment with Churcho Actual clergy lived by very low standards of moralityo Bishops were political appointeeso One Italian cardinal held 16 archbishoprics collected 16

salaries. Didnt actually do shit

o Most bishops were not engaged in their duties never visitedtheir cathedrals until their bodies were taken there Bullshit

o Sense of sleeziness that pervades the Papal Courto Pope Sixtus IV (1471-1484) assassination attempt on Medicio Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503) keen political player

phenomenal liar and manipulator (admired along with his son

Cesare Borgia by Machiavelli)

o Pope Leo X (1513-1521) archbishop at age 8 Cardinal atage 13 pope at age 37

Patron of the arts most harmless pope all thequalities to make an excellent pope except he had no

interest in religion. Lolololol


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o People were not supported by church so found alternativemeans of getting to God.

October 23, 2012

Luther

95 Theses: October 31, 1517 Turning point in the history of Europe. Great Moment The explosive situation was already there, just waiting to go off

o Luther just pushed the buttonPreconditions:

If the reformation was going to happen anywhere, it would havebeen Germany

o (1) Anti-Clerical Feelings: Germany was the one part ofEurope where anti-clerical feelings were most acute

o Politically it was a mess, tons of tiny mini-states. Thisresulted in that they were too weak to resist the power of the

papacy

Doesnt have a secular leader who can face down apope

o Resentment of papal interference Opinion that church is getting rich on German property

o Diet of 1521: German people had already put together a listof 102 papal abuses

Luther is preaching to the choir Accepted by most people

o Many radical groups were also presento (2) Spiritual Anxiety: Germans are also dissatisfied with the

spiritual aide offered by the church.

People began to attempt to find other ways to gainsalvation and spirituality Mystical practices

Flagellant movement becomes popular (15th century) Many strange things were present in the arts Dance

of death idea, thoughts of apocalypse, lots of DEATH


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o Relics were worth time in purgatory, and could be purchasedto remove your own time.

Stupido (3) Luther himself: complex man, very anxious man.

Insecure obsessed with fear of hell, sin, damnation,etc.

Becomes a monk instead of a lawyer to save his ownsoul and such.

Claims that in the middle of a terrible storm, he yellsSave me St. Anne and I will become a monk

He becomes the poster monk 1516: University of Ittenburg(?): Has his breakthrough:

Romans 1: 17 The just shall live by faith.

The just: the saved Shall live: are saved By faith: because of their faith

Only faith leads to salvationIndulgences:

Sacrament of Penance:o 1: Contritiono 2: Confessiono 3: Absolutiono 4: SATISFACTION (going and doing something pilgrimage)

Indulgences begin as cash payment instead of penanceo Expand to include lessening ones time in purgatory

1517: superindulgence was being sold by Tetzel As soon asthe coin in the box rings, the soul from purgatory springs

o Could be purchased for anyone + retroactiveo Luther is outraged salvation cannot be sold pope has no

control over salvation, only God does.

o Distracts people from developing their own faith evilo Demands a debate

1519: Debate with Eck:o Eck gets Luther to admit papacy can make mistakes and that

the scripture supersedes the papacy same thing that Hus


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was burned at the stake for (precedent) Luther gets

condemned as a heretic and such.

Luther was saved by virtue of the fact that he had anentire nation behind him his support cut across class

lines (which was unique for the time) Luther was a prolific writer translates Bible into German has

become over time the definitive written version of German

o Writes at a rate of one pamphlet every two weeksNext up: The Diet of Worms (1521)

October 24, 2012

Charles V: Another great player in the story of the reformation

Overshadowed by Luther Could have made or broken Charles V

Charles V: As a person:

Physique: Quite ugly very long lower jaw Hapsburg Jawo Due to inbreeding, later generations couldnt even eat

Sickly growing up/delicate during his whole life Began having epileptic fits at age 18 Had periodic fevers that were debilitating Middle Age: Crippling Arthritis, cough, sick, indigestion

o Looked more a corpse than a man Personality: Awkward growing up tactless, shy, etc.

o Gluttonous growing up, ate grand amounts Crippled with gout due to all of this.

Young Charles: seemed a failure As he grew up, he overcomes all of these incredible shortcomings His manner changes through self-criticism, self-discipline Practically orphaned as a child, knew the loneliness of rule. Intelligent Could remember names and faces for years worked

the crowd

o Learned German, French, Italian, Latin, Flemish, Spanish tospeak to his subjects

Health never improved, it worsened, but he had amazing drive.


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Disciplines himself in the ways of the military to scour out hisawkwardness and klutziness.

o Led his own troops on the battlefieldo Travelled everywhere, most of a monarch until railroads

He feels that he has a mission to complete revive a ChristianEmpire presided over by emperor and pope.

o This is odd at this time because across Europe there was afeeling of nationalism and such, as well as the fact that

emperors and popes were not getting along.

o He is the actual ruler of half of Europe and much of the rest ofthe world

Inheritance: Half of Spain + its New World colonies Other half of Spain + Mediterranean Empire Burgundian Netherlands + more Hapsburg patrimonial lands + on track for being

elected emperor

Elected Emperor in 1519 Three times larger than the Roman Empire at its

height

o He is convinced that this was a divine mission because it wasall accidental, he did nothing to deserve any of this but beborn.

o Ferdinand + Isabella: Marry off children to surround Francewith alliances, and their plan is to eventually give their son a

massive empire that includes the holdings of the Emperor

Maximillian

Juan: Son of Ferdinand and Isabella: Dies 6 monthsafter marriage to Burgundian wife. Wife delivers

stillborn baby and hence there is a terrible tragedy

Isabel: Her husband falls off a horse and dies remarries dies in childbirth of prince Miguel Miguel

dies (what if he had lived? Would have unified almost all

of Europe


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Juana: marries Phillip of Austria Charles V is born. She goes crazy and carries around her dead husband

> gets nickname Juana la Loca

Charles becomes effectively king of Castile Skip to 1519: Everyone else is dead except

Charles lol sucks (Interesting because his

mother was 3rd in line of succession, yet it all

somehow worked out)

o Because he is all thats left, when Maximillian dies, he iselected Emperor.

o Charles believes that all of these convenient deaths and suchare a giant divine plan, he is Gods tool.

Diet of Worms: 1519: Charles V and Luther meet for first/only time

Luther thought that Charles might support him Charles listened to Luther for two days, but didnt take the bait.

o Condemns Luther as an imperial outlaw, but respects the lawsof safe conduct at the Diet of Worms, so doesnt go after him

then and there.

Result: Reformation turns into aWar

Why didnt Charles succeed in stopping the Lutheran challenge?

He wasnt able to concentrate all of his resources on Germanyo He had many other worries at the time, and Germany became

the least of them.

Due to the size of the empire, Charles was on the move constantlyto try to give his attention to everything

o It is believed that during his adult life, he was on the move 1out of every 4 days.

Resources are focused on the French and the Turkso Turkish empire was expanding rapidly and ends up just

outside of Vienna in the north and into Algiers in the south

(1529)

o Constant warfare between Charles V and the Turkso Also fighting French because he inherited a giant of conflict.o Conflict: Fight over territories: Burgundy, Navarre, Naples,

Cerdana, and Rosellon.


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o No year until the 1540s that he can concentrate on Germany 1547: Routes Lutheran princes/destroys their army at

battle of Muhlberg

o 1551: Meltdown: Rebellion in Parma (Italy) Has to send army down to Italy, so Germany reverts to

Lutheranism

At the same time, French decide to attack, Turks andLutherans all work together in part/to some degree

Liquidation:o 1555: Religious peace in Germany: Peace of Augsburgo 1555-1558: Abdication and retirement

Divides empire between brother and son SpanishHapsburgs and Austrian Hapsburgs

o Retires to a monastery in Spain Monasterio de YusteWhy does the reformation succeed?

Strength No one could stop it

o The one person who could wasnt able to until it was too late.October 25, 2012 Three Treatises

Why did the reformation happen? Martin Luther along with his personal anxieties Printing press Disillusionment with the Churchs involvement in Germany

Why are people anxious?

Sense of pervading crisis (Black Death and its returning waves) Remote angry God Church does not provide spiritual support People are disillusioned with church and their practices Breakdown of faith Babylonian Captivity Great Schism

October 29, 2012


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Consequences of the Reformation

Many violent actions on both sideso Catholic vs. Protestanto Protestant vs. Protestanto Everyone vs. Anabaptists

Luther: One religious Truth: Salvation comes only through faith

Read the scripture He was quite intolerant of others disagreeing views

o He viewed it as too important to be tolerant/politeo You are either with Luther or with Satan

The general populace in the 16th century was much more religiously

savvy/theological at this time than in the past, due to all of the arguments

and the talks of the day.

The Church as it was known breaks down into several Churches in 16th

century

Each church has their own catechism, etc. for their believers:Crystallization of Belief:

o Augsburg Confession::::::::::::: Lutherano Genevan Confession:::::::::::::: Calvinisto Helvetic Confession::::::::::::::: BasalCalvinistso 39 Articles::::::::::::::::::::::::: Anglicano Articles of Brotherly Union::::::: Anabaptistso Tridentine Confession of Faith::: Catholic

Counsel of Trent: Catholic church sits down and figurestheir shit out decides Salvation requires faith and

works, saints do intercede with God for us, seven

sacraments, etc. etc.

Huguenot: total perversion of what protestants believed were nocturnal

meetings of strange groups who got drunk/had orgies and other weird stuff

because they didnt have to be good because all they need is faith,

apparently.

Iconoclasm Protestants broke statues of saints.

Protestants attacked each other

Church removed as arbiter of these discussions normally


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Romans 1:17 the just shall live by faith. Doesnt include by

faith alone

Luther adds in the aloneJames 2:20 James conflicts Luthers opinion Luther expunges him

from the bible

Zwinglian: Christ is not there during the sacrament of communion he only

will be there during the Second Coming Luther banishes him and labels

him one with the Devil

Peasants began to revolt They thought that Luther was encouraging

everyone to turn to the Scripture to find evidence for these things

Luther was incensed; writes Against the theivous murderouspeasants

o The next year the German monarchy killed 100,000 peasantrevolters.

Anabaptists Found in scripture evidence of adult baptism pretty harmless

Persecuted by everyone Favored way of getting rid of Anabaptists: Drown them adult

baptism

Rule of the time: One state = One religion no tolerance

There were many persecuting orders at this time

Spanish Inquisition: not the worst/most irrational: kept bestrecordsso we know what they did.

Heresy Court in France Bloody Mary Religious conflict takes to the battlefield

o French Religious Wars: 1562-1598: 1-2million casualties St. Bartholomews Day Massacre (1572) 4000 in one

day.

Spreads to country.o Revolt of the Netherlands: 1566-1648: ends in the division of

the country

o Thirty Years War: 1618-1648: between every state in CentralEurope: initially over religious control of Germany


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By the time it is over, of the population of centralEurope is dead

o More people die in the 16th century in Europe due to conflictsover religion since the fall of Rome.

October 30, 2012

The problems of Henry VIII

England opts for crown-sponsored reformation

Strengthened English Parliament (unintentionally) ParliamentaryMonarchy

Henry VII (1485-1509) seizes monarchy after defeating Richard III, and

ended the War of the Roses.

Last of the usurpers To get some independence from Parliament, he uses other sources

of income to fund his kingdom, so he does not need their approval.

Very fiscally wise, manages to not only not depend on Parliament,but also to save 1,000,000 pounds for his successor in the treasury.

It was only the Reformation that saved England from returning toabsolutism, with a monarch finding some way to impose taxes around the

Parliament

Henry VIII (r. 1509-1548)

Ideal prince, athletic, skilled at everything, good looking,charismatic.

o Self absorbedo Interested in astronomy, mathematics, poetry, music, and

theology.

Writes The defense of the seven sacraments inrefutation to Luthers attack on the seven sacraments.

Pope was so happy he gave him the titleDefender of the FaithFidei Defensor


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Was flashy, grand, etc. (in his young years) and managed todestroy his inheritance in a few years.

As he ages he developed a terrible, volatile temper, grumpy, selfabsorbed, etc.

At one point leaves the running of the kingdom to Cardnial Wolsey(why? zoned out)

Star Chamber special court that could take issues into theirown hands think US Patriot Act

The Heir Problem

Catherine of Aragon (of Ferdinand and Isabella, married HenryVIIIs older brother Arthur) could not deliver a male heir

o Of six pregnancies, only one child survives Henry VIII feeling old/feeling his mortality Why is he obsessed with having a male heir?

o War of the Roses is fresh in his mind, which was fought oversuccession. Cannot leave a path open for anyone else to

come out and claim the throne

o Problem with her daughter: no woman had ruledindependently since the 12th century.

He needs an heir who is unquestionably legitimate Anne Boleyn Henry spies her for his next wife Henry needs to get an annulment of his marriage from the Pope so

he can legitimately marry Anne Boleyn. Problem is that it is

technically incest because he was first his sister in law because of

the marriage between his older brother and her.

o Leviticus 20:21 marriage between siblings = BADo Deuteronomy 25:5 is OK if she has not had a child

Normally Popes never would have gotten in the way of monarchiesdoing their thing, etc. The problem is that Catherine is the

daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella aunt of Charles V, who is the

most powerful man in Europe at the time, and had just messed up

Rome.

1529: Charles VIII decides he needs to get things going and get ridof Catherine so he can have a male heir.

o Dismisses Cardinal Wolsey (blames him for failure ofnegotiations with Pope)


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o Calls Parliament for first time in 6years. Will become what isknown as the Reformation Parliament

o Parliament at this time has strong anti-clerical feelings Church = incredibly wealthy at this time, Church lands

were worth 10x more than royal lands, and theyreceived a tithe of 1/10 of everything that came out of

the ground. = General anti-clerical feeling

o Anti-clerical sentiments reflected in the House of Commons,and across England, represented in Parliament.

(1533) Act of Restraint of Appeals: Essential declares England to beits own Empire and it is separate from the Church. There is no

appeal for anything outside of England, everything is now dealt with

in the country.

o From there some bishops annul their marriage, and just intime because Anne Boleyn was pregnant

(1534) Act of Supremacy: The Church of England is now separatefrom Rome and the King is the head of it.

(1534) Act of Succession: Establishes as law that Henry VIIIsmarriage to Catherine had never existed, their daughter is

illegitimate, etc. etc. and it essentially secures the safe succession

of his children. Except it didnt work Pope does not back

down.Anne Boleyn: Cannot produce heir, so Henry VIII has her executed.

Marries again, and gains a child but the wife dies in childbirth

Marries 4th time

Marries 5th time

Marries 6th time, but this wife (Catherine Parr) out survives him.

Result: 12-18 conceptions, 3 children, 1 male heir dies at age 16, leaves

behind Mary and Elizabeth

Son Edward (r. 1547-1553), dies of TB, succeeded by half sister Mary, who

is catholic, and reasserts Catholicism over England. Mary (r. 1553-1558)

dies, Elizabeth takes over.

Establishes power of Parliamentbeyond all precedent

October 31, 2012 HALLOWEEN


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Henry VIII breaks with Rome and his own ideals just to secure an heir.

Only succeeds in producing a sickly male heir who dies, and isfollowed by his two sisters.

Elizabeth (daughter of Anne Boleyn) was best/most popularHuge role of parliament

Completely against his own autocratic principlesHenry could not possibly have imagined the extent of the effect of his

actions on the history of England in the future.

Charles I (January 30, 1649) (Charles Stuart)

Beheaded, because he was found guilty by parliament/judges forcrimes against his own people

English Revolutiono New dynasty took power following Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603),

and no one could compare to Elizabeth because she was so

great. The Stuarts looked pathetic.

James I: (r. 1603-1625) Left a lot to be desired as a person

Also was Scottish, aka people didnt like him Mother was accused of treason, so he grew up as a kind of orphan. Had a huge fear of assassination, because there had been attempts

on his life as a child. Wore armored vest at all times He is not macho Not accessible to his subjects because he was so paranoid. Seen as not caring Possibly gay?

Charles I: (r. 1625-1649)

Throughout his life he had a speech impediment Intelligent, but lacked political smarts, could not accurately assess

what people would do, without his judgment being clouded by his

belief in Divine Right.

o Always overplayed his hand, and broke a lot of promiseso Also (along with his dad), he changed laws and raised taxes,

both unpopular moves.


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Think Machiavelli (when you take over a state, dontchange whats working well)

At this time, Parliament was an imbedded part of the English government,

and this was accepted by everyone as a fact. Played a huge role in

everything. A powerful leader aligns their interests with those of the people. Stuarts did not understand any of this, believed absolutely in Divine

Right, and thought he was above the common man.

o James wrote that kings were little gods who could andshould rule without constraint, should have a godly income,

and should be able to arrest without regard for the law, etc.

James leaves a debt of 1,000,000 pounds when he dies, which is equivalent

to 5 years of the Crown income.

Charles decides that he needs to start ruling without money from the

Parliament, so researches ancient rules and taxes to revive them.

Ex: looks at ancient maps, and finds ancient forest lines, and thentaxes people for living within those lines in the forest even though

the forest hadnt existed for possibly hundreds of years.

Ex: Ship tax extends ship tax from costal cities to entire nation,even though there was no danger from anyone.

Began to sell titles/honors/rewards for money, undermines theentire noble hierarchy of the nation.

o It could be seen as cutting out your own base since this formof hierarchy was the base of the crown, the king was at the

top.

By the end of the 16th century, most of England identified itself withthe protestant cause.

James goes back on policies of the nation, religion, etc. NO COMMON SENSE

Tries to marry Charles I to a Spanish princess (Catholic)o Even the Spanish bride thinks its ridiculous

Then Charles I marries a French bride, and she is catholic. Arminianism: A crossroads between Catholic and Protestant, but

seen by the English people as being the same as Catholicism

o Imposed by Crown on the people Stuarts heading towards collision with their own nation.


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Collision happens at Long Parliament of 1640

Scottish invasion, so Charles is forced to call a parliament (after 11years) because he has no money to defend kingdom.

o At the mercy of parliament Parliament demands that the Earl of Stratford (puppet-master of

Charles plans) be executed for treason, along with Cardinal Law.

1641: Triennial Act: parliament must be called at least once every 3years.

Abolition of Star Chamber Crown is no longer above law,everyone now has the right to fair trial and habeas corpus.

Abolition of Ship Money (tax) Grand Remonstrance: List of 150 grievances with the Crown that

parliament has put together he rejects them

1642: 19 Propositions: Wants supreme control over most of thecurrently executive power. Would cause king to be a puppet.

Charles then put on trial, and executed.

November 1, 2012 Trial of Charles I

It will take a long time and a lot of pain before people are able to accept

other religions. Does not occur at this time

o States are autocratic, must abide by the national religion The alliance between Spain and the rest of Catholic Europe will

disrupt the continent for the next 200 years.

o Will take 200 years before balance of power is re-imposed 29 of the judges that were called to serve in the trial of Charles I

refused to go (49 judges never showed up at all were 20 miles+

outside of London), and so a week following the summons, they are

brought in by force to serve.

o Eventually 9 judges were also given treasons deaths. Even dug up Oliver Cromwells dead body.

The sentence was passed by X number of people in the court, yetnot all of them signed it. Only 59 signed it.


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Many parts of the original death warrant were left blank (or erased)so as to fill in at a later date to match a later consensus.

o Left way of death blank could have otherwise drawn andquartered him as was a traitors death.

o The army soldier who it was assigned to was erased, probablybecause the initial soldier to whom it was assigned refused.

Parliament had a public trial instead of just knocking off Charles Iso it can publicly assert parliamentary power over the crown.

o Holds event at Westminster Hall center of legal system ofthe nation symbolic JUSTICE

Charles I laughs when he is charged with treason becausetechnically he cannot possibly be charged with treason because

treason is an act against the Crown of England. As long as he is

alive, he cannot commit treason.

o Parliament amends the law to claim that acts againstparliament is also treason. The problem is that this

amendment is after his supposedly treasonous acts.

o Charles had a very deep understanding of the law, yet stillslightly skewed because his vision is tainted by his supreme

belief in Divine Right.

o Also believes he cannot be charged because technicallyParliament is made up of KING, HOUSE OF COMMONS, andHOUSE OF LORDS, whereas he is being tried solely by the

House of Commons. Additionally, the House of Commons is

not an adjudicator and cannot form courts of law or any such

thing.

He is a special prisoner for several reasons:o Allowed to wear a hat lolo As Oliver Cromwell says, the outcome has been decided

before it even began

o Stacked the court against himo Extremely public trial

Charles I is a BOSS

For 11 years experiment with a republic fails, monarchy is too engrained

in the society.


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Republic fails, Charles II is king.November 5, 2012

THE WORLD CIRCA 1640s

Scotland: Uprising against English conservative church by Presbyterian

Scotts.

Begins 1639 with a woman throwing a book at a priest.France: 1639: ?

Spain: 1640: Flashpoint, armed fighting and deaths

Portugal: 1640: Revolt in Portugal to claim independence from Spain

(successful)

Spain: 1641: Rebellion by Spanish nobles Andalusian Nobles wanted to

make Andalusia an independent country.

1647: Spanish colonies of Naples and Sicily revoltNetherlands: 1621+: Revolts, etc. Lasts 80 years

Long Parliament is making moves infighting over who will control the

army to put down the Scottish army.

Charles I tries to seize the Parliament, fails runs away and startshis own army revolution

Ireland: 1641: Rebellion

France: 1648: Rebellion breaks out: Fronde (1/5 of Paris population gone

after it) Nobles +commoners unite.

GENERAL CRISIS IN THE ENTIRETY OF EUROPE

1639-1649 17 Major Revoltso 1640s-1650s 200 minor/lessor revolts in the area of

Aquitaine


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Weakens these great nationsPolitical structure of Europe is being torn apart.

Why?

Lack of extraordinary leaders Leaders like Ferdinand and Izabella are whatmade this great Europe work.

May also have just required much more.

Rulers are simply incompetent/non existent

Monarchies have an intrinsic weakness in that they are dependent on the

success of a single person.

What happens when the monarch is not up to the task?Dynastic continuity is a problem for many of these nations.

of Royal marriages were childless

2/5 of royal children die in infancy

Probability: Once every other generation = female succession/collapse/non-

direct (lame) succession/failure.

Explains Henry VIIIs obsession with having a male heir.Monarch needed to have the mental/physical capacity to be a true monarch.

Louis XIV: Gains the throne when he is 9, everyone in power scrambles to

seize power over him/influence him.

Fronde rebellion never would have occurred if he had been a fulladult king.

Fronde was a word for a street urchin who kicked mud at wealthy peoples

carriages.

States are spending more and more than every.

Cost of war Cost of standing armies Cost of government Leaves tax payers feeling used.

Cost of war used to be a good thing because it royalized it, minor barons

could not fight each other.

However soon enough, not even monarchies could afford it. Louis XIV had a standing army of 400,000 Wars are lasting longer/more frequent.


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17th century: More people-years of war in Europe than everbefore.

1600-1650 Not a single calendar year of peace in Europe. Higher and higher taxes. Bureaucracy is growing at 3x the growth of the population Monarchs love luxury Versailles

REBELLION.

Taxpayers are driven to the edge because they cannot pay any more.

Tithe in France quadruples in the 15 years leading up to the Fronde. Etc. etc. This occurs everywhere.

Every flashpoint is in some way due to an impoverished govt begging for

taxes

Constitutionalism: Belief that one has the right to revolt if the monarch is

acting against the state or something.

Catalonia rebels Catalans rebel for something about horses? Betrays his

own coronation oath. Call in a new monarch for Catalonia.

Why does everything happen now?

Thirty Years War: 1618-1648 (possibly)o ^layering of issues, all happening at once.o Starts as religious war, ends as political.o Fought in the years directly leading up to all of these revoltso Involved all of the states of Europe Costly to everyone

Everyone needs money taxes Everyone going broke at same time.

Interlocking series of wars associated to the Thirty Years WarNovember 6, 2012

Absolutism vs. Republicanism

Absolutism: Monarch

Aided by a domesticated aristocracy Most countries on continental Europe in 17th century chose

absolutism/monarchy


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Republicanism: Representation of the people

Reps. Must cooperate with the people they represent. Dutch Republic Switzerland 5 centuries of democracy and stability Venetian Republic Lasts from central middle ages to Napoleon

(1000 years)

Dutch Republic

Dutch Revolto 1565: Iconoclast Fury Calvinist uprising - enter catholic

churches to smash images

Viewed images asdistracting and close to idolatryo 80 Years of warfare between Netherlands and Spaino Protestant militiamen named beggardso Eventually ends with the Treaty of Westphalia? Maybe?

Burgundian Netherlands : 14th-15th centuryo Burgundian Dukes united or something with Netherlands and

their cause. Hapsburg rulers of Burgundy make mistakes to

cause them to be hated.

Hapsburg bans Protestantism, habeus corpus Many of the Burgundian states had constitutions that made clear

that you could rebel against unjust rule.

Element of nationalism present. Charles V spoke Flemish If you do away with the ruler, question becomes.. who has

sovereignty?

Political Structure of Dutch Republic: Theory

Stadholder (Executive and Military Leader)

Estates General: Foreign Relations, Defenseo States (Staten)

Nobles of Orange have ambitions of ruling as a monarch in theDutch Republic.

Theory is not the same as Practice


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Holland has the bulk of the population, representation, etc. and isruled by the cities (money)

o Holland has a lot of money Money = power veto power Things must be decided unanimously every state has veto power

o Nothing can be done without the approvement of Holland andmerchant class, because they essentially are the ones who

have to pay for everything

Practice: Whoever has money has the power funds everythingDutch republic becomes economic superpower through trade, naval

expansion/merchant marine,

1/3+ of Netherlands was below sea levelo St. Elizabeth Flood 1421

Holland = Hollow Land Easily flooded Result of flood: Overhaul of the dikes/drainage system Extremely productive land in Zeeland (lower southern portion of

country) A ton of water.

Excel in marine pursuits ship building/navigation/ship repairo Expertise is highly valued

1609: Truce between Spain and Netherlands. war will resume after ~12

years.

Dutch International Trade:

Posts in South America, North America, Africa (South Africa), Far East, etc.

Merchant Class Truimphant Generates a population of immigrants very tolerant place. Cosmopolitan; intellectual and artist refugees; freedom of thought Calvinism dominates but others are tolerated

People:

Hugo Grotuis 1583-1645

John Lock

More

Art:

Willem van Haecht


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Rembrandt van Rijn

Judith Leyster (female)

Jan Vermeer of Delft

Frans Hals

Jan de BrayPieter de Hooch

What do wealthy people do with their extra money? In the past people have

donated to the Church, but that does not occur in this Calvinist society.

Art for the householdo The Art Market Becomes very prominent

Themes: Bible; conquest of the sea, civic values; family values; scientific

objects/objects of curiosity

November 7, 2012

Louis XIV and the Triumph of Absolutism

Louis XIV: The Sun King, Apollo

Reigned for 72 years. Ehrmagehrd During his reign, France received its reputation for high

fashion/luxury goods Versailles, etc.

1643: Year of succession: People didnt know what he wouldbecome when he succeeded his father at age of almost 5.

France was recovering from Louis XIII and his minister CardinalRichelieu

France had a shitty 16th century politically. War, surrounded. Louis XIII and Richelieu put France back on the map when they

defeated Spanish infantry at Rocrol in 1643 First Spanish infantry

defeat in 150 years.

During Louis XIIIs reign the Taille tax (didnt needparliament/approval?) went up by 400% people pissed off.

o Also moved nobility out of privileged positions (henceabsolutism)


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France: Explosion waiting to happen takes form as an explosionagainst the regency of Louis XIV his mother

o Explosion = the Fronde revolt (1648-1653) Parliament of France is not the same as that of England. In France

it is the highest court of the land Judicial system.o Under absolutism, the judges felt that they were being put

into the background and not being taken seriously. Louis XIII

did not want to have to deal/abide by them. He wanted the

same idea as Charles I.

o Parliament speaks out is joined by essentially every otherprivileged group in France.

Supported by citizens of Paris who showed up w/rocks,supporting judges against taxes that had been

imposed. Paris had been exempt from many of these

taxes, but that privilege expired.

o Fronde = 20% of population around Paris = dead.o Louis XIV is still quite young when it ends. People were

afraid that another one would break out before he came of

age.

To prevent this, Louis XIV: 1651: he declares himself tobe an adult (Age 14) with majestic coronation.

This has the effect of disabling/dissolving theregency, and it undermines the rebels, because it

is a whole other matter to rebel against a reigning

king. Fronde had been occurring with the

justification that they were fighting for the king

against the regency.

o Once he takes power, (1652) he meets with the Parliament inthe Lit de Justice (Bed of Justice)

Takes back power from judges, and orders the judgesare unambiguously ordered to follow him.

Aka judges, gtfo politics, especially stay out oftaxation

Louis

He interpreted the Fronde as an attack against him, not thepreexisting regency.


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He has very powerful memories about it, and never wants it tohappen again. Remembers Paris turning against him.

o Relatives turned against him/his family in the Frondeo He never to his death understood the deeper meanings

behind the Fronde. Shame. Child of the Fronde Very suspicious/ fearful of rebellion

He becomes such an impressive ruler because (perhaps) he isconvinced he will never allow France to get to a point where the

Fronde could happen again.

Most influential people in his early life:

o Anne of Austria (mother) Effect: Becomes imprinted with his mothers very high

moral ideals He never swore impressive.

o Cardinal Mazarin (teacher) Machiavellian Undertook Louis XIVs teacher in The ways of Kingship Very good teacher Teaches Louis XIV that politeness costs nothing, the

more powerful you are, the more polite you should be.

there never was a man so naturally polite-- Saint-Simon

Be polite to every single person Instilled in Louis XIV the idea that he has a Gloire. Mazarins final test: Mancini affair: (1658): Louis XIV

falls passionately in love with Marie Mancini niece

of Cardinal Mazarin they fall in love with each other

Louis XIV clearly has forgotten his Gloire (he cannot

waste his marriage alliance on a Cardinals daughter)

Cardinal Mazarin was the first to point this out to Louis,

didnt want Louis to ruin everything. Anne (mother)

also points this out (she is in the middle of negotiations

with Spain to get him a Spanish bride) Anne +

Mazarin sits him down and separates them Marie is

sent away somewhere.

Marries the dull Maria Theresa of Spain (duty).


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Established a Bourbon claim to the Spanish throne (Louis XIVsfamily).

o Todays Spanish king is a direct descendent of Louis XIV. Cardinal Mazarins last advice: be your own minister make all of

the calls.o Day after Cardinals death, he summons everyone and tells

them this.

Pursiot of the Gloire

Arts and Letters: The French Academy Religious Policy: Revocation of the Edict of Nantes Victory in Warfare

Louis XIV developed the mystique of monarchy.

Much pomp, ceremony, established this in the minds of the nobility made them his bitch.

Why did he set all of this up?

o Think about Louis age 9 Fronde He is making a gildedcage to put all of the nobles in

November 8, 2012

Excerpts from the Memoirs of Duc de Saint-Simon

Why did absolutism work in France and not in England? And Why didnt a

parliamentary monarchy work in France?

England devalued the titles of nobility by trying to increase theirnumbers so quickly ruins everything

France is used to absolutism/monarchies because of the Capetiandynasty which lasted for 300 years, father to son.

England: William the Conqueror was already in troubleo England was an island so it was harder to invade fewer

military emergencies that required a standing army


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o Dont have the situation where an English monarch isdriven to the point where he must have money to fight, and is

so driven/desperate that he bypasses the parliament.

Charles I tries this. Peacetime allows parliament to gain power in England. England is used to devious usurping kings.

Parallels between Charlemagne and Louis XIV

Both had very long reigns Consolidated power Revived culture Different in stature

November 12, 2012

Ideological Crisis (missed first 10 minutes of lecture idgaf)

The Old Order:

Idea of creationism, you could define when the world began 4004 B.C.

Stems from Aristotles (4th c. BC) ideasNext idea: Everything in the universe/heavens is made up of solidconcentric, crystallized spheres (9), perfectly clear, made up of a substance

called Aether

Earth is in the center The final ring, outside of time and space, is Heaven. Moon orbit (or something) is 24 hours, 50 minutes so

appears/changes at 50 minute intervals.

Even today we still use the words sunrise and sunset Everything above the moon is made of aether, everything below

is made up of four elements: Fire, Earth, Water, Air

Earth heavier than water, then air, then fire is lightesto All makes sense on an intuitive level

Ptolemy 2nd c. CE

At this time there was an accurate estimation of the size of earth.


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The world was known to be round, yet the map was so strange,because it was not based on an accurate idea of continents no

New World. Shows essentially just the Old World.

o Center of the world at this time is Jerusalem centrality ofJerusalem showed an important truth:

Equidistant from Africa, Europe, and Asia Birth ofJesus was at the center, and as such his ways can

spread with equal ease to all continents.

This all starts to unravel in 16th century.o No single event/time period. multiple challenges that start

adding up culminates in 17th century.

Wisdom of Aristotle starts to be questionedo Copernicus: De Revolutionibus 1543

Astronomer (Theoretician), had law degree, studiedmedicine, everything. Polymath

Dependent on Ptolemys data in making his model, didnot even make his own observations.

Disturbed by the clutter of the old cosmic model,wanted to rearrange it.

What if the sun is at the center Incorporated circular orbits as everyone at this

time assumed existed People had to add gears, etc. to get it to

model observations cluttered

Suggested that Earth doesnt have to be at thecenter of everything opened up the topic for

widespread debate.

o Tycho Brahe: Danish astronomer inspires Keplero Kepler:Astronomia Nova 1609

After thousands of complex equations done by hand,depending on Tycho Brahes data, he has his revelation

that it is ellipses.

Planets move on ellipses and at different speeds. Now the universe works in mechanical terms.

o Galileo: Sidereus Nuncius 1610 Astronomer uses telescope


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Has his own breakthrough planetary surfaces thatwere supposedly ethereal in fact greatly resemble the

Earths surface.

Observes path of a comet crosses through planetaryorbits crosses through areas where there should justbe solid crystal spheres. So clearly there arent any.

o Universe needs to be at least 400,000 times larger than whatpeople had thought existed for these things to make sense

system makes no intuitive sense why dont we feel the

Earth move.

Where is heaven? Where is hell? Bruni: Suggested that perhaps there could be other

places in the universe where humans existed burned

as a heretic.

Bible categorically states that the sun moves conflictswith heliocentric hypothesis.

Martin Luther vehemently argues againstheliocentric theory.

Lutheran Church in America denies heliocentrictheory until 1870s

Exploration of the World ---- Takes ~35 years in total happens very fast.

1487: Bartolome Diaz Cape of Good Hope1492: Columbus West Indies

1498: Vasco da Gama -- India

1500: Cabral sights Brazil

1513: Balboa sights Pacific

1519: Cortes Mexico

1522: Magellan Expedition (returns) Circumnavigation of the World

America is like a totally different world new flora, fauna, ways of

life, everything is different than what people thought.

As exploration continues explosion of geographical knowledge

Theory of world beginning at 4004 B.C. must be wrong becauseChina has a recorded history that goes further back than that.


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The History of Europe 400-1715 Notes

Documents