The History and Antiquities Of The Doric Race

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Title: The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race, Vol.
1 of 2
Language: English
THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF THE DORIC
RACE, VOL. 1 OF 2***
Göttingen
Henry Tufnell, Esq.
Extract From The Translators' Preface To The First Edition. 2
Advertisement To The Second Edition. . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Book I. History Of The Doric Race, From The Earliest
Times To The End Of The Peloponnesian War. . . . . 22
Chapter I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Chapter II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Chapter III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Chapter IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Chapter V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Chapter VI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Chapter VII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Chapter VIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Chapter IX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Chapter I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Chapter II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Chapter III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Chapter IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Chapter V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Chapter VI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Chapter VII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Chapter VIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Chapter IX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Chapter X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Chapter XI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Chapter XII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Appendix I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Appendix II. Genealogy of Hellen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
iv The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race, Vol. 1 of 2
Appendix III. The migration of the Dorians to Crete. . . . 460
Appendix IV. History of the Greek congress or synedrion
during the Persian war. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Footnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Preface To The First Edition.
The History, of which an English translation is now offered to
the public, forms the second and third volumes of a work by
Professor C. O. Müller, entitled, “Histories of Greek Tribes and
Cities.” The first volume of this series was published separately
under the name of “Orchomenos and the Minyæ;” and contains a
most learned examination of the mythology and early history of
Orchomenos and other towns of Bœotia, and of the migrations of
the Minyæ, together with other questions more or less connected
with these subjects. It is, in every respect, a distinct and
separate work from the Dorians, comprised in the second and
third volumes; nor was it more incumbent on us to publish a
translation of that first volume, because it is often referred to in
the subsequent volumes, than of the many other admirable works
on Grecian history, equally referred to, which are inaccessible to
persons not acquainted with the German language.[iv]
At a time when a large part of the present translation had been
completed, the translators communicated by letter to Professor
Müller their intention with regard to his work on the Dorians, and
requested him to read the manuscript of their translation before
it was printed, in case they should have anywhere committed
any errors, or failed to catch the import of his words. To this
request Mr. Müller, though not personally known by either
of the translators, not only acceded, but, with an unexpected,
and indeed unhoped-for liberality, expressed his willingness to
contribute to our translation all the alterations and additions
which his reading had suggested since the appearance of the
original work. The manuscript was accordingly transmitted, and
3
carefully revised, corrected, and enlarged by the author. Of the
value of these changes it would perhaps be improper that we
should speak in the terms which they seem to us to deserve: of
their number, however, as this can be brought to a certain test, we
will venture to assert, that few books undergo so great changes
after their first publication; and that the present work may be in
strictness considered, not only a translation, but a new edition of
the original. In making these changes, it was also the author's
wish to clear up ambiguities or obscurity of meaning, either by a
change in the expression, or a fuller development of the thought:
and we cannot help hoping, that even to a person acquainted [v]
with German, our translation will thus be found in many places
more explicit and satisfactory than the original text.
Besides those alterations, which appear for the first time in
the following translation, the additions and corrections published
by the author in his “Introduction to a scientific System of
Mythology” have been here incorporated; and a Dissertation on
the early history of the Macedonian nation, published separately
by the author, some time after the appearance of the Dorians, has
been inserted in the Appendix.
Not only has the small map of Macedonia, appended to this
Dissertation, been inserted in our translation, in addition to
the map of the Peloponnese, which was alone contained in the
original work, but also a map of northern Greece, which, together
with the explanatory article inserted in the Appendix, is now for
the first time given to the public. These three maps together
furnish a complete geographical picture of ancient Greece, from
the promontory of Tænarum to the north of Macedonia; and we
may be allowed to say, that in accuracy and fulness of detail,
they rival, if not excel, all other maps of the same regions1. [vi]
1 The map of Northern Greece was not received until that of the Peloponnese
had been engraved; and being intended by the author for circulation in Germany,
as well as in England, the names are given in Latin. This must serve as an
apology for this want of uniformity in the two maps.
4 The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race, Vol. 1 of 2
After the printing of the whole work (with the exception
of the Appendix) had been completed, the sheets were sent to
Mr. Müller, by which means not only the translation of the
original, but also of the manuscript additions, have received the
approbation of the author. Any discrepancies, therefore, which
may appear between the translation and the original must be
considered as sanctioned by the author. The translators at the
same time think it right to state, in case Mr. Müller should be
exposed to any misrepresentations in his own country, that in
making their translation they did not consider themselves bound
to follow the letter of the original, and have sometimes indulged
in a free paraphrase: while in some places they suggested more
considerable changes, on account of the difference between the
opinions on many important subjects which generally prevail in
England and Germany.
Edition.
The First Edition of the present Translation has been revised by
the Author; and he has supplied several corrections and additions,
which have been inserted in their proper places.
The accounts of the geography of Peloponnesus and Northern
Greece, which were inserted in the Appendix to the First Edition
of the Translation, have been omitted in the present Edition.
April, 1839.
[001]
Introduction.
§ 1. Origin of the Dorians in the North of Greece. § 2.
Northern boundary of Greece. § 3. The Macedonians. § 4.
The Thessalians. § 5. Diffusion of the Illyrians in Western
Greece. § 6. The Phrygians. § 7. The Thracians. § 8.
The Hellenes, Achæans, Minyans, Ionians, and Dorians. §
9. The Hylleans. § 10. Relation of the above nations to
the Pelasgians. § 11. Difference between the Pelasgic and
Hellenic religions. § 12. Early language of Greece, and its
chief dialects.
1. The Dorians derived their origin from those districts in which
the Grecian nation bordered towards the north upon numerous
and dissimilar races of barbarians. As to the tribes which
dwelt beyond these boundaries we are indeed wholly destitute of
information; nor is there the slightest trace of any memorial or
tradition that the Greeks originally came from those quarters. On
these frontiers, however, the events took place which effected an
entire alteration in the internal condition of the whole Grecian
people, and here were given many of those impulses, of which the
effects were so long and generally experienced. The prevailing
character of the events in question, was a perpetual pressing
forward of the barbarous races, particularly of the Illyrians, into
more southern districts; yet Greece, although harassed, confined,
nay even compelled to abandon part of her territory, never
attempted to make a united resistance to their encroachments.
The cause of this negligence probably was, that all her views
being turned to the south, no attention whatever was paid to the
above quarters.[002]
Introduction. 7
2. To begin then by laying down a boundary line (which
may be afterwards modified for the sake of greater accuracy),
we shall suppose this to be the mountain ridge, which stretches
from Olympus to the west as far as the Acroceraunian mountains
(comprehending the Cambunian ridge and mount Lacmon), and
in the middle comes in contact with the Pindus chain, which
stretches in a direction from north to south. The western part
of this chain separates the furthest Grecian tribes from the great
Illyrian nation, which extended back as far as the Celts in the south
of Germany. Every clue respecting the connexion, peculiarities,
and original language of this people must be interesting, and the
dialects of the Albanians, especially of those who inhabit the
mountains where the original customs and language have been
preserved in greater purity, will afford materials for inquiry.2 For
our present purpose it will be sufficient to state, that they formed
the northern boundary of the Grecian nation, from which they
were distinguished both by their language and customs.
3. In the fashion of wearing the mantle and dressing the
hair,3 and also in their dialect, the MACEDONIANS bore a great
resemblance to the Illyrians; whence it is evident that the
Macedonians belonged to the Illyrian nation.4 Notwithstanding
which, there can be no doubt that the Greeks were aboriginal5
inhabitants of this district. The plains of Emathia, the most [003]
2 See particularly Pouqueville's list of Albanian words. Compare Thunmann's
Geschichte der Europäischen Völker, p. 250. Concerning the Illyrians, see
App. 1, § 21, 28. 3 Strabo VII. p. 321 A. 4 Illyrian words in use among the Macedonians: σαυδαι (Sileni) in
Macedonian, δευδαι in Illyrian; δρμις, bread, in Macedonian, δρμικης among the Athamanes. Orchomenos, p. 254. Compare Hesychius in βατρα.
See the copious collection in Sturz de Dialecto Macedonica. 5 As this expression is often used in the following pages, I take this opportunity
of stating, that by an aboriginal people, I mean one which, as far as our
knowledge extends, first dwelt in a country, before which we know of no other
inhabitants of that country.
8 The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race, Vol. 1 of 2
beautiful district of the country, were occupied by the Pelasgians,6
who, according to Herodotus, also possessed Creston above
Chalcidice, to which place they had come from Thessaliotis.7
Hence the Macedonian dialect was full of Greek radical words.
And that these had not been introduced by the royal family (which
was Hellenic by descent or adoption of manners) is evident from
the fact, that many signs of the most simple ideas (which no
language ever borrows from another) were the same in both, as
well as from the circumstance that these words do not appear in
their Greek form, but have been modified according to a native
dialect.8 In the Macedonian dialect there occur grammatical
forms which are commonly called Æolic,9 together with many
Arcadian10 and Thessalian11 words: and what perhaps is still
more decisive, several words, which, though not to be found in
the Greek, have been preserved in the Latin language.12 There
does not appear to be any peculiar affinity with the Doric dialect:[004]
hence we do not give much credit to the otherwise unsupported
assertion of Herodotus, of an original identity of the Doric and
Macednian (Macedonian) nations. In other authors Macednus is
called the son of Lycaon, from whom the Arcadians were said to
6 Justin, VII. 1. Compare Æsch. Suppl. 261. 7 Herod. I. 57. See Orchomenos, p. 444. 8 Compare, for example, δανειν to kill, δνος death, with θανεν, θνατος;
λδω (λδωρ in Homer) with θλω; δραα for αδρα, in which θ loses its
aspiration, as φ does in κεφαλ (so in German haubet for haupt), φροτις for φρς (brow), Βλιππος, Βερενκη, βαλακρς, &c. The aspirate is also
frequently lost; νδομενα or νδυμενα, furniture (in Polybius), with a change
of υ and ο. 9 E.g. the nominatives πποτα, &c., which are also called Æolico-Bœotic,
Doric, and Thessalian. Sturz ut sup. p. 28. 10 E.g. ζρεθρα for βραθρα. 11 E.g. ταγν γ, the leading of the Tagus, as in Thessaly; ματτα, dainties,
a Thessalian, Macedonian, and also Spartan word. 12 E.g. βρροξ, hirsutus, hirtus; γρκαν, virgam; λεξ, ilex. The want of
aspirates also forms a point of comparison.
Introduction. 9
be descended;13 or Macedon is the brother of Magnes, or a son of
Æolus, according to Hesiod and Hellanicus,14 which are merely
various attempts to form a genealogical connexion between this
semi-barbarian race, and the rest of the Greek nation.15
4. The THESSALIANS, as well as the Macedonians, were, as it
appears, an Illyrian race, who subdued a native Greek population;
but in this case the body of the interlopers was smaller, while
the numbers and civilization of the aboriginal inhabitants were
considerable. Hence the Thessalians resembled the Greeks more
than any of the northern races with which they were connected:
hence their language in particular was almost purely Grecian,
and indeed bore perhaps a greater affinity to the language of
the ancient epic poets than any other dialect.16 But the chief
peculiarities of this nation with which we are acquainted were
not of a Grecian character. Of this their national dress,17 which
consisted in part of the flat and broad-brimmed hat καυσα and
the chlamys (which last was common to both nations, but was
unknown to the Greeks of Homer's time, and indeed long [005]
afterwards,18 until adopted as the costume of the equestrian order
at Athens), is a sufficient example. The Thessalians, moreover,
were beyond a doubt the first to introduce into Greece the use
of cavalry. More important distinctions however than that first
alleged are perhaps to be found in their impetuous and passionate
13 Apollodorus, III. 8, 1. 14 Ap. Constant. Porph. de Themat. II. 2, p. 1453. Sturz Hellan. Fragm. p.
79. The passage of Hesiod is probably from the οαι, and there is no reason
for supposing it spurious. The second verse should be read, υε δω Μγνητα Μκεδνν θ ππιοχρμην. 15 Concerning the Macedonians, see Appendix I. 16 I allude here particularly to the ending of the genitive case of the second
declension in οιο, which the grammarians quote as Thessalian. 17 See Appendix I. § 28. The ancient Macedonian coins represent precisely
the same dress as the Thessalian. 18 Compare Θετταλικ πτερ in several grammarians, with Didymus in
Ammonius in χλαμς. More will be found on this subject in book IV. c. 2, § 4.
10 The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race, Vol. 1 of 2
character, and the low state of their intelligence. The taste for
the arts shown by the wealthy house of the Scopadæ proves no
more that such was the disposition of the whole people, than
the existence of the same qualities in Archelaus argues their
prevalence in Macedonia. This is sufficient to distinguish them
from the race of the Greeks, so highly endowed by nature. We
are therefore induced to conjecture that this nation, which a
short time before the expedition of the Heraclidæ, migrated from
Thesprotia, and indeed from the territory of Ephyra (Cichyrus)
into the plain of the Peneus, had originally come from Illyria. On
the other hand indeed, many points of similarity in the customs
of the Thessalians and Dorians might be brought forward. Thus
for example, the love for the male sex (that usage peculiar to the
Dorians) was also common among the Illyrians, and the objects
of affection were, as at Sparta, called ται;19 the women also,
as amongst the Dorians, were addressed by the title of ladies
(δσποιναι), a title…