THE HISTORY OF ALGERIA Seni, Becca, Kelsie, Mary, Julian.

THE HISTORY OF ALGERIA

Seni, Becca, Kelsie , Mary, Julian

1700-1830s

During this time Algeria was controlled by the Ottoman Empire.The Ottoman empire had the most powerful states in the 15th and 16th century. They conquered many areas in southeastern Europe, the Middle East, and the Arabian peninsula.

In the 1780s Algerian taxes increased because of the lack of privateering (stealing or robbing of ships for goods). The primary product sold in Algeria was wheat, and the Algerians were not pleased with exporting wheat, especially during droughts but with military force, they still had to pay the taxes. In 1783, Abdul Qadir ibn al-Sharif led the Daraqawiyya Tariqa Rebellion in West Algeria.

1783

The rebellion ends in 1805. The West are the victors, and they capture the city of Oran. Unfortunately military governor Muhammad al Muquallash forces Shariff to flee to Morocco.

1805

French Takeover Algeria

The French Directory ordered wheat from Barci & Bushmac which was a Jewish family that distributed most of Algeria’s grain products in the country. The wheat was delivered but never paid for, and because of this the French owed Algeria 24 million francs.

1797 1827 Throughout the years the debts are paid, but Pierre Deval of Frances refuses to pay the grain debt. When Hussain Dey of Algeria does not get any answers to several of his letters that he has sent to Deval, Dey slaps him with a fly swatter and refuses to apologize. Deval then sends British, French, and Russian warships to destroy the remainder of Tunisian and Algerian ships.

1830In March, King Charles X announced that he would invade Algeria with 37,000 troops. Hussain Dey gives Algeria to the King, and heads to Naples in July.

1836-1876

Algeria was still under the control of the Ottoman Empire.● The Treaty of Tafna:

prevented the French from gaining coplete power in Algeria. The French only controlled some of the ports.

● Constantine, Algeria able to prevent French from invading in that particular area.

1848● Algeria was

split into three French areas.

● Also involved expansion of French immigration in Algeria.

● First Algerian railways are opened between Algiers & Blida.

● The colonies and ministry of Algeria are established and this time in Algeria.

Over 42,000 people killed in Algeria. Cholera killed 7,000 of them in 1867 and famine killed over 35,000 of them.

The Warnier Law helped nativists take control over their own property but also allowed the French government to restrict some of these rules and rights to land

1867-1868

1837 1857-58 1874

1877-1917

1917-1957

Nationalist MovementsYoung Algerians - Ferhat Abbas

- Include Khaled Ben Hachemi

- Assimilate with France if extend wanted rights

● Association of Algerian Muslim Ulama

- Sheikh ‘Abd al-Hamid Ben Badis

- Not political, Muslim focus

● Ahmed Messali Hadj

- ALgerian workers in France

- Liberate native Algerians

Blum-Viollette proposal: Algerians full citizens without lose Muslim rights

- Settlers oppose, no vote

World War II

France down, Anglo-Americans in North Africa

Allied and Axis radios in Algerian- promise

Algerian Manifesto

December 1942

Political autonomy Algeria

General Charles de Gaulle declare French under Muslim obligation

- French citizenship to some Muslims, Algerians not happy

Setif, May 1945- flag demonstration

- Between 8k-45k or 15l-20k die

●Spark Algerian War of Independence

French National Assembly

September 20, 1947

Algerian Assembly

College A: 60 representing 1.5

million Europeans

College B: 60 representing 9

million Muslims

Muslims full French citizens, keep

status military territory in south

abolished, Arabic school

language

Not enforced well

Change when 350k able to go

to France and send money

home

Algerian War of Independence ● 1954 National Liberation

Front guerilla warfare

● Go to UN

● Most fighting in Algiers

● Battle of Algiers 1956-1957

● Start when 3 women plant bombs (9/30)

● 500k French troops brutal

pied noir/vigilant committees - work towards endKill

May 1958: storm governor-general office

- get Charles de Gaulle as leader of France

● Against Gaulle saying Algeria need to be self-dependent

April 1969: some try to overthrow Gaulle

May 1962 1st negotiations between French government and FLN

March 1962: 2nd negotiations, cease fireMarch-June 1962: pieds-noirs

in OAS terrorist attacksFLN and OAS truce

Algerian War of Independence

1959 Charles De Gaulle say Algerians determine own future, vote for independence

1962 agreement signed

1958-1995

1957-1962:Ahmen Ben Bella interns in France for 5 years until Algeria gains its independence from France.

1962: After an 8 year war and over 250,000 deaths,France finally backs Algeria’s press for independence on July 3rd. Ben Bella is elected President in 1963.

1965-1976: Ben Bella is overthrown and detained for 5 years by Col Houari Boumedienne. Boumedienne in turn develops a new constitution committing to Socialism and recognizing the National Liberation Front as its official party. Islam is also introduced as Algeria's official religion. Boumedienne is formally elected in December.

1978: After only 2 years of official power and 2 years of heavy industrialization, Boumedienne passed away and was quickly replaced by Col Chadli Bendjedid

1986-1989: Rising inflation, unemployment, and collapsing gas prices all lead to a series of strikes and demonstrations. In 1988, the demonstrations began to get more and more violent.

1989-1990: Upon the law against new parties being revoked at the National People’s Assembly, the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) is created among over 20 other new parties. In 1990, they won local elections with over 55%

1991: Along with the announcement of the nations first parlimentary elections came the restrictions of campaigning in mosques and other changes to the system. As a result, the FIS began a strike and thus halted the elections until its leaders Madani and Belhadj were jailed. Despite this loss of leadership, the FIS won 188 seats in the Decemeber elections.

February 1992: After the dissolving of the National People's Assembly and the forced retirement of President Chadli in January, The FIS begins to strike out against the new Higher State Council chaired by Mohamad Boudiaf. By July the 411 FIS chapters are dissolved and Boudiaf is assassinated. As time went on with little change, the violence increased. The new group responsible came forward as the Armed Islamic Group (GIA)

1994-1995: In 1994, a retired army colonel by the name of Liamine Zeroual was appointed the chairman of the Higher State Council in Boumdiaf’s place. By the 1995 elections, Zeroual is so popular that he is abe to win his presidential run with a comfortable majority vote.

Ahmed Ben Bella Col. Houari Boumedienne Col. Chadli Bendjedid

Ali Belhadj Abassi Maddani Mohamed Boudiaf Col. Liamine Zeroual

LANGUAGE

Arabic

Official national language 1990

Modern Standard Arabic in school

Different dialects

Arabization

Amazigh Language

Tamazight

Spoken by Imazighen

Bilingual

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Works Cited Lay, Paul. "Television History: Less Comfort, More Confrontation." Television History: Less Comfort, More Confrontation. History Today, 29 Mar. 2012. Web. 29 Sept. 2015.

Le jeun Mohamed Boudiaf. 2013. n.p.

Leleux, Adolphe Pierre. "Threshing Wheat In Algeria by Adolphe Pierre Leleux." Fine Art America. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2015

Liamine Zeroual. 2013. n.p.

Pauletto, Francois. "Rally Held in Memory of Massacres at Setif and Guelma." Demotix. Web. 28 Sept. 2015.

Photo officielle du Président de la République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire, Chadli Bendjedid. 1979. Présidence, n.p.

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Kelsie

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Ratnikas, Algis. "Timeline of Algeria." Timeline of Algeria. Web. 23 Sept. 2015.

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"Treaty of Tafna | North Africa [1837]." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2015.

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